Restoring arid-zone plant communities: Lessons learned at Shark Bay, Australia, and Thumama Park, Saudi Arabia
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1 Restoring arid-zone plant communities: Lessons learned at Shark Bay, Australia, and Thumama Park, Saudi Arabia C. Ellery Mayence1,2, Kingsley Dixon1,2, Jason Stevens2, Patrick Courtney2 and Dale Van Beem3 1School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia 2Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kings Park and Botanic Garden 3Shark Bay Resources Arid Zone Ecology Forum 2013, Kimberley, South Africa ADA ArRiyadh Development SHARK BAY RESOURCES Authority
2 Overview Site characterisation identifying opportunities and/or constraints physical and chemical attributes soil/substrate vertical profile comparison with reference habitat importance of topsoil Soil/substrate moisture patterns and processes mass balance (gains vs. losses) texture and particle size landscape position and preferential flows manipulation Site preparation important yet often overlooked conditions conducive for plant growth site characterisation and reference habitat
3 Restoration factors and constraints: (biotic and abiotic) Seed germination Soil/substrate compaction Salinity Herbivory Soil/substrate moisture Fertility
4 Restoration factors and constraints: (biotic and abiotic) Seed germination Soil/substrate compaction Salinity + Herbivory Soil/substrate moisture Fertility
5 Surface and sub-surface hydrological processes Surface conditions Sub surface conditions
6 Surface and sub-surface hydrological processes Surface conditions Sub surface conditions
7 Shark Bay geographic setting Shark Bay World Heritage Area (800 km North of Perth) USELESS LOOP PERTH Source: WA Department of Environment and Conservation Rocky headlands Dune systems Shrublands Coastal wetlands
8 Shark Bay weather and climate Northern Province (arid and coastal) Dry and windy = good for salt production Challenging for restoration Eremean Province South West Province Source: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts 2005
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11 Shark Bay rehabilitation context Earthen borrow pits, overburden piles and sand dunes requiring rehabilitation
12 Shark Bay site characterisation: comparison with reference conditions
13 Shark Bay site characterisation: comparison with reference conditions Reference Borrow site
14 Shark Bay site characterisation: comparison with reference conditions Reference Borrow site
15 Shark Bay site characterisation: comparison with reference conditions Penetration resistance (Kpa) Point of refusal Borrow Depth (mm) 200 Point of refusal 400 Reference Ripped Un-ripped 600 Reference Max depth of probe
16 Shark Bay field trial
17 Shark Bay box trial installation Approach A: no box 50 cm At-depth Area of excavation for topsoil treatments Approach B: box Surface Cardboard box Area of excavation At-depth 15 cm 50 cm 15 cm Experimental plot area Surface 50 cm 50 cm 15 cm Overhead view
18 Shark Bay penetration resistance and infiltration a b Infiltration [K] (mm sec-1) Penetration resistance (kg cm2) a b Borrow Reference Borrow Borrow = subsoil; Reference = topsoil Reference
19 Shark Bay soil/substrate moisture content Moisture content (%) Depth (cm) BW 30 BW box TS TS box REF
20 Shark Bay seedling emergence from box trial Acacia ligulata: hot water Solanum orbiculatum: smoke water No Box No Box No Box No Box box box box box pre-treated Borrow subsoil un-treated pre-treated Reference topsoil (n = 15) un-treated Solanum orbiculatum 90 (n = 15) Emergence (%) Emergence (%) 100 Acacia ligulata No Box No Box No Box No Box box box box box un-treated pre-treated Borrow subsoil un-treated pre-treated Reference topsoil
21 Shark Bay box trial results Topsoil, pre treated, box Subsoil, pre treated, no box Topsoil, pre treated, no box Subsoil, un treated, no box
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23 Shark Bay summary and key concepts Role of proper site characterisation and preparation Interaction between rainfall quantity, penetration resistance (compaction), infiltration, and soil moisture retention Land use history and differences in structure, function, and suitability of topsoil versus substrate vs
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28 5 species 7 irrigation regimes 17 plant treatments 5 reps of 20 40
29 Sub surface water movement: lateral and vertical
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33 Thumama Park moisture content with depth Depth (cm) 0 High deep (@ 20 cm) High drip (surface) Seasonal avg. drip (surface) Moisture content (%) Moisture content (%) Moisture content (%) Left of centre Centre Right of centre 100 Left of centre Centre Right of centre Left of Centre Centre Right of Centre 8
34 Thumama Park direct seeding trial Sand Gravel Disturbed Aitchinson mini seed drill
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36 Thumama Park seed germination and seedling emergence Moddus Moddus Proportion Moddus Moddus A. tortillis sand 2 cm A. ehrenbergiana sand 2 cm Ungerm Germ no emerg 1.0 Emerged A. gerrardii Sand 2 cm 0.8 Proportion 1.0 Ungerm Emerged All species Sand 1 cm Disturbed + gravel; cm Germ no emerg Emerged Ungerm Germ no emerg Ungerm Germ no emerg Emerged
37 Thumama Park surface and at-depth penetration resistance Geotester (hand-held penetrometer) Penetration resistance (kg cm2) Depth (cm) 5 Sand Gravel Disturbed Sand Gravel Disturbed
38 Thumama Park mesocosm box trial
39 Thumama Park surface penetration resistance and infiltration Reference 0.30 Within box Maximum reading possible = 6.0 kg cm Infiltration [K] (mm sec-1) Penetration resistance (kg cm2) 8 Reference Within box Sand Gravel Disturbed Sand Gravel Disturbed
40 Thumama Park box trial seedling emergence 25 Sand Gravel Disturbed A. gerrardii emergence o o+ f f+ ff ff+
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42 Thumama Park summary and key concepts Effect of soil texture on surface and sub surface moisture dynamics Interaction between rainfall quantity, seasonality, and soil and substrate physical and chemical attributes Identifying sites and conditions naturally suited for rehabilitation will increase the likelihood of success vs
43 Restoration factors and constraints: Summary Seed germination Soil/substrate compaction Salinity + Herbivory Soil/substrate moisture Fertility Texture Infiltration Persistence Preferential flow Crusting Annual variability
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