q Nutrients from SOM have to be mineralized prior to be available for plants

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Logan Fleming
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plant residues and small living soil organisms, decomposing (ac7ve) organic ma>er, and stable organic ma>er (humus) Func7on: Soil organic ma>er OMRI approved

reduces compac7on, reduces surface crus7ng increases water infiltra7on into soil FROM SOIL ORGANIC MATTER TO PLANTS Organic Ma:er mineraliza=on is a source of

1 DID YOU KNOW? Physioflore and Nutribalance P-15 Defini7on: Soil organic ma>er (SOM) is the organic component of soil, consis7ng of three primary parts including small (fresh) plant residues and small living soil organisms, decomposing (ac7ve) organic ma>er, and stable organic ma>er (humus) Func7on: Soil organic ma>er OMRI approved Products Fresh SOM Ac7ve SOM Humus SOM serves as a reservoir of nutrients for crops, provides soil aggrega7on, increases nutrient exchange, retains moisture, reduces compac7on, reduces surface crus7ng increases water infiltra7on into soil FROM SOIL ORGANIC MATTER TO PLANTS Organic Ma:er mineraliza=on is a source of nutrients for plants Residues q Nutrients from SOM have to be mineralized prior to be available for plants Organic Ma>er Mineraliza7on Nutrients in organic ma:er are not available for plants. They need to be mineralized by microorganisms Primary Mineralization Humification K1 K2 Humus Mineralization Two processes are involved The primary mineraliza=on of fresh organic ma>er (manure, crop residues..) It is a quick process (range of one month) The humus mineraliza=on : It is a slow process going from.5 to 2.5% per year (K2) in temperate climates Microorganism ac=vity Ø The release of nutrients from organic ma:er depends on soil microorganism ac=vity 1

Microorganisms There are more microbes in a teaspoon of soil than there

Soils contain about 8 to 15 tons of bacteria, fungi, protozoa,

microorganism ac7vity, we can act on: Providing a source of energy for

Bacteria insect and other arthropods Soil physical parameters:

PHEOSOL RANGE Pheosol range of products are based on: Ø Pheophlore to

2 Microorganisms There are more microbes in a teaspoon of soil than there are people on the earth. Soils contain about 8 to 15 tons of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, earthworms, and arthropods Microbial Ac7vity v To op7mize microorganism ac7vity, we can act on: Providing a source of energy for microorganisms Ac=nomycetes : Earthworms Everyone is involved! Bacteria insect and other arthropods Soil physical parameters: improving aera=on of soils Soil physical parameters: correc=ng soil ph PHEOSOL RANGE Pheosol range of products are based on: Ø Pheophlore to supply energy to microorganism. Our solu7on to enhance organic ma>er mineraliza7on Ø Marine lcium to improve soil physical and chemical proper=es 2

Microorganism and Energy PHEOFLORE: SEAWEED EXTRACT Ø Soil microorganisms need carbohydrates to grow.

Sugar 12 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 21, 36(2):66-72 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Effect of soil sugar content on microorgansim

polypeptides, and supplies a source of carbon essential for soil microbial activity Soil carbohydrate resources influence

bacteria, microorganism responsible for the degrada=on of fresh and complex organic ma:er N-Mineral ppm 14 12 1 8 Nitrogen

ac=vity (Biotech Marines 23) 4 2 Soil + OM Soil + OM + Pheophlore 28 56 days Ø Pheosol improves soil microorganism ac=vity

3 Microorganism and Energy PHEOFLORE: SEAWEED EXTRACT Ø Soil microorganisms need carbohydrates to grow. Sugars are the energy indispensable to promote their ac7vi7es CO2 evolved (µg/g soil) Control Sugar 4 Sugar 8 Sugar 12 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 21, 36(2): Effect of soil sugar content on microorgansim ac7vity (respira7on) PHYSIOFLORE and P-15 products contains Pheoflore, an algal complex rich in carbohydrates and polypeptides, and supplies a source of carbon essential for soil microbial activity Soil carbohydrate resources influence mineraliza=on rate Pheoflore: Ac7on Improving mineraliza7on Ø Pheoflore improves the ac=vity of celluloly=c and proteoly=c bacteria, microorganism responsible for the degrada=on of fresh and complex organic ma:er N-Mineral ppm Nitrogen release from organic ma:er 6 Evolu=on of celluloly=c bacteria ac=vity (Biotech Marines 23) Evolu=on of proteoly=c bacteria ac=vity (Biotech Marines 23) 4 2 Soil + OM Soil + OM + Pheophlore days Ø Pheosol improves soil microorganism ac=vity leading to a higher release of N and P from organic ma:er ppm P Olsen P release from organic ma:er Soil + OM Soil + OM + Pheophlore days 3

