Disease Management in Organic Farming

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1 Disease Management in Organic Farming Organic Pepper Production in Korea -Focus on Disease Control Chang-Ki Shim*, Min-Jeong Kim, Yong-Ki Kim, and Hyeong-Jin Jee Organic Agriculture Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development of Administration ckshim@korea.kr

2 Contents Introduction Evaluation of Resistant cultivars Healthy Seedling of Hot pepper Soil and Nutrient Management Rainproof Installation for Control of Anthracnose Application of Friendly Environmental Materials

products (46.6%), Organic processed foods (53.4%) Organic land : 1.0% of the total agricultural area in Korea( 11) - low pesticides 3.

3 Overview of Domestic Organic Market Worldwide, Organic market rapidly growing about 20% : 160 countries 37.2 million ha Domestic organic land (30% ), organic processed foods (23% ) Organic food market size : 500 billion won - Organic agricultural products (46.6%), Organic processed foods (53.4%) Organic land : 1.0% of the total agricultural area in Korea( 11) - low pesticides 3.7%+ non pesticides 4.7%+organic 1.0% Percentage of processed foods : Import ratio 86.3% - Domestic materials (13.7%), Imported materials (71.6%), Imported processed foods (14.7%) (KREI, 11)

Domestic Organic Pepper Cultivation Status

farming area : Increasing 3 times - 459 ha

pepper farming : 0 7ha per farmer Organic

4 Domestic Organic Pepper Cultivation Status of organic pepper cultivation Total organic farming area : Increasing 3 times ha (2001) 13, ha (2011) Organic crop production :Increasing3times - 797,747t(2005) 2,215,521t(2010) Organic pepper farming : 0 7ha per farmer Organic pepper farming : 0.7ha per farmer - 231ha(2009) 2,286ha (2011, 3 times )

5 Problems of Organic Farming in Korea Crop rotation Live-stock raising Cultivation Standardization of cultivation Soil management : Nutrients supply Cultural practice Rely on input Pests management Crop protection Rotation (11.9%) Diversity (19%) Home-made (16.7%) Biological (36%) Substance (27%) Over 46% farmers reported that the pest management is the major problem

6 Major diseases on pepper in Korea The disease list on pepper ( 09, KSPP) Pathogen Number Target diseases Fungi 22 Phytophthora, Anthracnose, Powdery mildew Bacteria 7 Bacterial wilt, Soft rot Virus 16 CMV, PMMoV, BBWV-2, PVMV, etc, Total 45 *Above two diseases comprise about 80% yield loss Yield loss by the disease Yield loss : 50,000 M/T Value l : >$300 million Breeding and cultivation technology is world top class! Export hot pepper seed : $7 million / year

7 Protective Disease Management Genetic diversity Resistant variety, barrier Crop rotation, cover crop Disease escape Soil health, Natural enemy Inter-, mix, perimeter cropping Micro-environmental conditions Solarization Heat, water management

8 1. Resistant cultivar : Phytophthora blight of pepper Resistant cultivar Resistant cultivar Resistant cultivars with high yield and good quality are available since Expected disease control efficacy is over 95%. Susceptible cultivar At present, about 80% PR cv. are cultivated in Korea.

9 Evaluation Strategies of Resistant Cultivars Evaluation indicator : Cultivation stability (12 items), Horticultural traits (5 items) Biotic and Abiotic resistance - Phytophthora blight, Anthracnose, Viral disease, Soft rot, Aphid, Tobacco Budworm, Calcium definition Cultivation stability - Yield, Maturate stage, Plant type, Plant Height, Dehiscent Fruit Horticultural traits - Moisture content, Dried fruit quality, Fruit taste, Fruit size, Fruit type, Fruit color Totally 47cutivars were screened in a greenhouse and in fields Greenhouse ( 06) Field ( 07) Field application ( 08) Selected 5 cultivars showing various disease resistances

