Soft Fruit Experiments 2014

Transcription

1 Soft Fruit Experiments 2014 Background to SCEPTRE ( ) Loss of, & future threats to, actives Need for food security Requirement to identify other effective & crop safe actives including biopesticides (against key pests, disease & weeds of field vegetables, protected edibles, soft & top fruit) Opportunities from new technologies Contributing control methods for use in further development of sustainable integrated crop management systems

2 Consortium members H & H Duncalfe Soft fruit experiments in SCEPTRE 2014 Spur blight (raspberry) Crown rot (strawberry) Powdery mildew (strawberry) Crown rot Aphids (raspberry) Spur blight European tarnished plant bug (strawberry) Herbicides (newly-planted strawberries / runner control) Electrical weeding (blackcurrants)

3 Control of Spur blight of raspberry Expt. 2.1 Angela Berrie and Robert Saville, EMR Raspberries cv. Glen Ample & Octavia Product choice assisted by in vitro fungicide testing (2012) Products applied preventatively at end of October standard = Folicur, tebuconazole, & 8 other fungicides (applied once) - 5 Biofungicides (applied twice) Spur blight, Didymella applanata, inoculation using spreader plants assisted by overhead irrigation Spring 2015 assessment for stem lesions and emergence Raspberry pots prior to preventative fungicide treatments (plus untreated). 4 reps Control of Crown rot of strawberry Expt. 2.2 Angela Berrie and Robert Saville, EMR Phytophthora cactorum on strawberry cv. Malling Opal Fungicides & biofungicides selected from 2012 trial Strawberry grow bags with 20 plants/plot. 4 replicates Application methods tested starting on 20 May 2014; - Pre-plant dip - Post-plant drench - Spray P. cactorum-inoculated plants planted 2 per bag as spreaders on 12 June

4 Application methods & timings for chemical fungicides against Crown rot Expt. 2.2 Product name or code Diseased plants introduced 12 June 2014 MAY JUNE JULY 20th 27th 3rd 10th 17th 24th 1st 8th 1 &2 Untreated 3 Paraat Pre-plant 4 Paraat Drench 5 Paraat Spray 6 Fenomenal Pre-plant 7 Fenomenal Drench 8 Fenomenal Spray 9 STR-24 Pre-plant 10 STR-24 Drench 11 STR-24 Spray 12 STR-23 Pre-plant 13 STR-23 Drench 14 STR-23 Spray Chemical fungicides: single (preventative) applications made by one of three methods per treatment Paraat = dimethomorph, Fenomenal = fenamidone + fosetyl-aluminium Application methods & timings for biological products against Crown rot Expt. 2.2 Treatment Treatment Product name or code Diseased strawberry plants introduced 12 June 2014 MAY JUNE JULY 20th 27th 3rd 10th 17th 24th 1st 8th 1 &2 Untreated 3 Paraat Pre-plant 4 Paraat Drench 5 Paraat Spray 15 STR-98 Pre-plant Drench Drench 16 STR-98 Drench Drench Drench 17 STR-98 Spray Spray Spray 18 STR-40 Pre-plant Drench Drench 19 STR-40 Drench Drench Drench 20 STR-40 Spray Spray Spray Biofungicides: application of these products could continue after introduction of crown rot infested spreader plants (preventative + curative). Application 3 times at 2 week intervals

5 Control of Crown rot of strawberry Expt. 2.2 Some plant collapse in untreated inoculated plots Few symptoms of crown rot in the growing plants visible across the trial by the end of October Plants will be lifted for destructive assessment of internal crown rotting in November 2014 Powdery Mildew in strawberry Control by conventional fungicides Expt. 2.3 Angela Berrie, EMR Strawberry cv. Elsanta planted July 2013 in tunnel, mown off June 2014 & trial carried out on regrowth Mildew, Podosphaera aphanis, first seen early July 2014 Conventional fungicide screening 4 replicates 11 products tested (Systhane 20 EW, myclobutanil, standard) Applied at 1000 L/ha First spray 23 rd July 2014 Final spray 27th August Assessed 3rd September % leaf area mildewed on 5 leaves on 5 plants/plot

6 Conventional fungicide control of Powdery mildew in strawberry Sept 2014 Expt. 2.3 % leaf area mildewed Untreated STR-37 STR-118 STR-77 UTC Sys a Systhane & product code numbers Summary of results Expt. 2.3 Conventional fungicides - powdery mildew Disease pressure was high (24% leaf area mildewed in untreated) All treatments reduced disease compared to untreated STR-37 and STR-47 did not perform as well as Systhane 20 EW standard whilst all other treatments performed as well or better STR-77 and STR-88 were best performing no mildew colonies on new tissue at assessment No phytotoxicity Statistical analysis is pending

