CULTIVAR EVALUATION IN MANITOBA
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1 CULTIVAR EVALUATION IN MANITOBA LANDSCAPE MANITOBA GROW-16 FEBRUARY 25, 2016 PHILIP RONALD, PH.D.
2 TRIAL OBJECTIVES There is a need to diversify the current palette of viable trees for the coldest zones of Western Canada. The Prairie Provinces have few options for street trees and shelterbelts. Our two most viable species, Elm and Ash, are under threat from foreign pests. It is useful to "put the final nail in the coffin" for some of the more tender selections that have been promoted in our area. This will prevent nurseries and municipalities from repeating failures, as they will have solid data to help them decide what to try and what to forget.
3 TRIAL LOCATIONS JEFFRIES NURSERIES PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE, MANITOBA ZONE 3, HIGH RAINFALL AND HEAT UNITS LAKESHORE TREE FARMS - SASKATOON, SASKATCHEWAN ZONE 2A, EXTREME COLD, SHORT SEASON EAGLE LAKE NURSERIES - STRATHMORE, ALBERTA ZONE 3 WITH CHINOOKS, MODERATE HEAT UNITS OLD MAN CREEK NURSERY - EDMONTON, ALBERTA ZONE 3, NO CHINOOKS, MODERATE RAINFALL PFRA SHELTERBELT - INDIAN HEAD, SASKATCHEWAN ZONE 2B, LOW RAINFALL, MODERATE HEAT UNITS
4 PROJECT LEADER: RICK DURAND TRIAL PERSONNEL SITE MANAGERS/TRIAL SITE: AARON KRAHN, LAKESHORE TREE FARMS ANITA HEUVER/ERIN MORTREUIL, EAGLE LAKE NURSERIES BILL SCHROEDER, AGRO-FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT JOE MONIZ, PEREIRA AND MONIZ LANDSCAPE JENNY WHEELER/BEV MINSKY, CITY OF EDMONTON PHILIP RONALD, JEFFRIES NURSERIES
5 260 CULTIVARS PLANTED OVER 6 YEARS MANITOBA LOCATION STAGE 1 May 15, 2008 STAGE 2 May 12, 2009 STAGE 3 May 12, 2010 STAGE 4 May 16, 2011 STAGE 5 May 24, 2012 STAGE 6 May 24, 2013
6 ANNUAL MEASURES: Total Height Caliper at ground level Width at widest point Vigour Hardiness Flowers Seed/Fruit Disease & Insects MEASURES / TRIAL PERIOD TREES IN THE TRIAL ARE ASSIGNED A RATING: Goldspur 1. when the tree has been subjected to five winters, or 2. when the bole of the tree exceeds 80 mm
7 TREES THAT PERFORMED BEST AND SUSTAINED NO MORE THAN 10% WINTER KILL DURING THE TRIAL PERIOD. GRADUATE TREE THESE TREES MUST HAVE A HIGH TO COMPLETE RESISTANCE TO DISEASE AND INSECTS, WELL ADAPTED TO PRAIRIE SOILS AND DISPLAY ORNAMENTAL VALUE. EXAMPLES: MANCANA ASH RUSSIAN MTN ASH GOLDSPUR AMUR CHERRY
8 TREES THAT SUSTAINED BETWEEN 10-40% WINTER KILL DURING THE TRIAL PERIOD. COLLECTOR TREE THESE TREES MUST HAVE A HIGH TO COMPLETE RESISTANCE TO DISEASE AND INSECTS, WELL ADAPTED TO PRAIRIE SOILS AND DISPLAY A DOMINATE ORNAMENTAL VALUE. THESE TREES WILL REQUIRE MORE ANNUAL PRUNING THAN THE GRADUATES SINCE THE COLLECTOR TREES WILL HAVE A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT DEAD BRANCHES DUE TO WINTER KILL. EXAMPLES: OAK LEAF MOUNTAIN ASH NORTHERN ACCLAIM LOCUST
