WSHA 110th Annual Meeting and Trade Show December 2 nd, Cherry shows a great climate adaptability

Transcription

1 WSHA 110th Annual Meeting and Trade Show December 2 nd, 2014 Three Rivers Convention Center, Kennewick, Washington High Density SSA plantings: how we can optimize Fruit Quality Associate Professor Endowed Chair - Tree Fruit Physiology and Management Washington State University Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center (TFREC) 1100 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee stefano.musacchi@wsu.edu Cherry shows a great climate adaptability Sweet and sour cherry: highly interesting models for the study of the adaptation of fruit trees to climate changes. Wide distribution in almost every European (from South to North and East to West) region due to a very high plasticity. High vulnerability face to climate changes. 1

2 Cherry characteristics Natural tendency of trees to develop big canopies Notable acrotony with upright habit Relatively long period prior to initial cropping Dwarfing rootstocks only recently available Environment Soil (Structure, texture, fertility, ecc.) Weather(temperature, Humidity, light, ecc.) Technical subjects Soil management Pruning Irrigation and nutrition Level of knowledge of the grower Tree Vigor, Productivity, Efficiency, Fruit Quality, Cultivar Rootstock Interaction cv /rootstock Training system Planting distance 2

3 Traditional Open Vase Verona, Italy 1970 Traditional Open Vase Rootstock: Seedling Planting density: trees/ha height: 6 m Fruit Wall - Palmette Vignola (MO), Italy 2000 Fruit wall - Palmette Rootstock: Seedling or Colt Planting density: trees/ha height: 4-5 m 3

4 Drapeau Marchand Small Cataluña Vase Lerida (ES), 1980 Small Cataluña Vase Rootstock: SL64 Planting density: trees/ha height: m 4

5 Multi-axis vase Solaxe 5

6 UFO Spindle Summer pruning (end of August) in the environmental conditions of the Po valley 6

7 V-system Vertical axis (SSA) Ferrara, Italy 2005 Vertical axis (SSA) Rootstock: Gisela 5 Planting density: 5,000 trees/ha height: m 7

8 Vertical axis (SSA) Cropping in a UHDP with vertical axis trees should take place as far as possible on basal buds of 1-year-old shoots. ROOTSTOCKS 8

9 Introduction Dwarfing rootstocks induce many changing in the cherry orchard design and management in the last ten years. New ideas regarding tree shape for cherry include small tree obtained by the use of dwarfing rootstocks like Gisela series or other genotypes. Main rootstocks Europe Germany Gisela Weiroot Pi-Ku Gisela 3 - Gi 209/1 Weiroot 10 Pi-Ku 1 Piku 4.20 Gisela 5 - Gi 148/2 Weiroot 11 Pi-Ku 3 Piku 4.83 Gisela 6 - Gi 148/1 Weiroot 53 Pi-Ku 4 Piku 1.10 Gisela 12 - Gi 195/2 Weiroot 158 Italy France Czech Rep. Belgium Camil Damil Inmil Hungary Ergevar Korompay Bogdany Magyar UK F12/1 Colt Cab CAB 6P CAB 11E Victor Prunus avium Prunus cerasus SL 64 SL 405 Ferci Pontaleb Fercadeu Pontaris Fercahun Pontavium Edabriz Tabel Prunus mahaleb Hybrids PH-L PHL A Ceravium PHL B PHL C North America Ma x Ma Ma x Ma 14 Brokforest Ma x Ma 97 Brokgrowe Ma x Ma 60 Brocsec 9

10 03/12/2014 Low density (< 500 trees/ha) < 202 trees/acre Medium density (from 500 to 800 trees/ha) trees/acre High density (from 800 to1,200 trees/ha) trees/acre Very high density (> 1,200 trees/ha) > 486 trees/acre MM60 COLT FRANCO SL64 MM14 CAB6P CAB11E PHLA PIKU 1 GI 6 W158 GI5 Modified and updated from De Salvador and Lugli, 2003 Cherry Rootstocks by Tree Size Gi 12, Mazzard, Colt Maxma 14, Mahaleb Gisela 6 Krymsk 5 Krymsk 6 Gisela 5 90+% 80-90% 60-80% 50-60% Clinton 40-50% 35-40% Lake, Cass Clare Crawford Source: Tom Auvil 10