1-1. Phytophthora Resistant (PR) Cultivar Among 47

disease resistances Cultivar Cultivation Stability

Stability Horticultural trait Total Score PR Manita

175 2 Chenhatongil 40 36 76 56 36 92 168 3

42 35 77 50 31 81 158 9 Over 98% resistance to

10 1-1. Phytophthora Resistant (PR) Cultivar Among 47 cultivars, Selected 5 cultivars showing various disease resistances Cultivar Cultivation Stability Horticultural trait Total Cultivation Stability Horticultural trait Total Score PR Manita PR Daecheon Chenhatongil Sindogbuljanggun Shinogdongja Over 98% resistance to Phytophthora and moderate to others Good quality in fruit and high yield Total Total Rank

Colletotrichum acutatum Broad Fruit Water-soaking Strong +++ C.

11 2. Anthracnose pathogens of pepper Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species in Korea Pathogen Host range Infection site Symptom Pathogenicity Isolation o frequency Colletotrichum acutatum Broad Fruit Water-soaking Strong +++ C. cocodes Broad Seedling Damping off Week + C. dematium Broad Fruit Damping off Week + C. gloeosporioides Broad Fruit Damping off Week +

2-1. Resistant cultivar : Anthracnose of pepper Evaluation of anthracnose resistance of pepper breeding line Breeding line Infection rate (%) Degree Evaluation GP-12 72.2 ++ Moderate GP-23 75.

12 2-1. Resistant cultivar : Anthracnose of pepper Evaluation of anthracnose resistance of pepper breeding line Breeding line Infection rate (%) Degree Evaluation GP Moderate GP Moderate GP Susceptible GP Moderate GP Moderate GP Resistance GP Susceptible Selection of 21 of 209 accessions of anthracnose resistance in pepper germplasm resistance

3. Healthy seedling : Shoot Cutting Technique Promotion effect of Shoot cutting on lateral

leaf Shoot planting Saturated RH New lateral root Shade the light Auxin stimulates the

Shoot cuttings to develop adventitious roots can vary by cultivar and successful root

13 3. Healthy seedling : Shoot Cutting Technique Promotion effect of Shoot cutting on lateral root formation of pepper seedling Conventional Shoot cutting method Sowing Root cut off 1 st leaf Shoot planting Saturated RH New lateral root Shade the light Auxin stimulates the formation of adventitious roots in many species (Guerrero et al., 1999). Shoot cuttings to develop adventitious roots can vary by cultivar and successful root induction with exogenous plant growth regulators may depend, in part, on endogenous hormone levels (Tworkoski and Takeda, 2007)

3-1. Promotion effect of shoot cutting on lateral root formation Promotion

fresh weight(g) Conventional 25.3e Control 34.8d 0.2% Fulvic acid 41.1bc 0.

1b Effect of Shoot cutting on yield incresing of pepper Treatment Fruit

9b 28.0d Control 66.0bc 1.6a 41.3bc 0.2% Fulvic acid 63.3cd 1.7a 38.5bc 0.

14 3-1. Promotion effect of shoot cutting on lateral root formation Promotion effect of Shoot cutting on lateral root formation of pepper Treatment Root fresh weight(g) Conventional 25.3e Control 34.8d 0.2% Fulvic acid 41.1bc 0.1% Fulvic acid 50.4a 0.2% Humic soil 35.9d 0.1% Humic soil 43.1b Effect of Shoot cutting on yield incresing of pepper Treatment Fruit length(cm) Fruit thinckness(cm) Fruit fresh weight(g) Conventional 59.3d 0.9b 28.0d Control 66.0bc 1.6a 41.3bc 0.2% Fulvic acid 63.3cd 1.7a 38.5bc 0.1% Fulvic acid 68.7bc 1.7a 42.8b 0.2% Humic soil 61.7cd 1.5a 35.3c 0.1% Humic soil 80.0a 1.7a 50.3a

15 4. Soil and Nutrient Management :Green manure Green manure applied as organic fertilizer and rotation crop Sowing : at October in 2011, 16 kg/10a overwinter Soil incorporation : hole plant incorporated at April in Rye grass : 5,445kg/10a (N-3%) - Hairy vetch : 3,069kg/10a (N-4%) Rye Hairy vetch Soil incorporation

