AUTHORS: Carole Bergmann, Montgomery County Department of Parks, Silver Spring, MD. Jil M. Swearingen, U.S. National Park Service, Washington, DC.

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3 Fire Effects Information System - USDA Forest Service Invasive Plant Atlas of New England - University of Connecticut Nonnative Invasive Plants of Southern Forests - USDA Forest Service Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas - National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual - SE-EPPC, Stratford Kay, Aquatic and Noncropland Weed Management, Crop Science Department, Box 620, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, (919) Stratford_Kay@ncsu.edu Weeds Gone Wild: Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas - Plant Conservation Alliance AUTHORS: Carole Bergmann, Montgomery County Department of Parks, Silver Spring, MD. Jil M. Swearingen, U.S. National Park Service, Washington, DC. REFERENCES: Albaugh, G.P., W.H. Mitchell, and J.C. Graham Evaluation of glyphosate for multiflora rose control. Proceedings of the New England Weed Science Society, vol. 31, pp Amrine, J.W., Jr. and T.A. Stasny Biological control of multiflora rose. Pp In McKnight, B.N.(ed.). Biological Pollution. Indiana Acad. Sci., Indianapolis. 261 pp. Evans, J.E A literature review of management practices for multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora). Natural Areas Journal 3(1):6-15. Fawcett, R.S Today's weed--multiflora rose. Weeds Today 11: Szafone, R Vegetation Management Guidelines: Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora Thunb.). Natural Areas Journal 11(4): The Nature Conservancy. Multiflora Rose: Element Stewardship Abstract. In: Wildland Weeds Management & Research Program, Weeds on the Web. Wyman, D Shrubs and vines for American gardens. New York:MacMillan Co., 613 pp. Information on this species was also taken, in part, from the Plant Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group, Weeds Gone Wild website, Fact Sheets. The Fact Sheet information for this species can be found at Modifications include additional pictures and resource information. Specific species management and control information is provided elsewhere. Check the website link provided to check for future updates. The last update for this fact sheet is November SPECIES MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL INFORMATION GENERAL MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: Preserve Selection & Design Considerations: Active control of multiflora rose is necessary mainly on agricultural land when it threatens to dominate pastures. It may also require management on preserve lands if found in old recovering pastures, as it can crowd out desirable grasses and other species. MANUAL AND MECHANICAL CONTROL: Plant Conservation Alliance - Alien Plant Working Group - Weeds Gone Wild - Factsheet - Multiflora rosehttp:// - Authors: Carole Bergmann and Jil M. SwearingenNovember 7, 2001

4 Frequent, repeated cutting or mowing at the rate of three to six times per growing season, for two to four years, has been shown to be effective in achieving high mortality of multiflora rose. In high quality natural communities, cutting of individual plants is preferred to site mowing to minimize habitat disturbance. Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council - Invasive Plant Manual - Multiflora rose Mowing/Cutting: This method is appropriate for small initial populations or environmentally sensitive areas where herbicides cannot be used. Repeated mowing or cutting will control the spread of multiflora rose, but will not eradicate it. Stems should be cut at least once per growing season as close to ground level as possible. Hand cutting of established clumps is difficult and time consuming due to the long arching stems and prolific thorns. Mechanical Control: Repeated mowing will control the spread of multiflora rose, particularly where the grass cover is dense (Scott 1965, Fawcett 1980). Fawcett (1980) stated that mowing several times a year would prevent multiflora rose seedlings from becoming established. At the Woodborne Santurary in Pennsylvania, annual mowing in July helped control the spread of multiflora rose, but did not eradicate it (Stone 1982). Mowing can be difficult due to terrain, when the hedges become established in wooded and brushy pastures. It is also difficult, if not impossible, to mow when the individual clumps reach their mature size, which may exceed 10 ft. in height by 20 ft. in diameter (Doudrick 1987). Hand cutting of established clumps is difficult and time consuming. Fawcett (1980) recommended use of a bulldozer to knock down large rose clumps but cautioned that further control would be necessary due to resprouting and because seeds will be spread and germinate readily on the disturbed soil. At Woodborne, a large hedge cutter was used to top cut ten foot high rose clumps. Following this, annual mowing has prevented the re-establishment of large clumps and kept the field open (Stone 1982, Davison 1987). Illinois Vegetation Management Guideline - Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Vol.1, No Author: Bob Szafoni - February 6, 1990 RECOMMENDED PRACTICES IN NATURAL COMMUNITIES OF HIGH QUALITY: Pulling, grubbing, or removing individual plants from the soil only can be effective when all roots are removed or