Dutch flower bulb production. Applied Plant Research. The biggest success of... Problem >>> Research. >>> Solution.
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- Lindsey Nelson
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1 Talk show by Twan Huys: Hundreds of students interview famous guests from at home and abroad. The biggest success of... Gera van Os Wageningen UR - Applied Plant Research A short display of the accomplishments of the guest. Questions form the audience: How, why, why not,...? Failures, hurdles, regrets,...? Applied Plant Research Dutch flower bulb production Problem >>> Research >>> Solution Sooner in practice than in press 1
2 Important cultivation area behind the Dutch dunes Soil borne diseases are a huge problem Dune area has been levelled, resulting in arable land: Sandy soil ph 7, calcium rich Soil organic matter 1% Groundwater at -50 cm Exclusively bulb crops rotation 1:4 Rhizoctonia solani Pythium spp. Pratylenchus Meloïdogyne hapla Pythium root rot in iris Pythium root rot in iris General disease suppression: competition for food and space. Solve this problem and you will get a statue... Untreated soil with natural microflora Sterilized soil without microflora Destruction of the soil microflora eliminates disease suppression. General measures for disease control Effect of soil treatments on disease suppression against Pythium root rot Soil-steaming Injection of fumigants Flooding Growers create a problem by applying these treatments. Very unpopular message! 2
3 They re on strike!!... They want better working conditions... Increasing interest and awareness amongst growers for biological soil quality Role of the soil microflora in agriculture Availability of nutrients Nutrient cycli (carbon, nitrogen, sulfur) Rhizobium, Mycorrhiza Soil structure, aggregate formation Soil borne pathogens Disease suppression, antagonists Competition for food and space Antibiosis Hyperparasitism Induced resistence Additional relevant information... Soil organic matter and disease suppression Addition of organic matter may stimulate the soil microflora: Stable organic matter > variation in physical and chemical soil properties Pathogens are susceptible for different mechanisms of suppression Naturally, soil is satiated to its microbial carrying capacitiy Introduction of antagonists is often unsuccessful Make use of the natural soil microflora! Decomposable organic matter > food for microflora And by doing so: Increase biodiversity and microbial biomass and improve disease suppression. Organic matter and disease suppression Field trial Bioassays for disease suppression 3 levels of soil organic matter (SOM) by incorporation of 95% peat + 5% cattle manure 0,7 % SOM 1,2 % SOM 2,4 % SOM Pythium root rot in Hyacinth Rhizoctonia solani in Tulip Meloïdogyne hapla in Lettuce Pratylenchus in Narcissus 3
4 Bioassay for disease suppression Example: root knot nematode (Meloïdogyne hapla) Suppression of Meloïdogyne hapla After 6 weeks: Count root knots Susceptible crop (Lettuce) Add nematodes Few root knots > good suppression Less root knots with natural soil microflora Less root knots at higher % SOM Suppression of Pythium intermedium Summary effects on disease suppression No disease suppression without natural soil microflora Less disease at higher SOM Pathogen Meloïdogyne hapla Pythium intermedium Rhizoctonia solani Pratylenchus Soil microflora Addition of organic matter = positive effect - = no effect Project GoeddoorGrond Nice theory, Nice scientific proof, But... Field trial Regulations for input of organic matter: restrictions on N and P. Field trial at 10 commercial farms: Does application of additional compost (anually) and incorporation of green manure crops improve the disease suppression? (Raphanus sativus) (Avaena strigosa) Soil samples for bioassays after 3 three years 4
5 Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani (AG2-t) Suppression of Pratylenchus Relative % infected bulbs in infested soil % root rot in infested soil Bulb infection by Rhizoctonia causes reduction of bulb quality. Fallow Fodder radish Bristle oat More compost > less bulb infection With green manure crops less bulb infection Root rot by Pratylenchus Fallow Fodder radish Bristle oat More compost > less root rot Green manure crops > less root rot Summary effects on disease suppression Soil analyses and disease suppression Pathogen Extra compost Green manure crop Relationship between physical-, chemical- and/or biological soil parameters and disease suppression? Rhizoctonia solani Pratylenchus Predictive value? Basis for advice? Pythium intermedium - + Based on these results growers (consider to) omit fungicide application. + = positive effect - = no effect No target values No representatieve sampling Relevant sampling time unknown Soil analyses and disease suppression Soil analyses and disease suppression Chemical (Blgg): ph-water ph-kcl N-elementair Fosfor PAE Fosfaat Pw P-Al K-HCl P-totaal C-totaal Physical (Blgg): Organische stof Lutum Granulair Biological (Alterra, Blgg): Fungal biomass Bacterial biomass Potential N-mineralisation Hot water extractable C Nematodes (#/spieces) Statistical models: Equation to explain variation in disease suppression Disease severity = constant+ x (parameter a) + y (parameter b) +... Different equation for each pathogen 5
6 Biggest challenges Broad spectrum of expertises and skills necessary Funding: combining multiple funds Collaboration=success Alterra Blgg LIOS GoeddoorGrond: Bulbgrowers DLV-Plant Soil analyses Physical Chemical Biological Compost Greenmanure crops NIOO (PhD) Bacterial Maaike van Agtmaal volatiles Pyrosequenting DOC Fractination Organic matter Wageningen University Angie Straathof (PhD) Alliances Nematocure: WUR-Glas PPO-AGV PRI Metagenomica Soil microflora Training & education AOC-Raad, GKC Phosphate-poor organic matter Milieuplatform (PT) KAVB Microbial community Plant resistance Leiden University Y. Yan (PhD) 15:15 h Question-time How, why, why not,...? Failures, hurdles, regrets,...? Did I get my statue? 6
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