To obtain a greater understanding of the factors which contribute towards fire injuries and fatalities
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1 By Richard Walker
2 Project Aims To obtain a greater understanding of the factors which contribute towards fire injuries and fatalities To establish the timeline for Fire Service Intervention for a dwelling fire and to understand its criticality for human survivability
3 Project Objectives Statistical Analysis - Consider statistical data to identify those factors which contribute towards the occurrence of fire deaths and injuries Experimentation - Determine the time frame for human survivability in a dwelling fire Evaluation of Attendance - Identify all of the time bound stages of an intervention and establish realistic durations for each
4
5 Statistical Analysis Incident Recording System April 2009 IRS April 2010 to Mar 2014 Data not fully available for years of data for GB 1,465 fire fatalities 42,763 fire injuries
6 Statistical Analysis WMFS April 2009 to Mar years of data for West Midlands 110 fire fatalities 3,164 fire injuries
7 Fire Location Fatalities Injuries Dwellings Other Buildings Road Vehicles Other Outdoor
8 Dwelling Fires (Motive) Fatalities Injuries Accidental Deliberate
9 Accidental Dwelling Fires (Fire Room) Fatalities Injuries Bedroom/Living/Dining Kitchen Hall/Stairs Bathroom Airing Cupboard 678 Other 18052
10 WMFS Fire Fatalities Item Mainly Responsible for Fire Spread Grouping IRS Code IRS Item Number of fatalities Total %age Cum. %age Furniture/Furnishings 11 Bed/Mattress Upholstered furniture 8 14 Floor coverings 2 37 Other/Unspecified furnishings % 35.9% Clothing/Textiles 9 Bedding 6 10 Clothing Other textiles % 65.6% Food 6 Cooking oil or fat 5 7 Other % 76.6% Other 99 Other % 85.9% Not Known 0 Not known % 92.2% Rubbish/Waste/Recycling 30 Rubbish/Waste material % 96.9% Structural/Fixtures/Fittings - Internal 34 Internal fittings % 98.4% Explosives, gas, chemicals 24 Gases % 100.0% Total % 100.0%
11 WMFS Fire Fatalities Item Mainly Responsible for Fire Spread Grouping IRS Code IRS Item Number of fatalities Total %age Cum. %age Furniture/Furnishings 11 Bed/Mattress Upholstered furniture 8 14 Floor coverings 2 37 Other/Unspecified furnishings % 35.9% Clothing/Textiles 9 Bedding 6 10 Clothing Other textiles % 65.6% Food 6 Cooking oil or fat 5 7 Other % 76.6% Other 99 Other % 85.9% Not Known 0 Not known % 92.2% Rubbish/Waste/Recycling 30 Rubbish/Waste material % 96.9% Structural/Fixtures/Fittings - Internal 34 Internal fittings % 98.4% Explosives, gas, chemicals 24 Gases % 100.0% Total % 100.0%
12 WMFS Fire Injuries Item Mainly Responsible for Fire Spread Grouping IRS Code IRS Item Number of injuries Total %age Cum. %age Food 6 Cooking oil or fat Other % 41.7% Furniture/Furnishings 11 Bed/Mattress Upholstered furniture Other furniture Floor coverings Window coverings Other/Unspecified furnishings % 57.0% Clothing/Textiles 9 Bedding Clothing Other textiles % 69.1% Structural/Fixtures/Fittings - Internal 34 Internal fittings Internal Other Wiring insulation % 81.0% Other 99 Other % 88.1% Paper/Cardboard 43 Paper/Cardboard Other % 91.4% Foam, rubber, plastic 19 Foam - raw material only 2 20 Rubber - raw material only 1 21 Plastic - raw material only % 94.1% Explosives, gas, chemicals 24 Gases Petrol/Oil products Paint, varnish, resins, creosote % 95.9% Rubbish/Waste/Recycling 30 Rubbish/Waste material Recycling - paper, cardboard % 97.5% Wood 40 Other wooden % 98.9% Structural/Fixtures/Fittings - External 17 Roof 7 18 External fittings % 99.6% Not Known 0 Not known % 100.0% Total % 100.0%
13 WMFS Fire Injuries Item Mainly Responsible for Fire Spread Grouping IRS Code IRS Item Number of injuries Total %age Cum. %age Food 6 Cooking oil or fat Other % 41.7% Furniture/Furnishings 11 Bed/Mattress Upholstered furniture Other furniture Floor coverings Window coverings Other/Unspecified furnishings % 57.0% Clothing/Textiles 9 Bedding Clothing Other textiles % 69.1% Structural/Fixtures/Fittings - Internal 34 Internal fittings Internal Other Wiring insulation % 81.0% Other 99 Other % 88.1% Paper/Cardboard 43 Paper/Cardboard Other % 91.4% Foam, rubber, plastic 19 Foam - raw material only 2 20 Rubber - raw material only 1 21 Plastic - raw material only % 94.1% Explosives, gas, chemicals 24 Gases Petrol/Oil products Paint, varnish, resins, creosote % 95.9% Rubbish/Waste/Recycling 30 Rubbish/Waste material Recycling - paper, cardboard % 97.5% Wood 40 Other wooden % 98.9% Structural/Fixtures/Fittings - External 17 Roof 7 18 External fittings % 99.6% Not Known 0 Not known % 100.0% Total % 100.0%
