Nitrogen release and disease suppressive activity of four compost amendments on three vegetable farms
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1 + Nitrogen release and disease suppressive activity of four compost amendments on three vegetable farms Lori Hoagland Dept. of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Purdue University Presented by Liz Maynard, x4206;
2 + Outline Relationships between soil health and pest severity Our on-farm trials investigating fertility amendments, soil health and pest severity How you can apply this information
3 + Pest outbreaks on your farm Susceptible host The perfect storm Favorable environment Unwanted pest
4 + Soil health Foundation for sustainable crop production
5 + Soil physical properties Compaction affects: - water infiltration & drainage - soil biological activity - seed germination & root growth
6 + Soil chemical properties Salinity: salt content - soil tilth & plant health - challenge in high tunnels Nutrient availability: - over & under fertilization ph: acidity/alkalinity of soil - nutrient availability - pathogen severity Excess nitrogen
7 + Soil biological properties The soil s livestock Regulate key soil processes: - influence soil structure - detoxify pollutants - regulate nutrient cycling - mediate pathogen and insect pressure It s Alive!
8 + Disease suppressive soil Pathogen fails to cause infection despite susceptible host & favorable environment Biologically mediated: - competition for resources - parasitism - antibiosis - induced systemic resistance (stimulation of a plants immune system) Can be induced by management Antibiosis
9 + Organic fertility amendments Animal manures, compost, vermicompost, specially formulated products Supply nutrients Provide soil organic matter Have suppressed pests: - soil-borne pathogens - foliar pathogens - insects
10 + Challenge: Amendments must mineralize before nutrients are available for plant uptake Mineralization rate depends on: - amendment composition - environmental conditions - management practices - soil health
11 + Challenge: Not all composts are pest suppressive Suppressive activity depends on: - feedstocks - processing conditions - pest Still no perfect recipe or reliable tests to predict suppressive activity Suppressive activity well documented in container based systems, but results variable in field trials
12 Our study ( ) Purdue: Lori Hoagland, Elizabeth Maynard, Natasha Cerruti, Dan Egel Growers: Jeff Evard, Ben Nava, Steve Spencer +
13 + On-farm research trials LIFE Farm, Martinsville, IN Feel Good Farm, Sheridan, IN EcOhio Farm, Mason, OH
14 + Methods 3 year vegetable crop rotation Winter cover crop (rye & vetch) Repeated applications of 4 fertility amendments Soil, pest and plant measurements 2013 Red Cabbage cv. Red Express 2014 Acorn squash cv. Sweet Reba 2015 Paste tomato cv. TBD
15 + Amendment application rate Focus on N (tends to be most limiting nutrient) Rate depends on the needs of the crop Assume 50% release rate Product (N, P, K) Rate Applied 2013 (lb/a) Rate Applied 2014 (lb/a) Chicken litter (3-4-3) Animal byproducts (8-5-5) Plant & animal byproducts (7-5-10) Vermicompost ( ) + Chicken litter (3-4-3)
16 + 2013: Soil N availability varies by amendment and farm Soil N availability across amendments Soil N availability across farms lbs N/ac lbs N/ac At planting Midseason At harvest Fall 0 At planting Midseason At harvest Fall Chicken litter Plant & animal byproducts Animal byproducts Vermicompost + chicken litter LIFE Feel Good Farm EcOhio
17 + 2013: Amendments influence black rot severity & cabbage yield (Xanthomonas campestris) 70 Foliar Black Rot Symptoms (%) a Chicken FT VD Plant & animal Animal byproducts NS VM Vermicompost A AB BC C 0 6/25 6/30 7/5 7/10 7/15 7/20 Date
18 + 2014: Amendments influence squash N uptake 41.5 Squash leaf chlorophyll (SPAD) across farms Additive effect?
19 +2014: Amendments influence susceptibility to silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolia) 3.5 Silverleaf whitefly severity rating
20 + 2014: Amendments influence soil health & susceptibility to damping off by Rhizoctonia solani 16 Life average lenght cm root rating 0 baseline animal byproducts chicken litter plant/animal worm castings treatments 0 shoot length root length root rating
21 + Conclusions Nutrient release varies by amendment and farm - potential nutrient additive effect with some amendments Amendments influence pest severity - in some cases effects were consistent across farms - in some cases pest severity was correlated with nitrogen availability - in some cases pest severity was correlated with soil quality
22 + How can you apply this information?
23 + On-farm research Best way to determine what will work best on your farm Resources: - Local extension educators - Sustainable Agriculture Research and Extension (SARE) - On-farm research guide - Grant opportunities
24 + Soil quality testing Monitor your soil over time On-farm soil quality tests: - NRCS Soil Quality Test Kit - Soil quality scorecards - Solvita test Laboratory tests: - Cornell Soil Health Lab - Comprehensive assessment
25 + Nutrient management Avoid over and under fertilization OSU organic fertilizer calculator: Soil and plant tissue tests: - basic soil nutrient tests - pre sidedress soil nitrate tests (pre sidedress) - plant tissue tests (more expensive but more accurate) Petiole sap tests (N & K) - Midwest Veg Prod Guide
26 + Disease suppressive composts Stable, mature and of consistent quality General recommendations (Hoitink et al., 1997) 1) cure at least 4 months or more 2) incorporate several months before planting 3) maintain high moisture (40-50%) during curing and inoculate with beneficials May be more suppressive - Higher C:N ratio - Hardwood bark compost - Vermicompost
27 + Questions? Liz Maynard ext 4206
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