Pheosol range Soil Texture and mineraliza7on Some soils are more likely to be compacted and in poor aera=on condi=ons Clay soils tended to have low mineraliza7on rate due to compac7on.

Physioflore and P-15: Improve soil proper7es Pheosol: improve soil aera7on Physioflore and Nutribalance P-15 products contain Sea rbonate: a calcium carbonate enriched with elements present in the

q lcium improves soil physical property thanks to the flocula=on of clay that permit to increase soil aera=on and the soil microbial ac=vity Supply of lcium Flocula=on of clay with humus Good Clay

4 Pheosol range Soil Texture and mineraliza7on Some soils are more likely to be compacted and in poor aera=on condi=ons Clay soils tended to have low mineraliza7on rate due to compac7on. Silt soils have medium mineraliza7on rate Sea lcium rbonate to improve soil characteris=cs Sandy soils have mainly a good mineraliza7on rate of organic ma>er. Physioflore and P-15: Improve soil proper7es Pheosol: improve soil aera7on Physioflore and Nutribalance P-15 products contain Sea rbonate: a calcium carbonate enriched with elements present in the sea, like traceelements. Unlike ground limestone, Sea rbonate has a porous structure with a high contact area. Ø 1 pound of sea carbonate could cover 2.1 acres of soil! q lcium improves soil physical property thanks to the flocula=on of clay that permit to increase soil aera=on and the soil microbial ac=vity Supply of lcium Flocula=on of clay with humus Good Clay porosity + Clay drainage Humus Humus Humus Clay Clay Soil agregate Ø Sea rbonate has a natural porosity, giving it a high surface area and a high solubility for fast reac=vity. Physioflore and Nutribalance P-15 products provide high soluble calcium carbonate for a quick improvement of soils structure essential to an optimal aeration of soil for a better bacterial activity 4

Physioflore and P-15 avoid compac7on Physioflore and P-15: correc7on of ph q lcium improves soil physical structure that permit to decrease the nega=ve effect of compac=on on mineraliza=on Net N

Soil compac=on slows down the mineraliza=on of HUMUS so the release of mineral nitrogen Days P.

to a large surface area 5.1 Short term effect of marine calcareous on soil ph (University of Rio grande del Sur 27) 4.9 4.7 Control 4.5 4.3 lcimer 4.1 3.9 3.

5 Physioflore and P-15 avoid compac7on Physioflore and P-15: correc7on of ph q lcium improves soil physical structure that permit to decrease the nega=ve effect of compac=on on mineraliza=on Net N mineralized (mg N/kg soil) Net soil inorganic N mineralized during 42 days with increasing compac=on (soil bulk density) ,2 Mg m-3 1,4 Mg m-3 1,6 Mg m-3 1,8 Mg m-3 Soil compac=on slows down the mineraliza=on of HUMUS so the release of mineral nitrogen Days P. Pengthamkeera7, Soil & Tillage Research 91 (26) ph q Pheophlore based products with their supply of fine and high soluble calcium carbonate allow a quick and durable soil surface ph improvement due to a large surface area 5.1 Short term effect of marine calcareous on soil ph (University of Rio grande del Sur 27) Control lcimer Jul 13-Jul 2-juil 27-july 3-aug 11-aug 18-aug 25-aug 1-sept Ø Improvement of microbial ac=vity thanks to a efficient ph correc=on Soil ph influences mineraliza7on Ø Acidic condi=ons induces a diminu=on of the soil microorganism ac=vity Respira=on (µg CO 2.h- 1.g- 1 ) Take more advantage of your residue All the nutrients contained in residue are not available for crop the first year of applica7on : Slurry Manure Released the 1 st year N P 2 O 5 K 2 O 4-65% 8-1% 8-1% 1-3% 75-9% 8-1% ph 8 Effect of soil ph on bacterial ac7vity measured by CO 2 respira7on Cereals -15% 6-85% 6-1% Ø Microorganism ac=vity decreases with low ph Ø Pheosol improves the rate of nutrients release the first year 5

Take more advantage of your residue Microorganisms will consume nitrogen (immobiliza7on) : q During a period of 7me there is a compe77on for N between microorganisms and crops.