11 New rootstocks from Michigan State University Clinton: 50-60% reduction Spreading growth habit Precocious, will be smaller canopy than Gi 5. Source: Tom Auvil New rootstocks from Michigan State University Lake: 40-50% reduction Not as spreading of growth habit as Clinton/Crawford Much smaller than Gi. 5 Canopy needs to be pruned aggressively to keep crop small enough not to induce decline May have 3 to 5 day genetic controlled advance of maturity. The smaller canopy may advance maturity due to more radiant energy throughout canopy Cass: Upright growth habit Very Precocious, will be small canopy, similar to Claire (TCSA) More easy to over crop than Claire (higher flower/spur relationship) Crawford Spreading growth habit Very Precocious Mature tree size will trend smaller than indicated on chart, significantly smaller than Gi. 5 Source: Tom Auvil 11

12 New rootstocks from Michigan State University Claire: reduction Upright growth habit Precocious, will be smallest canopy (TCSA) Has lower flower per spur relationship than Gi 6 or Clinton. Source: Tom Auvil CULTIVARS 12

13 Techlovan * Regina 03/12/2014 Primulat Ferprime * Early Bigi Bigi Sol * Early Lory * indica "marchio registrato" Sweet Early Panaro * * indica che la varietà è protetta da brevetto nazionale o europeo Burlat in rosso le cv autofertili Early Star Panaro * Brooks * Vera * Tieton (PC 71446) * Celeste Sumpaca * Chelan Carmen Cashmere Vanda * Giorgia Index Grace Star * Adriana New Star Royalton Samba Sumste * Santina * Blaze Star * Canada Giant Sumgita * Sandra Rose * Enrica Vigred Mora di Verona Cristallina * Sumnue * Van Black Star * Germersdorfi Orias Gègè * Lucrezia Giulietta Sylvia Lala Star * Ferrovia Kordia Linda Lapins Somerset Source: Musacchi, et al., 2012 Sweetheart Sumtare * Alex * Selina Symphony Late Lory * Staccato 13S2009 * 25 25May June July MAGGIO GIUGNO LUGLIO Main cherry cultivars obtained in North America Breeding programs (adapted from Grandi M. and Lugli S., 2011 and Musacchi S. et al., 2012) CULTIVAR Country Harvest (days compare Burlat May 20 in Italy) Brooks USA +8 Chelan USA +9 Tieton USA +10 Celeste Sumpaca * CANADA +11 Summit CANADA +11 Glacier USA +12 Cashmere USA +12 New Star CANADA +13 Samba Sumste * CANADA +15 Santina * CANADA +15 Index USA +16 Satin CANADA +17 Canada Giant Sumgita * CANADA +17 Sandra Rose * CANADA +17 Vandalay CANADA +18 Benton USA +19 White Gold USA +19 Cristalina Sumnue CANADA +19 Van CANADA +19 Satin Sumele* CANADA +20 Black Gold USA +22 Sylvia CANADA +22 Blushing Gold USA +23 Selah USA +24 Lapins CANADA +24 Olympus USA +25 Somerset USA +25 Tehranivee CANADA +28 Skeena * CANADA +30 Sweetheart Sumtare * CANADA +30 Selina Symphony CANADA +35 Staccato 13S2009 CANADA

14 Main cherry cultivars obtained from European Breeding programs (adapted from Grandi M. et al., 2012, Grandi M and Lugli S., 2011 and Musacchi S. et al., 2012) CULTIVAR Country Harvest (days compare Burlat May 20 in Italy) Rita * Hunghery -9 Primulat Ferprime * France -5 Early Bigi Bigi Sol * France -4 Early Lory * France -3 Sweet Early Panaro * Italy -1 Burlat France 0 Annus* Hunghery +2 Early Star Panaro * Italy +5 Tunde Ungheria +5 Vanda * Czech Rep +11 Giorgia Italy +11 Vera * Hunghery +11 Carmen * Hunghery +12 Petrus * Hunghery +12 Grace Star * Italy +13 Adriana Italy +13 Medit Lisa Hunghery +14 Blaze Star * Italy +15 Enrica Italy +18 Mora di Verona Italy +18 Negus Hunghery +18 Black Star * Italy +20 Gègè * France +21 Germersdorfi Orias 3 Hunghery +20 Lucrezia Italy +22 Giulietta Italy +22 Lala Star * Italy +22 Ferrovia Italy +22 Aida* Hunghery +22 Kordia Czech Rep +24 Linda Hunghery +24 Big Star Italy +24 Techlovan * Czech Rep +26 Regina Germany +30 Alex * Hunghery +31 Alex Axel * Hunghery +32 Late Lory * France +35 Advantges and Drawbacks of high density planting Early bearing High yield Easy to pick Picking cost reduction Tree efficiency Fruit quality Early breakeven High establishment cost High level of input High level of knowledge Cover against hail and rain Short lifespan 14