16 4-1. Soil and Nutrient Management :Green manure Green manure applied as organic fertilizer and rotation crop Fertilizer : Only green manure, no additional supplemental Nitrogen Growth and Yield Promotion effect on pepper - Rye grass : 1,710 kg/10a - Hairy vetch : 3,400kg/10a Rye grass Hairy vetch

17 5. Semi rain-proof : breaking of anthracnose disease Epidemiological study on anthracnose pathogen Rainfall, Airflow, Wind speed affects to the scattering distance of the spores Greenhouse ( 06) Field ( 07) Field application ( 08)

18 5-1. Semi rain-proof : avoiding rain splash 2009 Model Effects of blocking rain splash on control of pepper anthracnose by C. acutatum t Effects of the semi rain-proof installation Control : >98% Cheaper than greenhouse Yield : 125% Easy to work Income : 150% Similar to field conditions Labor : 50% - Air circulation, light, etc 2012 Model

19 Curative Disease Management Microbes Biochemicals Natural enemy Plant/animal origins Natural minerals Cooking oil & yolk mixture Microbial products Organic compost Others

20 6. Cooking oil and yolk mixture (COY) COY was developed based on Dr. Ko s paper (Ko et. al. 2003) Amount of egg-yolk and cooking oil for disease control Materials Cooking oil Egg-yolk Protective(0.3%) Curative(0.5%) 20 ι 500 ι 20 ι 500 ι 60ml 1.5 ι 100ml 2.5 ι

21 6-1. Mechanism study on COY Direct : Destroy mycelial wall, disturb respiration and lipid metabolisms of insect. Indirect : Repellent insects, coating plant surface to protect from germination and infection of pathogens. Active mycelia before treatment COY Destroyed mycelia After treatment Comparison of powdery mildew on treated lower leaves and non-treated upper leaves of cucumber with canola COY 0.3%.

22 6-2. Effect of COY mixture on Insect pest and Diseases COY mixture with other supplement Crops Target pests COY+(supplement) COY COYM Pepper Paprika Anthracnose Ca 200ppm: egg shell extract (7 fields) Bordeaux 500x, copper, sulfur Powdery mildew Ca 200ppm, Sulfur ½ Aphid Ca 200ppm, Neem ½ Mite Ca 200ppm, Neem ½

23 7-1. Control effect of ph adjusted Loess Sulfur mixture on Powdery mildew of Pepper Control effect of 0.2% Loess Sulfur mixture Treatment Powdery mildew of pepper (%) 7 DAT Control value 14 DAT Control value Control 45.3c c - 0.5% COY+Cu 13.1b b % Lime Sulfur mixture 8.2a a % Loess Sulfur mixture 1) 4.9a a ) : ph adjusted with brown rice vinegar (30ml /20L final volume)

24 7. Effect of ph adjusted Loess Sulfur mixture on Foliar Diseases Components of Loess Sulfur mixture Sulfur NaOH Loess Salt Phyllite Egg shell calciium Water ph Farm 25kg 20kg 0.5kg 1.5kg 0.5kg 0.5kg 100L 12.7 RDA 25kg 15kg 0.5kg 1.5kg 0.5kg 0.5kg 105L 11.7 ph of Loess Sulfur mixture adjusted with brown rice vinegar ph Control effect Phytotoxicity Powdery mildew(%) Shoot leaf d c c b a a b ++ ++

Conclusion Cornerstones of Plant Protection in

Cultural Biological )agents practice Ecological

25 Conclusion Cornerstones of Plant Protection in Organic Pepper Farming (Before) Pr rotective Cultural Biological )agents practice Ecological means Physical methods Organic Plant Protection Crop rotation Resistant var. Health seed Natural substances Commercial products C urative (A After)

26 Organic farming is not far away Thank you for your attention!

Controlled Environment Agriculture

Plant Breeding and Research Center for Sustainable Agriculture Controlled Environment Agriculture Khon Kaen University :Thailand Production of Greenhouse-Pepper in Khon Kaen University : Thailand 1. Seedling