The release of mineral nitrogen starts quickly Manure breakdown immobilizes nitrogen during months.

6 Take more advantage of your residue Microorganisms will consume nitrogen (immobiliza7on) : q During a period of 7me there is a compe77on for N between microorganisms and crops. The 7me of immobiliza7on depends on microorganism ac=vity and the residue C/N ra7o. Slurry immobilizes N during a very short period of 7me (days). The release of mineral nitrogen starts quickly Manure breakdown immobilizes nitrogen during months. The net release of mineral nitrogen could happen only amer 6 months In average the degrada7on of 9 T of cereals residue will immobilize 2Kg/ha of Nitrogen during the first year Ø Pheosol decreases the =me of nitrogen immobiliza=on Nutri7ve poten7al of Humus ü Example of a soil with 3% Organic ma>er, 2 cm arable layer and 1.3 density q Humus contains : 5% N,.5% P,.5% S (Doran 212). v In 1 hectare : 1*.2*1.3 *3%= 78 Metric T of Organic Ma>er per Hectare, or 28.4 short tons of Organic Ma>er per acre v In term of Nutrients: (K2 is the rate of mineraliza7on) Organic N = 78 % N= 3473 lbs N/acre Organic P = 78 tons@.5% P = 347 lbs P/acre Organic S = 78 tons@.5% S= 347 lbs S/acre q All the nutrients are in organic Form. They have to be mineralize to be available for plants. The rate of mineraliza7on depends on soil structure and microbial ac7vity. In temperate climates the rate of mineraliza7on (k2) goes from.5% to 2.5% per year. Ø Depending of soil condi7ons, humus can release from 17.4 lbs (K2=.5%) to 86.8 lbs per acre (K2=2.5%) of mineral Nitrogen available for plant growth. Ø Improving the K2, Physioflore and P-15 releases more nutrients from humus To go further Humidity and Temperature Ø Microbial popula7ons double with every 1 degree Celcius change in temperature Rela=ve Mineraliza=on Products Labels and Usage Physioflore and Nutribalance P-15 Wet Dry Ø Mineraliza=on rate increases with the increases of soil humidity/ temperature 6

7 Physioflore Physioflore Usage Physioflore is a granular product designed to be applied with fer7lizer blends or by itself. Physioflore is not a replacement for a tradi7onal liming program; however, a reduc7on in liming rate can be achieved. As a guideline to offset fer7lizer acidifica7on*: Raise in ph Desired Applica=on Rate with Fer=lizer (lb/ac) As a guideline by itself*: -Apply 25 lbs/ac/year or 4 lbs/ac every 3 years. *Applica7on rates and 7mings are soil, crop, and grower specific. Please refer to soil tests or the advice of area agricultural extension agents and/or Timac Agro representa7ves for specific recommenda7ons. Nutribalance P-15 P-15 Nutribalance Usage P-15 Nutribalance is a granular product designed to be applied with fer7lizer blends or by itself. P-15 Nutribalance is not a replacement for a tradi7onal liming program; however, a reduc7on in liming rate can be achieved. As a guideline to offset fer7lizer acidifica7on*: Raise in ph Desired Applica=on Rate with Fer=lizer (lb/ac) P-15 should be applied in a program with management of amount of Phosphorus needed for a par7cular soil, crop and is very grower specific. Please refer to soil tests or the advice of area agricultural extension agents and/or Timac Agro representa7ves for specific recommenda7ons. 7

Building Soil Health. Weston Miller, OSU Extension Service

Building Soil Health. Weston Miller, OSU Extension Service Building Soil Health Weston Miller, OSU Extension Service Preview of presenta?on Soil building with organic maber Compost Cover crops Nitrogen management Soil prepara?on techniques Components of Soil Mixture