9 TREES THAT SUSTAINED MORE THAN 40% WINTER KILL DURING THE TRIAL PERIOD. FAILED TREE THESE TREES ARE NOT RECOMMENDED TO BE PLANTED SINCE THE WINTER KILL WILL SEVERELY DISTORT THE NATURAL LOOK OF THE TREE. THE OWNER OF THE TREE WILL HAVE TO INVEST A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF TIME EACH YEAR TO PRUNE THE DEAD WOOD FOUND ON THE TREE. EXAMPLES: GINKGO PINK HORSECHESNUT
10 Sienna Glen U.S. CVS DO NOT HAVE SUFFICIENT HARDINESS JNL SELECTIONS WILL BE AVAILABLE IN 2017 FREEMAN MAPLE CULTIVARS TESTED: AUT. FANTASY MATADOR SIENNA GLEN 0603
11 Unity U.S. CVS DO NOT HAVE SUFFICIENT HARDINESS INFERNO AND UNITY PERFORM WELL IN ZONE 3 SUGAR MAPLE CULTIVARS TESTED: AUTUMN FEST FALL FIESTA GREEN MTN INFERNO NORTHERN FLARE Inferno UNITY
12 Autumn Spire Red Rocket RED MAPLE CULTIVARS TESTED: AUT. FLAME AUT. RADIANCE AUT. SPIRE NO ISSUE WITH HARDINESS IN ZONE 3 BUT CHLOROSIS IS A PROBLEM ON ALL CVS SCARLET JEWEL RUBY FROST RED ROCKET
13 Helena NONE OF THE CVS TESTED SURVIVED IN ZONE 3 NORWAY MAPLE CULTIVARS TESTED: COLLECTOR TREES: REQUIRE SHELTER AND A GRASSED PLANTING SITE PARKWAY HELENA EMERALD LUSTRE Emerald Lustre
14 TARTARIAN MAPLE CULTIVARS TESTED: HOT WINGS RUGGED CHARM NO ISSUE WITH WINTER HARDINESS IN ZONE 3 BUT ANTHRACNOSE IS A PROBLEM ON ALL CVS PATTERN PERFECT
15 HOT WINGS HAS OUTSTANDING RED SAMARAS FOR UP TO 6 WEEKS TARTARIAN MAPLE Hot Wings SAMARA COLOUR COMPARISON ON SEPT 4/14 PATTERN PERFECT HAS BETTER FORM BUT NO FRUIT COLOUR Pattern Perfect
16 RUBY SLIPPERS HAS RED SAMARA COLOUR AND GOOD FORM; PLANTED IN SPRING 2013 AMUR MAPLE CULTIVARS TESTED: ROYAL CROWN Ruby Slippers ROYAL CROWN HAS RESISTANCE TO IRON CHLOROSIS ON ALKALINE SOILS Royal Crown RUBY SLIPPERS VENTURA
17 Autumn Splendor BOTH CULTIVARS SURVIVE IN ZONE 3, BUCKEYE CULTIVARS TESTED: AUTUMN SPLENDOR HOMESTEAD BUT AUTUMN SPLENDOR IS SUPERIOR FOR EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF RED FALL COLOUR Homestead FORT MCNAIR PINK
18 FORT MCNAIR PINK Planted in May 2008 Photo in September 2009 Good example of a failed tree
19 ALDER CULTIVARS TESTED: WINTER HARDY AND DROUGHT TOLERANT PRAIRIE HORIZON MANCHURIAN ALDER A MAGNET FOR SAPSUCKERS
20 U.S. CVS DO NOT HAVE SUFFICIENT HARDINESS SERVICE BERRY CULTIVARS TESTED: AUTUMN BRILLIANCE PRINCESS DIANA Standing Ovation STANDING OVATION IS WINTER HARDY BUT A VERY SLOW GROWER Spring Flurry SPRING FLURRY SNOWCLOUD STANDING OVATION
21 PRAIRIE DREAM IS AN OUTSTANDING CULTIVAR WITH WHITE BARK AT AN EARLY AGE BIRCH CULTIVARS TESTED: PRAIRIE DREAM DAKOTA PINNACLE PARKLAND PILLAR BRONZE BIRCH BORER IS A REAL PROBLEM ON ASIAN WHITE BIRCH PRAIRIE VISION RENAISSANCE REFLECTION