when plants that develop subsequently from severed roots are destroyed. These approaches are most practical for light, scattered infestations. Research indicates that 3-6 cuttings or mowings per growing season for more than one year can achieve high plant mortality. Such treatment may need to be repeated for 2-4 years. Increased mowing rates (+6/season) did not increase plant mortality. In high quality communities, repeated cutting is preferred over mowing, because repeated mowing will damage native vegetation as well as multiflora rose. PRESCRIBED FIRE: Burning: Burning has not, apparently, been tried for multiflora rose. However, it has been tested in southeastern Texas as a management practice for Mccartney rose (Rosa bracteata), another exotic pasture species in the southern U.S. Gordon and Scifres (1977) tested head fires at 2 to 3 month intervals starting in February, Fire intensity and fuel components varied seasonally; however, regardless of the date of the burning, topkill of Mccartney rose was greater than 90%. Regrowth was initiated within two weeks after burns, again, regardless of the date of the burning. The average cane elongation was about 4 cm per month and canopy cover replacement averaged 10 to 15% per month following burning. Burning in winter effectively reduced the rose canopy for short-term gains in brush control, and allowed native grasses to take advantage of the entire spring growing period. There were higher herbage yields following winter burns than other seasons. Scifres (1982) believes that multiflora rose response to burning would be similar.

5 Prescribed burning in combination with herbicides has also been evaluated for Mccartney rose in southeast Texas. Scifres (1975) found that mechanical methods such as raking and stacking were effective for initial removal of mature, dense and ungrazed stands of the rose, allowing access for subsequent treatment. Prescribed burning removes the debris that remained after spraying and should reduce live Mccartney rose top growth by 75%. Periodic burning or respraying is probably necessary to prevent re-invasion of the rose (Scifres 1975). Illinois Vegetation Management Guideline - Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Vol.1, No Author: Bob Szafoni - February 6, 1990 RECOMMENDED PRACTICES IN NATURAL COMMUNITIES OF HIGH QUALITY: In fire-adapted communities, a routine prescribed burn program will hinder invasion and establishment of multiflora rose. GRAZING: Some success has resulted from the use of goats in controlling multiflora rose. BIOCONTROL: Plant Conservation Alliance - Alien Plant Working Group - Weeds Gone Wild - Factsheet - Multiflora rosehttp:// - Authors: Carole Bergmann and Jil M. SwearingenNovember 7, 2001 Biological control is not yet available for management of multiflora rose. However, researchers are investigating several options, including a native viral pathogen (rose-rosette disease), which is spread by a tiny native mite, and a seed-infesting wasp, the European rose chalcid. Rose-rosette disease, native to the western U.S., has been spreading easterwardly at a slow pace and is thought to hold the potential for eliminating multiflora rose in areas where it grows in dense patches. An important drawback to both the rose rosette fungus and the European rose chalcid is their potential impact to other rose species and cultivars. Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council - Invasive Plant Manual - Multiflora rose Van Driesche, R., et al., 2002, Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States, USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET , 413 p. ( Rose Rosette Disease (RRD): Rose rosette disease is an endemic disease in the Mid-western states and effects several species of roses. The pathogen appears to be a virus or mycoplasma-like organism spread by the eriophyid mite (Phyllocoptes fructiphilus Keifer). Once infected, most plants die within one or two years with large plants surviving up to four years. Although multiflora rose seems to be the primary host, native and ornamental roses are susceptible. Current research indicates that commercially important relatives such as apples, plums, cherries, etc. are not susceptible to rose rosette disease. RRD has spread into west and middle Tennessee and is likely to reach the eastern portion of the state in the foreseable future. Its use as a biological control is not feasible until further research verifies the causal agent and some reliable protection is available for native and cultivated rose species. Rose Seed Chalcid (Megastigmus aculeatus var. nigroflavus [Hoffmeyer]): The rose seed chalcid was imported from Japan with multiflora rose seed in The wasp deposits its eggs into the developing rose ovule just after petal-fall. The larvae develop in the ovules, consuming the contents of the seeds and killing them. Surveys conducted in West Virginia found 50% of viable seed infested with chalcid oviposits. Dispersal is by movement of seed by birds, which may explain the relatively low colonization rate. It is estimated that 90% of the multiflora rose in West Virginia and surrounding states will be infested by this wasp in the next 20 years or more. The European Rose chalicid, Megastigmus aculeatus Swederus (Hymenoptera:Torymida), and rose rossette disease are potential biological control agents for multiflora rose.

