Cold injury to fruit trees (well, with an emphasis on tender fruit) Jon Clements University of Massachuse=s Amherst
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1 Cold injury to fruit trees (well, with an emphasis on tender fruit) Jon Clements University of Massachuse=s Amherst Ontario Fruit & Vegetable Conference February 2014
2 Extension fruit specialist But I am not Dr. Clements! J Statewide responsibility for tree fruit Apple, peach, pear, plum, plum, cherry Applied research at UMass Cold Spring Orchard Primarily a horrculturist
3 Massachuse=s 500 acres of peaches Much less plum, cherry, apricot Direct market, some (minor) wholesale Specialize in tree very ripe Retail ranges from $2-4 per pound
4 We need to understand AcclimaRon, dormancy, and freezing Cold hardiness (whatever that is?) Types of winter injury What can we do?
5 The problem with tender fruit in Ontario They don t call it tender for nothing CulRvated plant not found in it s natural habitat Bred for other qualires, but not necessarily environmental adaptability Cultural prac*ces become important to augment natural ability of species to survive cold winters
6 Types of dormancy Ecodormancy Quiescence Buds are dormant as a result of external condirons unfavorable to growth Example: late fall, early spring
7 Types of dormancy Paradormancy CorrelaRve inhibiron Buds are dormant from inhibitory influence of another plant Example: dormancy of lateral buds because of (apical) dominance of terminal shoot
8 Types of dormancy Endodormancy Rest Buds are dormant because of internal physiological blocks that prevent growth even under ideal external condirons for growth Example: chilling hours Thus, mid- lartude temperate species subject to temperature fluctuaron have evolved with long chilling requirements!
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11 4b - 29 to - 32 C. 5a - 26 to - 29 C. 5b - 23 to - 26 C. 6a - 21 to - 23 C. 6b - 18 to - 21 C.
12 IniRaRon of dormancy Cold acclimaron Process leading to development of freezing tolerance in plants Short photoperiod Warm days; cool, non- freezing nights Exposure to sub- freezing temps (10 degrees F. more cold hardy than before freeze) Maximum cold tolerance follow exposure to temperatures approaching ZERO degrees F.
13 May August Endodormancy Begins? November January
14 Cold hardiness Enables plants to withstand winter cold Related to dormancy/winter rest (endodormancy) Gain hardiness in sub- freezing condirons Lose hardiness in warm weather Lose hardiness faster than they can regain it!
15 Cold hardiness of shoots and buds Shoots generally more cold hardy Water freezes in shoots/bud scales Ice pulls water from cells Concentrates soluron in cells Lowers freezing point of cells Eventually, however, cells freeze and structure/funcron damaged
16 Cold hardiness of flower buds Genus and variety dependent Peach - 10 F. Cherry - 15 F. Apple and pear - 25 to - 30 F. Not as much informaron on shoot/leaf hardiness Flower buds freeze individually, range of sensirvity Terminal flower buds more vulnerable than lower flower buds
17 Cold hardiness depends When low temperature occurs (early vs. mid- or late- winter) How fast the temperature drops Temperatures preceding cold temperature Length of sustained cold temperature Siberian C peach rootstock hardy in Ontario (sustained cold temperature) but not hardy in South Carolina (fluctuarng temperature) Rich Marini, Penn State
18 Vineland, ON /5/13 12/7/13 12/9/13 12/11/13 12/13/13 12/15/13 12/17/13 12/19/13 12/21/13 12/23/13 12/25/13 12/27/13 12/29/13 12/31/13 1/2/14 1/4/14 1/6/14 1/8/14 1/10/14 1/12/14 1/14/14 1/16/14 1/18/14 1/20/14 1/22/14 1/24/14 1/26/14 1/28/14 1/30/14 2/1/14 2/3/14 2/5/14 2/7/14 2/9/14 2/11/14 Max Temp ( C) Min Temp ( C) C = - 13 F
19 Kingsville, ON /1/13 12/3/13 12/5/13 12/7/13 12/9/13 12/11/13 12/13/13 12/15/13 12/17/13 12/19/13 12/21/13 12/23/13 12/25/13 12/27/13 12/29/13 12/31/13 1/2/14 1/4/14 1/6/14 1/8/14 1/10/14 1/12/14 1/14/14 1/16/14 1/18/14 1/20/14 1/22/14 1/24/14 1/26/14 1/28/14 1/30/14 2/1/14 2/3/14 2/5/14 2/7/14 2/9/14 2/11/14 Max Temp ( C) Min Temp ( C) C = - 13 F - 30
20 Cedar Springs, ON /1/13 12/8/13 12/15/13 12/22/13 12/29/13 1/5/14 1/12/14 1/19/14 1/26/14 2/2/14 2/9/ Max Temp ( C) Min Temp ( C)
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22 Winter injury most oten occurs Extreme low temperature Low temperatures following warm temperatures Fall, early hard cold before plants are acclimated Warm up during winter (loss of cold hardiness) Cold snap ater spring warm- up, loss of dormancy and cold hardiness