15 Nursery material Vertical axis training system needs a year-old plant of cm in height from the graft point with short, preferably smooth internodes, mature buds in the median and, especially, in the scion s apical area. 15

16 The apex is removed to enhance shoot growth. Girdling and notching can help to promote shoot development and growth Precise shoots formation SSA - Pruning after planting Fruiting feathers are cut back to induce spring renewal via short winter pruning that leaves 2-3 vegetative buds, with length slightly decreasing from tree base to apex. Precise shoots formation Girdling, notching and Promal application can help to promote shoot growth 16

17 Precise shoots formation Precise shoots formation 17

18 Precise shoots formation 18

19 19

20 20

21 21

22 Cropping in a UHDP with vertical axis trees should take place as far as possible on basal buds of year-old shoots. POLLINATION 22

23 COVER AGAINST HAIL AND RAIN A UHPD orchard must also be protected against environmental adversities. This usually means double-covering, the top one being a permanent hail net and underneath it a rain sheets that are opened at the onset of ripening and closed after picking. A third, perimeter net of wider mesh can also be used to protect the crop against birds. COVER AGAINST HAIL AND RAIN 23

24 Details cover union with single bind every 1-15 ft (40-50 cm) Slope 30% 2.8 m 5,5 m high max 2.8 m Row lenght 140 m a 5.5 m Distance between the rows b Details cover union with an elastic rope every 1-15 ft (40-50 cm) Cover costs 26,000 euro /ha 14,210 US$/acre cover material: Polynet Structure (post, cable) (8,000 euro) Cover sheet POLYNET (7,000 euro) Anchorage (1,000 euro) Labor (10,000 euro) 24

25 TRIAL DATA planting year Experimental orchard features 3 training systems for HDP: spindle V-system Super Spindle Axis (SSA). 2 rootstocks: GiSelA 6 GiSelA 5. scion-rootstock combination: GiSelA 6 Giorgiaand Grace Star* GiSelA 5 Grace Star*, Black Star*, Early Star, Sweet Early, Summit, Early Bigi, Sylvia, Kordia, Ferrovia and Regina. 4 replications per cv-rootstock-training system combination in a completely randomized block design. anti-hail net and microirrigation system. same agronomic practices (pruning, fertilization, irrigation, pest disease control) for each cv-rootstock combination. 25

26 Experimental orchard features Tree spacing and planting densities Rootstock Training system Tree spacing(m) GiSelA 6 GiSelA 5 Plantingdensity (trees/ha) V 3.5 x SSA 3.5 x Spindle 3.5 x V 3.5 x SSA 3.5 x Spindle 3.5 x SPINDLE V-SYSTEM SSA Experimental part The research aims at assessing the fruiting habitus of 11 sweet cherry varieties in order to define which are more suitable for UHDP orchard. 26

27 Experimental part - Data collection A. Comparison of HDP training systems: trunk diameter (TCSA) weight of winter pruned wood fruit number and yield per tree fruit size on a sample of 1 kg per plot fruit qualitative analysis annual measurements from the 2 nd to the 5 th year after planting on 12 different scion-rootstock combination Experimental part - Data collection B. Fruiting habitusinvestigation (year 2010): number of vegetative and flower buds fruit set yield on 1 and 2-year-old wood 3 trees/cvtrained to spindleand SSA Flower buds on 1-yr-old shoot Spur on 2-yrs-old wood 27

28 length of shoots Experimental part - Data collection C. Flower basal buds evaluation (year 2010): number of crown basal buds number of vegetative and flower basal buds fruit number and yield per shoot fruit size and qualitative analysis shoots according to their insertion position in the main cut-back limb for each cv-rootstock-training system combination Experimental part - Data collection C. Flower basal buds assessment (year 2010): 1 1-year-old shoots: APICAL 2.MEDIAN 1 3.MEDIAN 2 4.BASAL 28

29 Results Part A Vegetative parameter Trunk-Cross-Sectional-Area in 2011 (4 th year): comparison among training systems and among cultivars. Results Part A Productive parameter Yield per hectare from the 2 nd to the 6 th ( ) year for each rootstock-cv-training system combination. 29