22 WHITE ASH CULTIVARS TESTED: AUTUMN BLAZE CALYPSO NOBILITY NOBILITY WHITE ASH OUTPERFORMED 4 OTHER CULTIVARS NOBILITY OFFERS SUPERIOR COLD HARDINESS AND EARLY, PURPLE FALL COLOUR NORTHERN BLAZE TUXEDO
23 TUXEDO & AUTUMN BLAZE Planted in May 2008 Photo in September 2009 Tuxedo Autumn Blaze
24 AMUR MAACKIA CULTIVARS TESTED: MAGNIFICENT MAGENTA SUMMERTIME SEEDLING
25 STARLITE HAS A PYRAMIDAL FORM AND TINY RETAINED FRUIT SIBERIAN CRABAPPLE CULTIVARS TESTED: ADIRONDACK Starlite SPRING SNOW SPRING SNOW HAS A ROUNDED FORM AND IS FRUITLESS STARLITE Spring Snow
26 GLADIATOR HAS AN UPRIGHT FORM, HIGH SCAB RESISTANCE ROSYBLOOM CRABAPPLE CULTIVARS TESTED: Gladiator COURAGEOUS GLADIATOR THUNDERCHILD HAS A SPREADING FORM, POOR SCAB RESISTANCE PINK SPIRES RED BARON ROYAL MIST Thunderchild THUNDERCHILD
27 COLUMNAR ROSYBLOOM Purple Spire CULTIVARS TESTED: DREAMWEAVER EMERALD SPIRE PURPLE SPIRE Dreamweaver
28 Royal Mist FRUIT DROP Shaughnessy Cohen Royal Mist OTHER ISSUES TO CONSIDER Starlite FRUIT DROP APPLE SCAB RESISTANCE SCAB RATINGS: 0% -Starlite 10-20% - Gladiator, Courageous Over 50% - Spring Snow, Pink Spires, Thunderchild
29 KATEPWA DID NOT SURVIVE IN THE TRIAL; EFFECT OF FALL MOISTURE? HYBRID POPLAR CULTIVARS TESTED: DN2 KATEPWA Katepwa SUNDANCER OFFERS FAST GROWTH, A NARROW CROWN AND HIGH DISEASE RESISTANCE Sundancer OKANESE PRAIRIE SKY SKYFEST SUNDANCER
30 SPUR SCHUBERT HAS IMPROVED FORM OVER ORIGINAL STILL GETS BLACK KNOT CHERRY & PLUM CULTIVARS TESTED: GOLDRUSH Spur Schubert GOLDSPUR PRODUCES A DENSE CROWN CALIPERS WELL Goldspur GOLDSPUR PRINCESS KAY SPUR SCHUBERT
31 PRAIRIE GEM HAS A ROUND CROWN AND VERY LARGE FRUIT USSURIAN PEAR CULTIVARS TESTED: EARLY GOLD Prairie Gem MOUNTAIN FROST NAVIGATOR HAS AN UPRIGHT CROWN NAVIGATOR PRAIRIE GEM Navigator
32 SHOOTING STAR NORTHERN PIN OAK GROWS ON A BUR OAK ROOT OAK CULTIVARS TESTED: SHOOTING STAR Shooting Star URBAN PINNACLE APPEARS TO BE HARDY BUT IS TOO SLOW TO GROW Urban Pinnacle MAJESTIC SKIES REGAL PRINCE HERITAGE URBAN PINNACLE
33 REGAL PRINCE HYBRID OAK Planted in May 2008 Photo in September 2009 Good example of a failed tree
34 MTN ASH CULTIVARS TESTED: Oakleaf RUSSIAN IS STILL THE GOLD STANDARD OAKLEAF IS NOT RELIABLY COLD HARDY IN ZONE 3 BLACK HAWK CARDINAL ROYAL OAK LEAF PYRAMIDAL RED CASCADE Russian RUSSIAN
35 VARIATION IN: CROWN FORM FLOWER QUALITY MORE TIME IS NEEDED TO BETTER DISTINGUISH THE TOP PERFORMER IN THIS GROUP TREE LILAC CULTIVARS TESTED: BOULEVARD GOLDEN ECLIPSE Ivory Pillar MANY CULTIVARS OF TREE LILAC HAVE SUFFICIENT WINTER HARDINESS Snowdance IVORY PILLAR IVORY SILK SHOGUN SNOWCAP SNOWDANCE
36 TREE LILAC PANICLE COMPARISON ON JUNE 23/12 Shogun Ivory Pillar