23 Cold hardiness and stress Stressed plants can gain cold hardiness faster than normal; for example, drought stress BUT, stressed plants have less sugars and cannot withstand as much cold Heavy crops in parrcular can reduce reserves (sugars) available and reduce cold hardiness (parrcularly if incomplete harvest)
24 Types of winter injury Blackheart Cambium injury Crotch injury Crown or collar injury Sunscald Trunk spliung Killing back of shoots Injury to leaf and flower buds Killing of roots
25 Blackheart Fairly common Pith killed and heartwood darkened Gumming occurs with cell death Found in apple, peach, cherry, plum, pear Young and nursery trees more affectes Weakens trunk and branches, but recovery can be rapid in healthy trees
26 Michelle Warmund and Bill Shane
27 Cambium injury Most common on stone fruit (peach) Exacerbated by warm temperatures preceding and fact that cambium is last to harden off Results in weakening of tree, secondary infecron by fungi, canker Gumming oten a symptom
28 Bill Shane, Michigan State University BUT Gumming is not always a sign of cold injury
29 Freeze damage to peach cambium Brown cambium following - 19 F low temperatures in 1994 (Bill Shane)
30 Cambium damage to peach 1994, Randy Willmeng farm ~ - 17F (Bill Shane)
31 Bill Shane
32 Crotch injury May be last area to harden off Upright limbs with narrow crotch angles most likely to be cold injured Injury may extend up and down the limb CulRvar susceprbility?
33 Bill Shane
34 Crown/collar injury Winter killing of bark near ground May be late hardening off Apple (Gravenstein, Northern Spy) may be more susceprble
35 Winter sunscald Commonly known as southwest injury Trunk heats during sunny day, followed by rapid drop in temperature with sunset Peach with lower branches may be less at risk (vs. apple) White latex trunk paint is advised
36 Trunk spliung More common on sweet cherry and apple Occurs most oten in late fall, early winter with rapid temperature drop Spliung/cracking can extend all the way to pith May or may not close up/heal over Beginning of the end with stone fruit
37 Photos: Bill Shane, MSU
38 Shoot death/die- back Most likely with very cold weather when tree has not fully acclimated/hardened- off Seen more oten in young trees Watch nitrogen ferrlizaron, late pruning Effect similar to heading cut
39 Injury to leaf and flower buds PEACH: Expect to see some damage (10%) at - 23 C., 100% damage at - 29 C. (Peter Hirst/Dick Hayden, Purdue) During the winter, the temperature required to damage peach buds may vary by as much as 5-6 C. because of acclimaron/de- acclimaron difference (Rich Marini, Penn State) TREE DAMAGE - 35 C. for apple; - 32 for apricot; - 29 for tart cherry; - 26 for sweet cherry; - 25 for peach (Bill Shane, Michigan State)
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41 Root death Less common than injury to above- ground porron of tree Apple roots can be killed beginning at - 4 C. to - 12 C. Bare ground exacerbates
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43 HorRcultural pracrces Site selecron ManipulaRon of water and ferrlizer to prevent late season growth and reduce stress Choice of variety and rootstock Frost/freeze protecron Pruning pracrces
44 Site selecron ElevaRon Wet feet/drainage LaRtude
45 IrrigaRon/ferRlizaRon Drought stress followed by cold winter can be bad news Too much water can keep trees growing later in fall = reduced hardiness High nitrogen = reduced hardiness Don t ferrlize too late into the fall
46 In an NC- 140 peach rootstock trial, it looks like flower bud injury ranges form app. 3% to 75% following temperatures of - 11 F. in early January, Redhaven is the variety, 12 different rootstocks. M. Warmund Variety/rootstock
47 Pruning Pruning late decreases cold hardiness Pruning effect can last well into mid- winter Late pruned trees showed enhanced cambium acrvity into winter Summer pruning of peach might impact cold hardiness in early winter (Peach pruned at pink might show reduced tolerance to frost during bloom) Rich Marini, Penn State Fruit Times
48 Cherry leaf spot Early defoliaron Michigan State research Slower to acclimate Begin growth earlier in spring
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54 Thank you! Michelle Warmund, U. of Missouri Bill Shane, Michigan State University Mark Longstroth, Michigan State University Diane Miller, Ohio State University Gregory Reighard, Clemson University
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