MARIYA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL AL-JUBAIL L-8 PHYSICS WORKSHEET(Heat & energy )
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1 MARIYA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL AL-JUBAIL L-8 PHYSICS WORKSHEET(Heat & energy ) 1 Name... (a)fig. Shows a thermometer with a range of 10 C to 50 C. Explain what is meant by (i) the sensitivity of a thermometer, (ii) the linearity of a thermometer (a)Fig. shows a tank used for evaporating salt solution to produce crystals. Suggest two ways of increasing the rate of evaporation of the water from the solution. Changes may be made to the apparatus, but the rate of steam supply must stay constant. You may assume the temperature of the salt solution remains constant
2 (b) A manufacturer of liquid-in-glass thermometers changes the design in order to meet new requirements. Describe the changes that could be made to (i) give the thermometer a greater range,... (ii) make the thermometer more sensitive.... (c) A valve in a machinery is operated by the compression of air. The air inside the valve has a pressure of Pa and a volume of 150 cm 3. When the valve is operated the volume is reduced to 50 cm 3. The temperature of the air remains constant during this process. Calculate the new pressure of the air inside the valve. pressure = Three wires and a meter are used to construct a thermocouple for measuring the surface temperature of a pipe carrying hot liquid, as shown in Fig. 2
3 (a) Copper wire and constantan wire are used in the construction of the thermocouple. State which metal might be used for wire 1... wire 2... wire 3... (b) State what type of meter is used... (c) State one particular advantage of thermocouples for measuring temperature A thermocouple is used to measure the temperature of the inner wall of a pottery kiln. (a) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a thermocouple that could be used for this purpose. (b) Describe (i) how you would read the temperature of the wall from the thermocouple, (ii) how the thermocouple works. 3
4 (b) State two conditions in which a thermocouple is very suitable for temperature measurement Air is taken inside a cylinder. (a) Explain 1. how air molecules in the cylinder create a pressure on the inside walls, why this pressure rises as the temperature of the air in the cylinder increases (b) Air in a cylinder is compressed slowly, so that the temperature does not rise. The pressure changes from 2.0 x 10 5 Pa to 5.0 x 10 5 Pa. The original volume was 0.35m 3.Calculate the new volume. volume = A test-tube containing solid wax is heated by placing it in a beaker of very hot water for several minutes. The solid wax becomes a liquid. (a) State, in terms of molecules, how a solid differs from a liquid. 4
5 (b)explain, in terms of molecules, why thermal energy must be supplied for a solid to become a liquid.... (c) The test-tube is removed from the hot water and held in a clamp stand. Fig. 6.1 shows the test-tube and liquid wax cooling in air. 5
6 Fig.6.1 As the wax cools, its temperature is recorded at regular time intervals. Fig. 6.2 is the temperature-time graph for the wax. Fig. 6.2 (i) Using Fig. 6.2, determine the melting point of the wax. melting point =... (ii) The specific latent heat of fusion of the wax is 210 J / g. The test-tube contains 50 g of wax. Using Fig. 6.2, determine the rate at which the wax is losing internal energy as the wax solidifies. Give your answer in J / min. 6
7 rate of loss of energy =... J / min 7. Fig. shows apparatus that a student uses to make an estimate of the specific heat capacity of iron. (a) The power of the heater is known. State the four readings the student must take to find the specific heat capacity of iron (b) Write down an equation, in words or in symbols, that could be used to work out the specific heat capacity of iron from the readings in (a). (c) (i) Explain why the value obtained with this apparatus is higher than the actual value (ii) State one addition to the apparatus that would help to improve the accuracy of the value obtained. 7
8 (a) State what is meant by specific heat capacity (b)water has a very high specific heat capacity. Suggest why this might be a disadvantage when using water for cooking (c) Fig illustrates an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of some metal. Fig.8.1 The piece of metal is heated in boiling water until it has reached the temperature of the water. It is then transferred rapidly to some water in a well-insulated cup. A very sensitive thermometer is used to measure the initial and final temperatures of the water in the cup. specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J / (kg K) The readings from the experiment are as follows. mass of metal = kg mass of water in cup = kg initial temperature of water in cup = 21.1 C final temperature of water in cup = 22.9 C (i)calculate the temperature rise of the water in the cup and the temperature fall of the piece of metal. temperature rise of water =... 8
9 temperature fall of metal =... (ii) Calculate the thermal energy gained by the water in the cup. State the equation that you use. thermal energy gained =... (iii) Assume that only the water gained thermal energy from the piece of metal. Making use of your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), calculate the value of the specific heat capacity of the metal. Give your answer to 3 significant figures. specific heat capacity =... (iv) Suggest one reason why the experiment might not have given a correct value for the specific heat capacity of the metal (a) In an experiment to find the specific latent heat of vaporization of water, the following readings were taken. m1 mass of water at 100 C, before boiling starts 120 g m2 mass of water at 100 C, after boiling finishes 80 g V voltage across the heater 12 V I current through the heater 2.0 A t time that the heater was supplying energy 3750 s (i) Using the symbols above, write down the equation that must be used to find the value of the specific latent heat L of water. 9