37 ALL CVS TESTED WERE HARDY IN ZONE 3, SOME DIFFERENCE IN FALL SHUT DOWN AMERICAN LINDEN CULTIVARS TESTED: AMERICAN SENTRY BOULEVARD True North FRONTYARD MORE TIME IS NEEDED TO BETTER DISTINGUISH THE TOP PERFORMER IN THIS GROUP American Sentry REDMOND TRUE NORTH
38 LITTLELEAF LINDEN CULTIVARS TESTED: GOLDEN CASCADE GREENSPIRE Golden Cascade MOST OF THE CORDATA CVS TESTED WERE GRADUATES GOLDEN CASCADE IS THE INDUSTRY STANDARD WITH WEEPING FORM AND GOLDEN FALL COLOUR SHAMROCK SUMMER SPRITE NORLIN
39 HYBRID LINDEN CULTIVARS TESTED: DROPMORE Glenleven BOTH HYBRID CVS TESTED WERE GRADUATES GLENLEVEN DROPMORE IS THE INDUSTRY STANDARD WITH HARDINESS IN ZONES 2 & 3
40 HARVEST GOLD OFFERS UPRIGHT CROWN, GOLDEN FALL COLOUR, EXFOLIATING BARK OTHER LINDEN CULTIVARS TESTED: HARVEST GOLD MONGOLIAN Harvest Gold SKINUR FEATURES VERY LARGE LEAVES AND A BROAD, UPRIGHT CROWN Skinur WINDANCER MONGOLIAN SKINUR MANCHURIAN
41 HYBRID ELM CULTIVARS TESTED: CATHEDRAL TRIUMPH VANGUARD SURPRISE! THE HYBRID ELMS FROM MORTON ARBORETUM HAVE RELEVANCE IN ZONE 3 ALL CULTIVARS ARE RESISTANT TO DED TRIUMPH HAS THE MOST DESIRABLE CROWN FORM ACCOLADE NEW HORIZON
42 SHRUB CULTIVAR TRIAL 160 cultivars planted in 2013, 2014 and 2015 Site: west side of Jeffries Nurseries Young farm Clean, cultivated sandy loam no mulch, but some snow cover
43 WHY TRIAL SHRUBS? We need to sift through the hundreds of new cultivars WHAT PERCENTAGE OF NEW DO YOU ADD & OLD DO YOU DROP? Arrive at a short list for Manitoba MARKETING DOES NOT ALWAYS LEAD A GREAT PLANT PLANTS CAN T READ OR WRITE
44 SOURCE PLANTS: 5 TRIAL PLANTS OF NEW CULTIVARS HOW? ADAMSON, BAILEY, BYLANDS, SPRING MEADOW, VAN BELLE EVALUATE: WINTER HARDINESS MATURE SIZE / HABIT Collect as many cultivars as possible Include species that are not used in MB PEST RESISTANCE TIMING/DURATION OF FLOWERING COLOUR/QUALITY OF FOLIAGE
45 SPRING RATINGS Thundercloud Elder Assess winter damage or winter kill on a 0-5 scale
46 SUMMER RATINGS Assess size, habit, flower and foliage quality
47 SHRUBS: HEDGEROWS GOLD DOGWOOD THUNDERCLOUD ELDER BLACK LACE ELDER SHOW OFF FORSYTHIA BELLA ANNA HYDRANGEA DARTS RED SPIREA CARNIVAL WEIGELA GHOST WEIGELA TANGO WEIGELA WINE & ROSES WEIGELA CULTIVAR FAILURES PLANTS KILLED OUTRIGHT Ratings made on May 21/15 VINES: SUMMER CASCADE WISTERIA ATOMIC RED TRUMPET VINE
48 SHOCKING SURVIVAL Rated zone 4, but never tested in zone 3 Lotus Moon Pearlbush No winter damage after 1 year in trial Exocorda x macrantha Bailmoon
49 May 16, 2015 WORTH A CUTBACK? Candy Coralberry CANDY CORALBERRY & GALAXY SNOWBERRY
50 THE SAME BUT DIFFERENT Lemon Candy Compare closely related cultivars for subtle differences: Mature size Growth habit Dart s Gold
51 WEIGELA 17 cultivars planted on June 10/14 Spilled Wine (5/5) Photos taken on May 16/15 Wine & Roses (1/5)