14 Accidental Dwelling Fires in GB from Apr 10 Mar 14
15 Statistical Review Fatalities (1,465) Injuries (42,763) Acc. Dwelling Fires (Liv./Din./Bed) Non-dwellings Acc. Dwelling Fires (Kitchen) Non-dwellings Deliberate Other compartments Deliberate Other compartments
16
17 Human Survivability Tenability Criteria Visibility through smoke Exposure to heat Sensory irritancy Dwelling Fire Situation Toxic effects of smoke through inhalation
18 Human Respiratory System
19 Human Circulatory System
20 Constituents of Toxic Smoke Cocktail of chemical species ISO 13571:2012 Methodology Asphyxiant Gases Carbon Monoxide (CO) Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Other Gases Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 )
21 ISO Methodology Fractional Effective Dose (FED) Concentration of substance Time of exposure Chosen end point = 0.3 (vulnerable people)
22 Full-scale Fire Tests 13 full-scale tests were completed Lounge room fire (furniture) Kitchen fire (cooking oil) Detector actuation times Gas concentrations Temperatures Rates of fuel consumption Video / TIC
23 Property Ground Floor
24 Property First Floor
25 Experimental Variations 2 Different fire locations Door configurations Ventilation conditions Fuel package / fully furnished
26 Kitchen Fire Scenarios Chip pan fire Kitchen door open Data gathered Kitchen Hall Landing Bedroom (open) Bedroom (closed)
27 Detector Actuation Times 20 Kitchen Fire Average Detector Actuation Times 15 Actuation Time (mins) Kitchen Hall Landing Bedroom (Open) Bedroom (Closed) Detector Location Detector Location Average Time to Detection (Minutes) Number of Actuations Kitchen -12:23 5 Hall -5:16 5 Landing 0:57 6 Bedroom (open) 3:35 6 Bedroom (closed) 14:55 6
28 Kitchen FED Calculations Experiment Number Room Time of 0.3 FED (mins) Exp. 01 >20 mins (0.11) Exp. 02 Kitchen >20 mins (0.22) Exp. 11 3:54 Exp. 01 >20 mins (0.00) Exp. 02 Landing >20 mins (0.04) Exp. 11 5:56 Exp. 01 >20 mins (0.00) Exp. 02 Open Bedroom >20 mins (0.06) Exp. 11 6:49 Exp. 01 >20 mins (0.00) Exp. 02 Closed Bedroom >20 mins (0.00) Exp. 11 >20 mins (0.06)
29 Kitchen Fire Conclusions Cooking Oil only Smoke logging Early warning from smoke detectors Adequate time for escape (20+ minutes) Likely outcome - Smoke inhalation
30 Kitchen Fire Conclusions Cooking Oil spreading to other combustible materials Smoke logging Early warning from smoke detectors Adequate time for escape (11 minutes) Likely outcome (closed door) - Smoke inhalation Likely outcome (no closed door) - Fatality
31 Lounge Fire Scenarios Sofa fire Lounge door open Lounge door closed Data gathered Lounge Hall Landing Bedroom (open) Bedroom (closed)
32 Detector Actuation Times Average Detector Actuation Times (Effect of closed fire compartment door) Actuation Time (mins) Open Lounge Door Closed Lounge Door Lounge Hall Landing Bedroom 2 (open) Bedroom 1 (closed) Detector Location
33 Lounge (open) FED Calculations 1.2 Open fire compartment door (Landing) Fractional Effective Dose Exp. 03 Exp. 04 Exp. 07 Exp. 08 Exp. 10 Exp. 12 Exp Time (minutes)
34 Lounge (open) FED Calculations Experiment Room Time of 0.3 FED Average time of 0.3 Number (mins) FED Exp. 04 7:01 Exp. 07 7:51 Exp. 08 Lounge 5:37 Exp. 10 8:22 Exp. 12 6:55 Exp. 13 5:35 Exp. 04 8:07 Exp. 07 8:40 Exp. 08 Landing 6:46 Exp. 10 9:15 Exp. 12 7:52 Exp. 13 7:07 Exp. 04 8:37 Exp. 07 No result Exp. 08 Open 7:33 Exp. 10 Bedroom 9:40 Exp. 12 8:33 Exp. 13 7:45 Exp :23 Exp :19 Exp. 08 Closed 14:49 Exp. 10 Bedroom 15:32 Exp. 12 No result Exp :54 6:53 7:58 8:26 17:11
35 Lounge (open) Fire Conclusions Sofa fire Heavy smoke logging Early warning from smoke detectors Narrow timeframe for escape (<5 minutes) Likely outcome (closed door) Near critical smoke inhalation Likely outcome (no closed door) Fatality