10 (ii) Use the equation to calculate the specific latent heat of water from the readings above. specific latent heat =... (b) Explain, in terms of the energy of molecules, why the specific latent heat of water has a high value (a) State two differences between evaporation of water and boiling of water (b) A laboratory determination of the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water uses a 120 W heater to keep water boiling at its boiling point. Water is turned into steam at the rate of g / s. Calculate the value of the specific latent heat of vaporisation obtained from this experiment. Show your working. specific latent heat of vaporisation =... 10
11 11. (a) A 240 V, 60 W lamp is connected to a 240 V supply. The lamp has a constant temperature. State (i) the rate at which the lamp transfers energy to the surroundings, rate =... (ii) the names of the thermal processes by which the lamp transfers energy to the surroundings.... (b)fig shows a thick copper block that has been heated to 400 C. One side of the block is dull black. The other side of the block is polished and shiny. Fig.11.1 (i) In Experiment 1, the thermometer bulbs are both painted black. They are placed at equal distances from the surfaces of the block. The maximum temperature shown by each thermometer is recorded. Explain any difference between the maximum temperature shown by the two thermometers. 11
12 (ii) In Experiment 2, the thermometer bulbs are both shiny silver-coloured. They are placed at the same distances from the surfaces of the block as in Experiment 1. State and explain any differences that are observed in the maximum temperatures shown by the thermometers in Experiments 1 and (c) Fig shows a firefighter wearing shiny silver-coloured clothing. Fig State the benefit to a firefighter of wearing shiny silver-coloured clothing. 12
13 12. (a) Compare the arrangement and motion of the molecules in ice and in liquid water. ice water (b) An ice-hockey rink has an area of 1800 m 2. The ice has a thickness of m. The density of ice is 920 kg / m3. (i) Calculate the mass of ice on the rink. mass =... (ii) The ice is at 0 C. To form the ice, water at 0 C was poured onto the floor of the rink and then frozen. The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is J / kg. Calculate the energy removed from the water to form the ice at 0 C. energy =... SPACE FOR ROUGH WORK 13
14 13. Some water is heated electrically in a glass beaker in an experiment to find the specific heat capacity of water. The temperature of the water is taken at regular intervals. The temperature-time graph for this heating is shown in Fig Fig.13.1 (a) (i) Use the graph to find 1. the temperature rise in the first 120 s, 2. the temperature rise in the second 120 s interval. (ii) Explain why these values are different (b) The experiment is repeated in an insulated beaker. This time, the temperature of the water increases from 20 C to 60 C in 210 s. The beaker contains 75 g of water. The power of the heater is 60 W. Calculate the specific heat capacity of water. specific heat capacity =... 14
15 14. In an industrial process, a gas that is already at high pressure is trapped in a large cylinder by a piston. Fig shows the gas, the cylinder and the piston. Fig The piston is pushed into the cylinder. As the pressure of the gas changes, its temperature remains constant. (a) Fig shows how the pressure of the trapped gas depends on its volume. 15
16 Fig (i) Describe the relationship shown by the graph between the pressure of the gas and the volume it occupies. Explain this relationship in terms of the molecules. (ii)determine the volume occupied by the gas when it is released into the atmosphere at a pressure of 0.10MPa. You will need to use data from Fig volume =... (b)an unused cylinder of the compressed gas is moved into a cold warehouse. The temperature of the gas decreases. State how the decrease in the temperature affects (i) the motion of the gas molecules (ii) the pressure of the gas in the cylinder. 16
17 15. A beaker contains water at room temperature. Fig shows the beaker placed on a tripod above a Bunsen burner. Fig The Bunsen burner is lit and the temperature of the water begins to increase. (a) The water is evaporating. (i) Describe one difference between evaporation and boiling. (ii) State and explain what happens to the rate at which the water evaporates as its temperature increases. 17
18 (b) After a few minutes, the water reaches its boiling point temperature. The water continues to gain energy from the Bunsen burner. (i) State what happens to the temperature of the water in the beaker. Give explanation in terms of energy.... (ii) The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is J / kg. After the water reaches its boiling point, it takes 12 minutes for kg of water to boil away. Calculate the average rate at which energy is being supplied to the water by heating. rate of energy supplied= (a) Explain why houses in hot countries are often painted white. Use ideas about the transfer of thermal energy in your answer. (b) As a star approaches the end of its life, the amount of radiation emitted from it per second changes. 18
19 The star cools down. State any effect on the rate of emission of radiation With a suitable diagram explain an experiment to determine specific heat capacity of a solid. State the readings to be taken and using that write an equation for specific heat capacity Equation 19
20 20
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