7 Powdery Mildew in Strawberry Control by biofungicides Expt. 2.4 Angela Berrie, EMR Strawberry cv. Elsanta planted in July 2014 in tunnel Biofungicide screening trial 5 replicates 11 products tested including Systhane 20 EW, myclobutanil, standard Applied at 1000 L/ha First spray 22 nd July 2014 Introduced inoculum 31 st July First mildew 7 th August Assessed on 20 th August % leaf area mildewed on 5 leaves on 5 plants/plot Fruit harvested & assessed for mildew & rots Biofungicide control of powdery mildew in strawberry August 2014 Expt. 2.4 % leaf area mildewed Untreated Systhane STR = Serenade ASO, B. subtilis UTC Sys 06 Systhane & product code numbers

8 Summary of results Expt. 2.4 Biofungicides - powdery mildew in strawberry Disease pressure was high (33% leaf area mildewed in untreated) All biofungicides reduced disease STR-06 and STR-105 performed as well as Systhane 20 EW No phytotoxicity Statistical analysis is pending Summary - Potential new products against strawberry diseases ( ) Disease Fungicides Biofungicides Crown rot Prestop - Powdery mildew Soft rots Signum 25a Bold disease control equal to reference product Not bold some disease reduction compared with untreated control Signum = boscalid + pyraclostrobin, Prestop = Gliocladium catenulatum

9 Novel pesticides for aphid control on protected raspberry Expt. 2.5 Nick Birch, James Hutton Institute, Dundee Polytunnel IPM trials on raspberry cv. Glen Ample combining biopesticides, conventional insecticides & insect biocontrol agents Large raspberry aphid Amphorophora idaei (earlier attack) Potato aphid Macrosiphum eurphorbiae (later attack) Novel pesticides for aphid control on protected raspberry Expt pesticides tested including Calypso, thiacloprid, as standard (with water as an untreated control) Assessments 4 plants/plot on the top 0.5 m of a cane in week 1 pre-spray & weeks 2-6; - Cane height - Counts of large raspberry aphid & potato aphid (adults, winged adults & nymphs) - Counts of dead & parasitised aphids - Presence of other pest or beneficial insects 3 tunnels of cv. Glen Ample each with 3 replicate blocks

10 Application frequencies and timings of pesticides & aphid biocontrol products to raspberry Expt. 2.5 UT Calypso ERVIPAR APHLIN Weeks treatment applied to raspberry tunnels 2014 Treatments Prespray WK1 WK2 WK3 WK4 WK5 WK6 21 May-11 June 16 June-2 July 7-16 July ERVIPAR Aphidius ervi APHILIN Aphelinus abdominali Earlier raspberry attack Potato aphid Expt. 2.5 Post-spray application 1 for all treatments (week 2) Adults Nymphs St W St W St = standard Calypso W = water Significant P = P = differences

11 Later raspberry attack Large raspberry aphid Expt. 2.5 Counts in final week of experiment (week 6) Adults Nymphs St = standard Calypso W = water St W St W Significant P =0.040 P = differences Summary of results Expt. 2.5 IPM for two species of raspberry aphids Potato aphids arrived earlier & were controlled well by treatments in weeks 1-4 Large raspberry aphids arrived 2 weeks later & were controlled well by treatments in weeks 3-6 Treatment 50 most effective against potato aphid (over 60%), but all treatments gave over 40% control, including biopesticides. Treatment 59 was most effective against large raspberry aphid (over 90%) but biopesticides (62 & 130) were also moderately effective Reduced spray frequencies were effective for all treatments Efficacy of biocontrol (released parasitoids Aphidius ervi & Aphelinus abdominalis) complemented spray treatments & there were no detected non-target effects. Maximum parasitism rate (A. ervi) 17%

12 European tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis) on strawberry Expt. 2.6 Jerry Cross and Chantelle Jay, EMR Strimmed plots 25 field plots at EMR, each 15 m apart Randomized block design 5 replicates of 5 treatments Strawberries (cv. Flamenco) in double row at 0.25 m spacing, planted 5 June Each plot surrounded by 1.5 m sowing of fat hen and Matricaria, strimmed before spraying on 5 Aug for plot bug invasion Pre-assessment on 6 Aug Plot prior to strimming Treatments applied on 7 and 21 Aug Counts of nymphs N1 to N5,, adults on 12, 14, 20, 28 Aug & 4 Sep Strawberry damage assessments on 5 and 22 Sep European tarnished plant bug Expt. 2.6 Mean numbers of nymphs & adults from regular assessments to 28 days after 1 st treatment sprays * Significant differences from untreated for nymph or adult counts (P<0.05 on square root transformed data) * * * * * * Chess WG = pymetrozine Steward (half rate) = indoxacarb