6 M. aculeatus is a phytophagous wasp. The life cycle and distribution in North America has been summarized by Milliron (1949) and Balduf (1959). The adults are minute, weak flyers of limited lifespan. In May and June the long terebras of the female ovipositor pierces the still soft achene and deposits one egg in the soft, pulpy seed. The larvae subsequently develop during June and July, and consume the entire contents of the seed. After full growth in mid to late summer, the larvae undergo a long diapause and overwinter inside the now seedless achene. Pupation occurs in late April to June, and the adult emerges from the rose hip in early summer to renew the cycle. Populations are heavily female in number, suggesting that the majority of reproduction is parthenogenetic (Milliron 1949, Balduf 1959). It is important to note that M. aculeatus adults are limited fliers, and do not appear to disseminate even locally through their own powers of flight (Balduf 1959). Their spread is dependent upon the use of rose seed, which explains the presence of these insects in nurseries on the East coast, where imported rose seed was used to start root stocks. Subsequent plantings, however, were done vegetatively, far from the nurseries where the plants were grown. It is possible that some of the large-scale plantings of multiflora rose throughout the Midwest are isolated from their chalicid limiting agent (Scott 19865). If true, this suggests that local reintroductions of M. aculeatus could be an effective control method for multiflora rose. The rose rosette disease is another potential biocontrol agent for R. multiflora. Characteristic symptoms of the disease include abnormal floral development, a "witches broom" effect, and reddening of leaves and shoots (Doudrick et al. 1986). It was originally reported on wild native roses in the northwestern United States and Canada (Thomas and Scott 1953), and first showed up on multiflora rose at a Nebraska nursery in 1964 (Doudrick 1987). By the 1980's, rose rosette was widespread on multiflora rose in Kansas and Missouri (Crowe 1963), and the rose industry became concerned about the spread of the disease to ornamental roses. It is apparently spreading eastward and was first reported east of the Mississippi in southern Indiana and northern Kentucky in 1987 (Hindal et al. 1987). The disease is lethal to all roses, and Doudrick (1987) and Hindal (1987) reported the occurrence of entire fields in Missouri dominated by multiflora rose where 80-90% of the plants were dead or dying. However, the causal agent of the disease is unknown, and it is considered unsafe for use in a control management program for multiflora rose because of the potential threat to ornamental roses. Doudrick (1987) believed that the disease may have reached equilibrium status in Missouri, and that multiflora rose may begin to "bounce back" (i.e., most of the non-resistant genomes of R. multiflora have been attacked, leaving the more resistant ones). The natural spread of the disease may eliminate the need for active control of multiflora rose in some areas. CHEMICAL CONTROL: Plant Conservation Alliance - Alien Plant Working Group - Weeds Gone Wild - Factsheet - Multiflora rosehttp:// - Authors: Carole Bergmann and Jil M. SwearingenNovember 7, 2001 Various herbicides have been used successfully in controlling multiflora rose but, because of the long-lived stores of seed in the soil, follow-up treatments are likely to be necessary. Application of systemic herbicides (e.g., glyphosate) to freshly cut stumps or to regrowth may be the most effective methods, especially if conducted late in the growing season. Plant growth regulators have been used to control the spread of multiflora rose by preventing fruit set. Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council - Invasive Plant Manual - Multiflora rose Foliar Spray Method: This method should be considered for large thickets of multi-flora rose where risk to non-target species is minimal. Air temperature should be above 65 F to ensure absorption of herbicides. Glyphosate: Apply a 2% solution of glyphosate and water plus a 0.5% non-ionic surfactant thoroughly wetting all leaves. Use a low pressure and coarse spray pattern to reduce spray drift damage to non-target species. Glyphosate is a non-selective systemic herbicide that may kill non-target partially-sprayed plants. Triclopyr: Apply a 2% solution of triclopyr and water plus a 0.5% non-ionic surfactant to thoroughly wet all leaves. Use a low pressure and coarse spray pattern to reduce spray-drift damage to non-target species. Triclopyr is a selective herbicide for broadleaf species. In areas where desirable grasses are growing under or around multiflora rose, triclopyr can be used without non-target damage.