30 Results Part B Fruiting habitus Numbers of flower bud in relation to the age of wood: comparison among training systems. Rootstock Training system N. vegetative bud/tree 1-yr-old shoot N. flower bud/tree N. flower /tree Fruit set (%) N. vegetative bud/tree 2-yrs-old wood N. spur /tree N. flower /tree Fruit set (%) Spindle a 420 a 10.5 b 2 a b GiSelA 5 SSA b 349 b 13.4 a 1 b a Significance ns ** * * ** ns ns * System*cv ns *** *** ns * ns ns ns Spindle ,7 b GiSelA 6 SSA ,0 a Significance ns ns ns ns ns ns ns * System*cv ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Significance: *=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001, ns= not significant. Mean values followed by same small letters do not differ significantly according to SNK test (p=0.05). Rootstock GiSelA 5 GiSelA 6 Results Part B Fruiting habitus Numbers of flower bud in relation to the age of wood: comparison among cultivar Cultivar N. vegetative bud /tree 1-yr-old wood N. flower bud /tree N. flower /tree Fruit set (%) Regina 32 b 297 a 746 a 3.9 de Kordia 37 b 288 a 658 ab 12.8 bc Ferrovia 66 b 227 b 594 b 19.7 ab Black Star 32 b 180 c 387 c 5.9 cde Early Bigi 54 b 164 c 414 c 24 a Summit 33 b 141 cd 315 cd 1.1 e Grace Star 61 b 111 de 225 de 15.9 ab Silvia 32 b 90 ef 228 de 23.8 ab Sweet Early 101 a 87 ef 179 de 7.2 cd Early Star 58 b 47 f 97 e 5.6 cde Significance *** *** *** *** Giorgia 105 b 177 a 373 a 42.6 Grace Star 147 a 113 b 210 b 27.1 Significance * * * ns Significance: *=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001, ns= not significant. Mean values followed by same small letters do not differ significantly according to SNK test (p=0.05). 30

31 Rootstock GiSelA 5 GiSelA 6 Results Part B Fruiting habitus Number of spur on 2-YEAR-OLD WOOD for each cultivar/rootstock combination. Cultivar N. vegetative bud /tree 2-yrs-old wood N. spur /tree N. flower /tree Fruit set (%) Sweet Early 2 b 34 a 260 ab 9.4 bc Silvia 0 b 32 ab 283 a 29.6 a Early Star 6 a 24 abc 175 ab 4.4 c Summit 0 b 22 abc 144 ab 1.5 c Ferrovia 2 b 20 bcd 295 a 23.1 ab Grace Star 4 ab 19 bcd 159 ab 21.9 ab Early Bigi 1 b 16 cd 191 ab 36.7 a Black Star 1 b 13 cd 93 b 9.8 bc Regina 0 b 12 cd 161 ab 7.1 bc Kordia 0 b 8 d 126 ab 27.7 a Significance *** *** ** *** Giorgia 2 b a Grace Star 8 a b Significance * ns ns ** Significance: *=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001, ns= not significant. Mean values followed by same small letters do not differ significantly according to SNK test (p=0.05). Fruiting habitus Flower buds on 1-year-old shoot and spur on 2-year-old wood: comparison among cultivars. 31

32 Results Part B Fruiting habitus Yield per tree on 1 and 2-year-old wood for each scion-rootstock combination. 41% 65% 61% 75% 38% 45% 54% 72% Fruit percentage (%) in two classes of size (<28 mm and >28 mm) for Gisela 5 and Gisela 6: comparison among training systems within each cultivar < 28 mm > 28 mm (%) V-system SSA Spindle V-system SSA Spindle V-system SSA Spindle V-system SSA Spindle V-system SSA Spindle V-system SSA Spindle V-system SSA Spindle V-system SSA Spindle V-system SSA Spindle V-system SSA Spindle Ferrovia Grace Star Sylvia Regina Black Star Kordia Summit Early Star Giorgia Grace Star GiSelA 5 GiSelA Gisela 5 Gisela 6 32

33 Results Part B Fruiting habitus Fruit weight on 1 and 2-year-old wood: comparison between SSA and spindle. Fruit percentage in two classes of size for 1 and 2-year-old wood: comparison between SSA and spindle. 100% < 28 mm > 28 mm 90% 22% 80% 70% 60% 67% 51% 76% 59% 39% 75% 63% 50% 40% 78% 30% 20% 10% 33% 49% 24% 41% 61% 25% 37% 0% 1-yr-old shoots 2-yr-old wood 1-yr-old shoots 2-yr-old wood 1-yr-old shoots 2-yr-old wood 1-yr-old shoots 2-yr-old wood SSA Spindle SSA Spindle GiselA 5 GiselA 6 LEAF AREA AND FRUIT SIZE 33