52 WEIGELA 17 cultivars planted on June 10/14 April Snow (5/5) Photos taken on May 16/15 Rainbow Sensation (1/5)
53 5 RATING NO WINTER DIEBACK APRIL SNOW MERLOT PINK RUMBA SPILLED WINE 4 RATING MINOR WINTER DIEBACK MERLOT ROSE MY MONET POLKA SONIC BLOOM PINK 3 RATING MODERATE WINTER DIEBACK RED PRINCE WEIGELA HARDINESS RATINGS Planted June 10, 2014 Ratings made on May 21, 2015 One test winter 1-2 RATING MAJOR WINTER DIEBACK DARK HORSE GHOST MINUET RAINBOW SENSATION SONIC BLOOM PEARL WINE & ROSES 0 RATING DEAD CARNIVAL TANGO
54 BARBERRY 9 cultivars planted on June 10, 2014 Concorde (5/5) Photos taken on May 16/15 Emerald Carousel (5/5)
55 5 RATING NO WINTER DIEBACK CONCORDE EMERALD CAROUSEL BARBERRY HARDINESS RATINGS 4 RATING MINOR WINTER DIEBACK ROYAL BURGUNDY SUNSATION Ratings made on May 21/15 3 RATING MODERATE WINTER DIEBACK CHERRY BOMB JADE CAROUSEL ROSE GLOW ROYAL CLOAK 2 RATING MAJOR WINTER DIEBACK RUBY CAROUSEL
56 SPIREA 21 cultivars planted on June 6, 2013 Double Play Artist (4/5) Sundrop (5/5) Flowering Choice (2/5) 3 cultivars planted on June 10, 2014 Photos taken on May 16/15 Shirobana (3/5) Goldflame (3/5)
57 PINK PARASOLS SPIREA Firegold (4/5) Planted on June 6, 2013 Pink Parasols (5/5) Photos taken on May 16/15 Pink Parasols Spirea - Spiraea fritschiana Wilma Species is native to China and Korea Rated zone 4
58 5 RATING NO WINTER DIEBACK GOLDMOUND GUMBALL LITTLE PRINCESS PINK PARASOLS SNOWHITE SUNDROP THREELOBE SPIREA HARDINESS RATINGS 4 RATING MINOR WINTER DIEBACK FAIRY QUEEN DOUBLE PLAY GOLD FIREGOLD GOLDEN GLITTER TOR DOUBLE PLAY ARTIST 3 RATING MODERATE WINTER DIEBACK FLAMING MOUND NEON FLASH GOLDFLAME SHIROBANA MAGIC CARPET SNOWMOUND ANTHONY WATERER 2 RATING MAJOR WINTER DIEBACK FLOWERING CHOICE FROBELLI SUPERSTAR 1RATING MAJOR WINTER DIEBACK DARTS RED 21 cultivars planted on June 6, cultivars planted on June 10, 2014 Ratings made on May 21/15
59 DOGWOOD 19 cultivars planted on June 6, 2013 Red Gnome Pucker Up Ratings made on May 21/15
60 5 RATING NO WINTER DIEBACK CREAM CRACKER SILVER VARIEGATED BATON ROUGE IVORY HALO PRAIRIE FIRE CARDINAL RED GNOME ARCTIC FIRE BUDS YELLOW FIREDANCE MORDEN AMBER LITTLE REBEL RED TWIGGED 4 RATING MINOR WINTER DIEBACK GOLDEN VARIEGATED SIBERIAN PEARLS PUCKER UP 3 RATING MODERATE WINTER DIEBACK DOGWOOD HARDINESS RATINGS 19 cultivars planted on June 6, 2013 Ratings made on May 21/15 GRAY DOGWOOD 2 RATING MAJOR WINTER DIEBACK SILVER & GOLD 0 RATING DEAD HEDGEROWS GOLD
61 CAUTION The findings in this presentation are preliminary and should be treated as guidelines rather than steadfast facts. A trial period of 5 years is less than ideal for true hardiness testing.
62 THANKS FOR LISTENING PLEASE PICK UP A FREE TREE POSTER TODAY
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