7 Cut Stump Method: This control method should be considered when treating individual bushes or where the presence of desirable species preclude foliar application. This treatment remains effective at low temperatures as long as the ground is not frozen. Glyphosate: Horizontally cut multiflora rose stems at or near ground level. Immediately apply a 25% solution of glyphosate and water to the cut stump making sure to cover the entire surface. Triclopyr: Horizontally cut multiflora rose stems at or near ground level. Immediately apply a 25% solution of triclopyr and water to the cut stump making sure the entire surface is covered. Basal Bark Method: This method is effective throughout the year as long as the ground is not frozen. Apply a mixture of 25% triclopyr and 75% horticultural oil to the basal parts of the shrub to a height of cm (12-15 in) from the ground. Thorough wetting is necessary for good control; spray until run-off is noticeable at the ground line. Chemical control: Plant growth regulators have been used to control multiflora rose in southwestern Virginia where it has been used as a safety barrier along highways. Of the four regulators tested in Spring 1977, chlorflurenol, maleic hydrazine, and MBR effectively prevented fruit set and subsequent spread. The fourth regulator, gyloxime, did not give adequate control although it caused some fruit abscission after fruit set (Hipkins et al. 1980). Various herbicides have been tested and found effective for control of multiflora rose. It is important to note that multiflora rose has the typical regenerative power of members of the rose family (Scott 1965), and control programs must be monitored and followed up if necessary by repeated herbicide application or used in conjunction with other control methods such as mowing or burning. Glyphosate is effective against multiflora rose in a 1-2% V/V solution (Ahrens 1977, Lynn et al. 1979, Barbour and Meade 1980, Albaugh et al. 1977, Sherrick and Holt 1977, Fawcett et al. 1977). Although Reed and Fitzgerald (1979) reported glyphosate to be relatively ineffective, giving 25-75% stem kill over one season after a spring application, they did not follow-up their results to check for residual control the following year. Lynn et al. (1979) reported that a spring glyphosate treatment on R. multiflora showed increasing control over the growing season to complete control by the following spring. Treatments in the fall showed no results until the following spring, when effective control was realized (Lynn et al. 1979). Ahrens (1977) reported almost complete control of multiflora rose by the end of the second growing season after a late June application of either 1.5 or 3.0 lb/100 gal glyphosate, and noted that grasses growing underneath the roses were unaffected indicating that the spray on the rose overstory did not penetrate to the ground. Albaugh et al. (1977) found that the rate of application of glyphosate could be reduced to a 0.5% V/V solution for effective control with the addition of a surfactant. 2,4-D, and picloram also give excellent control of multiflora rose (Sherrick and Holt 1977, Fawcett et al. 1977, Reed and Fitzgerald 1979). Sherrick and Holt (1977) reported 2,4-D plus picloram, or picloram alone were also effective (all as foliar sprays). Picloram was found to be relatively ineffective as a soil application. Reed and Fitzgerald (1979) also found erratic results using picloram in pellet form (soil application), with stem kills ranging from % over one growing season (they did not look for the effects of residual control the following spring, however). Barbour and Meade (1980) reported picloram pellets to be effective, studied over a three- year period, at 2,4, or 5 lb/a. Other foliar sprays found to be effective against multiflora rose include dicamba (Sherrick and Holt 1977, Fawcett et al. 1979), triclopyr (Sherrick and Holt 1977, Reed and Fitzgerald 1970) and fosamine (Kmetz 1978, Ahrens 1979). Fosamine controls only woody species and is non-volatile, and may be suitable in situations where there is concern to protect herbaceous species (Fawcett 1982). Pelleted and granular treatments found adequate include tebuthiuron (Lynn et al. 1978, Link et al. 1981) while dicamba was not found adequate (Sherrick and Holt 1977, Fawcett et al. 1977, Ahrens 1977, Barbour and Meade 1980). Nonnative Invasive Plants of Southern Forests: a field guide for identification and Control: Multiflora rose Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-62. Asheville, NC, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Research Station Author: James H. Miller Recommended control procedures:

8 Thoroughly wet all leaves with one of the following herbicides in water with a surfactant: April to June (at or near the time of flowering)-escort* at 1 ounce per acre in water (0.2 dry ounces per 3-gallon mix); August to October-Arsenal AC* as a 1-percent solution (4 ounces per 3-gallon mix) or Escort* at 1 ounce per acre in water (0.2 dry ounces per 3-gallon mix); May to October-repeated applications of a glyphosate herbicide as a 2-percent solution in water (8 ounces per 3-gallon mix), a less effective treatment that has no soil activity to damage surrounding plants. For stems too tall for foliar sprays, apply Garlon 4 as a 20-percent solution in commercially available basal oil, diesel fuel, or kerosene (2.5 quarts per 3-gallon mix) with a penetrant (check with herbicide distributor) to young bark as a basal spray (January to February or May to October). Or, cut large stems and immediately treat the stumps with one of the following herbicides in water with a surfactant: Arsenal AC* as a 10-percent solution (1 quart per 3-gallon mix) or a glyphosate herbicide as a 20-percent solution (2.5 quarts per 3-gallon mix). * Nontarget plants may be killed or injured by root uptake. Illinois Vegetation Management Guideline - Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Vol.1, No Author: Bob Szafoni - February 6, 1990 RECOMMENDED PRACTICES IN NATURAL COMMUNITIES OF HIGH QUALITY: Cutting stems and either painting herbicide on the stump with a sponge applicator (sponge-type paint applicators can be used) or spraying herbicide on the stump with a low pressure hand-held sprayer kills root systems and prevents resprouting. Roundup herbicide (a formulation of glyphosate) has been effective in controlling multiflora rose when used as a 10-20% solution and applied directly to the cut stump. Although the Roundup label recommends a higher concentration for cut-stump treatment (50-100%), this lower concentration has proven effective. With this technique, herbicide is applied specifically to the target plant, reducing the possibilities of damaging nearby, desirable vegetation. Cut-stump treatment is effective late in the growing season (July-September), and also during the dormant season. Dormant season application is preferred because it will minimize potential harm to nontarget species. Glyphosate is a nonselective herbicide, so care should be taken to avoid contacting nontarget species. In addition, Triclopyr (tradename Garlon 3A) can be applied to cut stems or canes for selective control of multiflora rose. Garlon 3A diluted in water at a rate of 50% can be sprayed, using a hand sprayer, to the cut surface. Application should be within a few hours of cutting. Use of Garlon 3A is best done in the dormant season to lessen damage to nontarget species. Great care should be exercised to avoid getting any of the herbicide on the ground near the target plant since some nontarget pecies may be harmed. Avoid using Triclopyr if rain is forecast for the following 1-4 days; otherwise runoff will harm nontarget species. By law, herbicides only may be applied according to label directions and by licensed herbicide applicators or operators when working on public properties. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS: Management Programs: Multiflora rose has been declared a noxious weed in many states, including Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virgina. It is mainly a threat to agricultural land, but has been reported to be a concern on at least two TNC preserves: the Spinn Prairie in Indiana and the Eldora Nature Preserve in New Jersey. On the Spinn Prairie it occurs in small patches and monitoring may be necessary to determine if active control is necessary (Heitlinger 1987, McGrath 1987). At the Eldora Nature Preserve it is reportedly taking over old fields and there is concern about loss of habitat for some native moth species that feed on grasses in these areas (Davison 1987). No monitoring or management of multiflora rose has taken place at Eldora, but active control measures are considered necessary (Davison 1987). Contact: Stewardship Director, The Nature Conservancy, Pennsylvania Field Office, 1218 Chestnut St., Suite 807, Philadelphia, PA (215) Denny McGrath, Assistant Director, The Nature Conservancy, Indiana Field Office, 4200 N. Michigan Road, Indianapolis, IN (317)