34 LEAF AREA AND FRUIT SIZE LEAF AREA AND FRUIT SIZE 34

35 LEAF AREA AND FRUIT SIZE Rootstock GiSelA 5 GiSelA 6 Results Part B Fruiting habitus Qualitative parameters of fruits on 1 and 2-year-old wood for each rootstock-system combination. Training system SSA Spindle SSA Spindle Wood Durofel SSR Firmness Acidity (Brix ) (kg/cm2) (g/l ac.malic) ph 1-year year Significance ns ns ns ns ns 1-year a year b Significance ns ** ns ns ns 1-year year Significance ns ns ns ns ns 1-year a year b Significance ns *** ns ns ns Significance: *=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001, ns= not significant. Mean values followed by same small letters do not differ significantly according to SNK test (p=0.05). 35

36 Experimental part - Data collection C. Flower basal buds fertility assessment (year 2010): 1 1-year-old shoots: APICAL 2.MEDIAN 1 3.MEDIAN 2 4.BASAL Results Part C Flower basal buds number Vegetative and productive parameters of shoots in relation to their position in the main cut-back limb: comparison among shoots. Rootstock Shoot Length (cm) N. crown basal bud/shoot N. vegetative bud/shoot N. flower /shoot N. flower bud/shoot Fruit set (%)/shoot GiSelA 5 GiSelA 6 Apical 65.4 a a Median b a Median c a Basal 44.8 d b Significance *** ns *** ns ns ns cv*shoot *** ns ns *** *** ns Apical 66.2 a Median a Median b Basal 40.1 c Significance *** ns ns ns ns ns cv*shoot ns ns ns ns ns ns Significance: *=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001, ns= not significant. Mean values followed by same letters do not differ significantly according to SNK test (p=0.05). 36

37 Results Part C Flower basal buds Rootstock Cultivar Length (cm) N. crown basal bud/shoot N. vegetative bud/shoot N. flower bud/shoot N. flower/shoot Fruit set (%)/shoot GiSelA 5 GiSelA 6 Regina 61.8 b 4.7 c 1.5 d 9.2 a 23.1 a 9.8 c Summit 51.7 d 5.3 b 0.7 e 8.2 b 20.4 b 1.2 e Ferrovia 51.6 d 4.7 c 2.7 bc 7.3 c 19.5 b 30.1 a Kordia 55.3 c 4.6 c 1.5 d 7.1 c 15.9 c 14.3 b Early Bigi 62.2 b 5.1 b 2.0 c 7.1 c 18.9 b 27.9 a Silvia 44.7 e 5.6 a 2.9 b 6.0 d 15.5 c 26.3 a Black Star 65.4 a 3.4 e 1.0 de 5.4 e 12.9 d 10.8 c Grace Star 61.8 b 1.9 f 2.3 c 3.3 f 6.5 e 28.1 a Sweet Early 58.9 b 3.8 d 4.6 a 1.9 g 4.3 f 7.4 d Early Star 67.5 a 1.4 g 3.1 b 1.9 g 4.0 f 7.1 d Significance *** *** *** *** *** *** Giorgia 47.9 b 3.9 a 4.0 a 4.9 a 10.8 a 52.7 a Grace Star 65.6 a 1.7 b 3.6 b 2.1 b 4.1 b 37.5 b Significance *** *** * *** *** * Significance: *=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001, ns= not significant. Mean values followed by same letters do not differ significantly according to SNK test (p=0.05). Results Part C Flower basal buds Relationship between number of flower buds in the basal part of 1- year-old shoots and TCSA for each cv-training system combination on GiSelA V-system SSA Spindle N. flower basal buds/shoot A) Early Bigi, Sylvia, Summit, Kordia, Regina, Ferrovia. C) Black Star, Grace Star B) Early Star, Sweet Early TCSA 2010 (cm 2 ) 37

38 Conclusion The new training systems, as V-system and SSA, are suitable for developing sweet cherry UHDP orchards. Adopting these UHDP systems, the flower buds in the basal part of 1-year-old shoots profoundly affects the yield potential. SSA systems with GiSelA 5 resulted more efficient than spindle: it provided the highest fruit set per tree. Cultivar can be divided for their attitude in producing more on 1 or 2-year-old wood. Kordia, Early Bigi, Regina and Ferrovia varieties produced more on 1-year-old wood. Grace Star, Sylvia, Early Star and Sweet Early resulted more suitable to produce on old wood. The shoots on cut-back limb developed the same number of crown basal buds. So the pruning intensity did not compromise the amount and quality of bud left. THESE PRELIMINARY RESULTS WILL ALLOW TO ENHANCE PRUNING TECHNIQUE AND TO INCREASE FRUIT QUALITY AND YIELD. 38