13 European tarnished plant bug Expt. 2.6 Mean fruit damage two harvests a A 1= low, 2= moderate, 3= high damage index b b b B c B C C Significant differences (P<0.05 square root transformed data) where letters differ from the untreated for first or second harvests Summary of results Expt. 2.6 European tarnished plant bug Chlorpyrifos, the commercial standard, was most effective at reducing nymph & adult numbers Steward, indoxacarb, at half rate + Silwet & STR-59 reduced numbers Fruit damage at both harvests least after chlorpyrifos use At the later harvest, Steward at half rate + Silwet gave a similar fruit damage reduction to chlorpyrifos compared with the untreated Malformation of strawberry fruit caused by Lygus feeding on flowers None Low High Moderate

14 Herbicides on newly planted strawberries Expt. 2.7 John Atwood and Harriet Roberts, ADAS To investigate the crop safety of two chemical treatments when applied 1 or 10 days after planting cold stored strawberry runners. Product Time after planting Untreated control day Dual Gold 1 day days Dual Gold 10 days Neither 165 nor Dual Gold (Smetolachlor) caused any phytotoxicity during the trials at either timing. (Dual Gold permitted on outdoor crops only) Strawberry cv. Elsanta planted in coir-filled troughs in May 2014 and pots in June replicates Yield following herbicide use on newly planted strawberries Expt. 2.7 STR-165 Dual Gold Total yield/plant (g) UTC 165 ( 1 day) 165 ( 10 days) Total yield/plant (g) UTC Dual Gold (1 day) Dual Gold (10 days) Marketable Waste STR-165 crop was May planted, Dual Gold test replanted in June Yield was low Neither herbicide had any statistically significant effect on marketable yield, amount of waste, berry size or timing of harvest. Confirms safety of 165 up to 10 days post planting

15 Evaluation of herbicides for control of strawberry runners Expt. 2.8 John Atwood and Harriet Roberts, ADAS To investigate the efficacy of herbicides (including one bio-herbicide), when used as directed sprays for strawberry runner control Treatment Spray date Spray date Untreated control adjuvant Low rate 2 nd Sept 16 th Sept adjuvant High rate 2 nd Sept 16 th Sept nd Sept 16 th Sept Harvest, glufosinate-ammonium 5l/ha 2 nd Sept - Soil grown cv. Fenella planted 2013 in polythene mulched beds. 4 replicates Plots chosen for evenness of runner development Runner damage & % ground cover runners & of weeds assessed in alleys 2,4,6 & 8 weeks after 1 st treatment Herbicide control of strawberry runners Expt. 2.8 Strawberry runners and weed cover in the alleys reduced by herbicide treatment Untreated Herbicide 109

16 Herbicide control of runners Expt wks after 1 st treatment Severity of damage to runners - all treatments damaged large & small runners. (9 = no effect, 0 = dead) Runner ground cover - all treatments significantly reduced runner cover compared with untreated. 124 & Harvest best Weed cover reduced by all treatments. Harvest most effective at this stage. Electrical weeding Expt. 2.9 Lynn Tatnell, ADAS Electrical weeder with fruit arm (developed by Allium & Brassica centre) being tested on weeds Branch damage Natural weed populations around and through established blackcurrant bushes treated Electrical treatment at 3 voltages on16 May 2014 Assessments 1, 3 & 6 weeks after treatment of tagged weeds Large weeds were killed, but contact was lost at times Some blackcurrant branch damage from weeder contact Machinery modifications needed to treat a range of weed heights

17 Numbers of products tested against pests, disease & weeds of soft fruit ( ) YEAR Novel products tested for potential use in soft fruit Biological TOTAL Total bio Chemical micro-org botanical salt/other products Total Total refers to the number of individual products tested New effective products have been found for soft fruit. Information from testing on other crops can also be utilised for product selections SCEPTRE Conference Securing plant protection products for sustainable crop production Tuesday 24 February, 2015 Kingsgate Conference Centre, Peterborough Sceptre project Aims and impact Biorational products can we expand the armoury? Development of PPPs for EU market IR4 and the global minor-use summit EU initiatives to support speciality crops Breakout discussion sessions after presentations