9 A number of states where multiflora rose is a problem on agricultural land have cost share eradication programs whereby landowners can be reimbursed for a portion of the costs to control the plant on their property. These programs may also be available for preserve areas. Contact: Iowa. Secretary of Agriculture, Iowa Dept. of Ag. and Land Stewardship, Wallace State Office Bldg, Des Moines, IA Ohio. Larry Vance (614) Larry Summers (614) Ohio DNR. Div. of Soil & water Conservation, Fountain Square Bldg. E-2, Columbus, OH Monitoring Requirements: Monitoring should be conducted on preserve land where multiflora rose presents a potential management concern to determine changes in area occupied and density; also to track changes where control measures are being implemented. Populations can be monitored with aerial photography and field measurements of abundance and density. Continuous monitoring over a period of several years may be necessary to check for the spread of small clumps and/or recurrences after implementation of control measures. Monitoring Programs: Heitlinger (1987) suggested monitoring of multiflora rose through the use of line intercept transects at the Spinn Prairie in Indiana to track its density and contraction/expansion. Contact: Denny McGrath, Ass't. Director, Indiana Field Office, The Nature Conservancy, 4200 N. Michigan Road, Indianapolis, IN (317) Illinois Vegetation Management Guideline - Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Vol.1, No Author: Bob Szafoni - February 6, 1990 RECOMMENDED PRACTICES ON BUFFER AND SEVERELY DISTURBED SITES: Repeated cutting, as discussed above, is effective. For large populations on severely disturbed areas, mowing can be substituted for cutting individual plants. However, mowing multiflora rose can result quickly in flat tires. On mowers, filling tires with foam is recommended. Fosamine (tradename Krenite) can be applied as a foliar spray in a 2% solution plus 0.25% surfactant (2-1/2 ounces of Krenite plus one-half ounce surfactant per gallon of water). The Krenite S formulation contains the appropriate amount of surfactant. Coverage of foliage should be complete. Krenite should be applied only in July-September. No effects will be observed during the autumn season following application. Slight regrowth may occur the following season but canes will die during summer. Fosamine kills only woody species and is non-volatile, therefore it is the preferred foliar spray treatment. Dicamba (tradename Banvel) is an effective foliar spray that is less preferred than Krenite. Banvel is selective against broadleaf plants, so care must be taken to avoid contacting desirable, broadleaf vegetation. It can be applied as a foliar spray in a 1% solution (1 ounce of Banvel per gallon of water). Though this solution can be applied any time during the growing season, best results are obtained during May and June when plants are actively growing and flowering, following full leaf-out. One-half ounce of a surfactant should be added when treating dense foliage and, to enhance control in late season applications, complete coverage of all green leaves should be achieved. Do not spray Krenite or Dicamba so heavily that herbicide drips off the target species. Foliar spray of herbicides should only be used in less sensitive areas because of problems with contacting nontarget species. By law, herbicides only may be applied according to label directions and by licensed herbicide applicators or operators when working on public properties. Glyphosate (tradename Roundup) is an effective foliar spray when applied as a 1% solution to multiflora rose plants that are flowering or in bud. Roundup is not a preferred chemical treatment, however, because it is nonselective and the selective herbicides mentioned above are effective. Nevertheless, Roundup can be used as a foliar spray during the growing season on severely disturbed sites if care is taken to avoid contacting nontarget plants. Roundup should not be used as a foliar spray during the growing season in high-quality natural areas because it can result in damage to nontarget species. Roundup is useful as a foliar spray for alien plants that remain green and retain their leaves after native vegetation is dormant or senescent. Multiflora rose does not fit this description adequately and is controlled most effectively when treating during the growing season. FAILED OR INEFFECTIVE PRACTICES: No effective biological controls that are feasible in natural communities are known. Rose rosette disease is a

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