36 Lounge (closed) FED Calculations Experiment Number Room Time of 0.3 FED (mins) Average time of 0.3 FED Exp. 05 Lounge 8:33 8:15 Exp. 09 7:57 Exp. 05 Landing >22 mins (0.22) 17:58 Exp :58 Exp. 05 Open >22 mins (0.28) 18:30 Exp. 09 Bedroom 18:30 Exp. 05 Closed No result N/A Exp. 09 Bedroom No result
37 Lounge (closed) Fire Conclusions Sofa fire Heavy smoke logging Early warning from smoke detectors (slight delay) Reasonable timeframe for escape ( 12 minutes) Likely outcome (closed door) [2 doors] Low exposure to smoke Likely outcome (open door) Near critical smoke inhalation Likely outcome (no closed door) Fatality
38
39 Fire Service Intervention Times Fire Service Rescue Timeline Lounge fire (lounge door open) 3:02 2:19 Alarm actuation 0:40 Occupant recognition 1:25 OPEN COMPARTMENT DOOR 0:30 Dial 999 / BT handling Control call handling Crew reaction time 1:40 Appliance travel time Safe system in place Rescue effected 1:24 4:44
40 Fire Service Intervention Times Fire Service Rescue Timeline Lounge fire (lounge door open) 3:02 2:19 Alarm actuation 0:40 Occupant recognition 1:25 Total 15:44 Minutes 0:30 1:40 Dial 999 / BT handling Control call handling Crew reaction time Appliance travel time Safe system in place Rescue effected 1:24 OPEN COMPARTMENT DOOR 4:44
41 Fire Service Intervention Times Fire Service Rescue Timeline Lounge fire (lounge door open) 3:02 2:19 Alarm actuation 0:40 Occupant recognition 1:25 Total 15:44 Minutes 0:30 1:40 Dial 999 / BT handling Control call handling Crew reaction time Appliance travel time Safe system in place Rescue effected 1:24 OPEN COMPARTMENT DOOR 4:44
42 Fire Service Intervention Times Fire Service Rescue Timeline Lounge fire (lounge door closed) 3:02 Alarm actuation 5:57 Occupant recognition 1:25 CLOSED COMPARTMENT DOOR Dial 999 / BT handling Control call handling Crew reaction time 4:44 0:30 0:40 Appliance travel time Safe system in place 1:40 Rescue effected 1:24
43 Fire Service Intervention Times Fire Service Rescue Timeline Lounge fire (lounge door closed) 3:02 Alarm actuation 5:57 Occupant recognition 1:25 Total 19:22 Minutes Dial 999 / BT handling Control call handling Crew reaction time 4:44 0:30 0:40 Appliance travel time Safe system in place 1:40 Rescue effected 1:24
44
45 Attendance Time Impact Kitchen fires Increase in attendance times Anticipated that the number and extent of fire injuries would increase Little effect on human survivability
46 Lounge Fire (Door open) 20 Lounge Fire (lounge door open) - Time to compromised tenability Time (minutes) Fire Compartment Landing Bedroom (open) Bedroom (closed)
47 Lounge Fire (Door open) 20 Lounge Fire (lounge door open) - Time to compromised tenability Time (minutes) Fire Compartment Landing Bedroom (open) Bedroom (closed)
48 Lounge Fire (Door open) 20 Lounge Fire (lounge door open) - Time to compromised tenability Time (minutes) Fire Compartment Landing Bedroom (open) Bedroom (closed)
49 Lounge Fire (Door closed) 25 Lounge Fire (lounge door closed) - Time to compromised tenability 20 Time (minutes) Fire Compartment Landing Bedroom (open) Bedroom (closed)
50 Lounge Fire (Door closed) 25 Lounge Fire (lounge door closed) - Time to compromised tenability 20 Time (minutes) Fire Compartment Landing Bedroom (open) Bedroom (closed)
51 Lounge Fire (Door closed) 25 Lounge Fire (lounge door closed) - Time to compromised tenability 20 Time (minutes) Fire Compartment Landing Bedroom (open) Bedroom (closed)
52 Attendance Time Impact Lounge fires Increase in attendance times Anticipated that the number and extent of fire injuries would increase Significant impact on human survivability
53 Attendance Time Impact Lounge fires Importance of having early detection A closed door between the fire and the occupant will protect them until the fire crews can effect a rescue Significant impact on human survivability
54 Prevention/Protection/Response Activities Prevention General fire safety awareness Working smoke alarms Night-time routine Protection Enforce Fire Safety Order (where applicable) Developing best practice (CFOA/CLG) Response Adequate in number to retain existing intervention times Well trained and equipped (control and crews)
55
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