Life on green roofs; the above and below ground environment. Professor James Hitchmough Department of Landscape
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1 Life on green roofs; the above and below ground environment Professor James Hitchmough Department of Landscape
2 Thanks to Adrian Hallam of ARK DM for the use of part of his office roof Nidhi Bakshi and Yashodan Shinde for counting Penstemon seedlings!
3 Beyond green roof functionalism?
4 To go beyond Sedum and spontaneous colonisation Need to; understand more about the green roof environment to achieve success be able to relate this to specific plant species
5 Climatic factors Factor Green roof Ground level Consequences light similar similar?? wind mean velocity higher mean velocity lower transpiration increased, but greater leaf cooling Max. air temperature summer lower higher Reduction in leaf transpiration High temp spp. may perform poorly Min. air temperature winter higher lower semi-hardy spp. may be utilisable
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7 In practice the most difficult time for green roofs in Britain is often June Deficit between rainfall and potential transpiration: South Yorks May -32 mm June July -44 mm -37 mm August -7 mm Cumbria May -7 mm June -12 mm July +3 mm Beware of glib comparisons with overseas green roofs Especially Switzerland and Eastern North America August +40 mm
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9 Root zone factors Volume and depth Xeric Penstemon sown in Sheffield in 66:33% Leca:composted green waste on the ARK DM office building 200 mm deep, 50 litres volume 100 mm deep, 25 litres volume
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11 Mass and typical particle sizes of mineral portion of substrates LECA Crushed brick Crushed building rubble
12 Low mass mineral substrates Highly aerated, but low moisture retention Plants grow well but suffer badly under drought High mass mineral substrates Poorly aerated, but higher moisture retention Plants grow relatively poorly but survive better under drought
13 Later that summer Note the absence of seedlings In the LECA trays!
14 In practice the ideal substrate mix is the one that has the desired balance between; Water holding capacity Air (oxygen) holding capacity
15 high Brick Rubble + JI compost The magic land Water holding capacity Brick rubble LECA + green waste low LECA low Air holding capacity high
16 Matching plant needs to green roof substrate properties high Water holding capacity low Succulents eg Sedum low Air holding capacity high
17 Matching plant needs to green roof substrate properties high UK meadow spp. of dryish habitats Water holding capacity low low Air holding capacity high
18 Matching plant needs to green roof substrate properties high Water holding capacity Southern European Dry meadow low low Air holding capacity high
19 Matching plant needs to green roof substrate properties high Water holding capacity Xeric SW USA eg Penstemon low low Air holding capacity high
20 Matching plant needs to green roof substrate properties high UK meadow spp. of dry-moist habitats Water holding capacity Southern European Dry meadow Xeric SW USA eg Penstemon low?????? Succulents eg Sedum low Air holding capacity high
21 Green roof mixes to best fit a chosen plant community Currently there are a number of commercial green roof substrates Available These typically include; a high airfilled porosity, low water holding type (sedum mix) a low airfilled porosity, high water holding type (semi-extensive) These are fine but may not always match up with what you want Sometimes you can get there by changing volume or depth For example increasing depth of a sedum mix will increase moisture storage Any increase in depth automatically improves air-filled porosity
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23 We have been testing a large number of substrate combinations For high moisture holding capacity and air-filled porosity
24 volumetric moisture December December 05-May 06 counts leca % brick rubble %
25 Assessing substrate air-filled porosity: 120 mm profiles
26 Air filled porosity and % soil moisture at day 10 of 66:33 green roof substrates airfilled porosity % soil moisture day 10 *** leca/gw zincolit brickrubble/ji brickrubble/leca/ji zincolit/ji brickrubble/gw brickrubble/ji/gw brickrubble/leca/ji/gw Leca/zincolit/ji Leca/zincolit/ji/gw brickrubble/leca/gw Leca/zincolit/gw sedum zincolit/ji/gw zincolit/gw leca/ji leca/ji/gw %
27 leca/gw Effect of changing % of mineral to organic component on air filled porosity mineral: organic 50:50 mineral:organic 66:33 zincolit/ji brickrubble/gw brickrubble/ji/gw brickrubble/leca/ji/gw Leca/zincolit/ji Leca/zincolit/ji/gw brickrubble/leca/gw Leca/zincolit/gw zincolit/ji/gw zincolit/gw leca/ji leca/ji/gw brickrubble/ji brickrubble/leca/ji % air filled porosity
28 In conclusion If you wish a green roof to look green in June without any Supplementary irrigation you need to pay attention to; The substrate used, depth, and volume in relation to site climate The plant material used in relation to the substrates physical properties, especially water and air holding capacity I strongly recommend the friendly growing media-applied soil physics text by Handreck and Black
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