Soils of the Rural Municipality of Pembina

Transcription

1 CANADA-MANITOBA Soil Survey Soils of the Rural Municipality of Pembina Report D77

2 SOILS REPORT NO. D SOILS OF THE RURAL MUNICIPALITY OF PEMBINA by Glenn Podolsky. CANADA-MANITOBA SOIL SURVEY AGRICULTURE CANADA MANITOBA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA

3 PREFACE This report and accompanying map provide detailed information on the soil resoui~ces of the Rural Municipality of Pembina. It is one in a new series of such reports providing a more detailed comprehensive soil survey to complement and expand on information contained in the reconnaiss~mce surveys for southern Manitoba. New mapping techniques, more intensive field investigations, use of aerial photographs and topographic maps combined with improved methods of studying soils in the laboratory and accumulated knowledge of the properties and uses of soils over the years have all contributed to the increased information in these reports. Information in this report is presented in both a descriptive form for users who wish to derive their own interpretations and also in an interpretive form to assist other users who require some initial assessment of soil behaviour under different management systems. Descriptive information is provided for all soils that occur in the project area, as well as interpretations for land uses related to agriculture, irrigation farming, engineering and outdoor recreation. Soil map information is provided at a scale of 1 :50,000 on a planimetric line map base. A detailed soil map at a scale of 1 :20,000 on an aerial photomosaic base covers an area around the town of Manitou where more intensive agricultural use and growing competition for other uses of land has a need for more detailed soil information. The 1 :50,000 map covers a large agricultural area where competition for nonagricultural uses is less intense. During the course of this resurvey a large volume of site specific soil data was gathered that for practical reasons cannot be included in this report. These data have been input into the Canada Soil Information System (CanSIS). This computerized system of soil resource data management permits automated manipulation and statistical evaluation for both map and soil characterization and interpretation. Thematic interpretive maps showing general agricultural land capability or single feature maps showing various soil properties or landscape features such as texture, drainage class, slope, etc., can be derived from the basic soil maps and other data files in CanSIS. Individual requests for such data should be directed to : Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, Department of Soil Science, Room 362, Ellis Building., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba, R3T 2N2. The staff of the Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey trust that this report and accompanying maps will be of value, in terms of providing a basic inventory of the properties of soils, to all who may be involved in the planning, development and management of the soils in this project area.

4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The report on the Soils of the R. M. of Pembina was conducted as a joint project of the Manitoba Department of Agriculture, the Canada Department of Agriculture and the Soil Science Department, University of Manitoba. The soils were mapped in the summers of 1988 and 1989 by G. P. Podolsky, I. G. Podolsky, D. Swidinsky, W. Michalyna and M. Langman, assisted by D. Potter, D. Wilke and R. Von Hertzberg. Laboratory analysis were provided by R. Mirza, K. C. Yeung, J. Madden and E. St. Jacques under the direction of P. Haluschak. Map compilation and digitization in preparation for publication and addition to CanSIS cartographic file was provided by J. Griffiths, R. DePape, M. Brown and C. L. Aglugub. Assistance in soil correlation was provided by R. E. Smith, W. Michalyna and G. F. Mills. Pat Vouriot typed and assisted in the preparation of the report. C. L. Aglugub for providing computer processing, programming and report formatting. G. F. Mills for reviewing the manuscript.

5 HOW TO USE THIS SOIL REPORT This soils report contains considerable information about the soils, their origin and formation, their classification and their potential for various uses such as dryland agriculture, irrigation, engineering and recreation. The report is divided into four parts : Part I provides a general description of the area ; Part 2 describes the methodology used in the study ; Part 3 discusses the development, scientific classification and morphological characteristics of the soils in the study area, and Part 4 provides an interpretation of soil properties and associated landscape features as they affect soil capability or suitability for various uses. The accompanying soil maps are presented at two different scales. Soil information for the entire R. M. of Pembina is presented on a NTS base line map at a scale of 1 :50,000. Detailed soils information is presented for the area around Manitou on a 1 :20,000 aerial photo base to assist the user in locating the soil areas in relation to physical features such as roads, field boundaries, building sites, etc. The following steps are suggested in using the report. To assist the user in retrieving soil information quickly, the following steps are suggested : If project consists of many individual maps, proceed with STEP 1., proceed with STEP 2 to 6. if only single map in pocket, STEP 1 Consult the index to map sheets if the report contains many maps. Locate the areas of interest and note the map-sheet number(s) which identify the township and range on each map. STEP 2 Consult the soil map in pocket of report folder. Locate the area(s) of interest on the map and identify the pertinent map unit symbols. Arabic numerals placed as superscripts following map symbols indicate the approximate proportion of each soil type within the map unit. STEP 3 Consult the extended legend accompanying the soil map for an alphabetical listing of soil symbols giving the soil name, classification, drainage and related information concerning landforms, nature and depth of materials, and dominant vegetation. STEP 4 For interpretive information about the soils, consult the appropriate Table in Part 4. Criteria utilized as guidelines in making these interpretations are provided in the Appendix. STEP 5 Further information concerning the morphological properties and extent of the soils is presented in Part 3 where the soils are described alphabetically according to soil name. STEP 6 Additional site specific information not contained in this report is available on request from the Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, Ellis Bldg., University of Manitoba.

6 Table 1. SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA JANUARY, 1992 Map Project Designation Name (Soil Report No.) Report' Status Area in Hectares Map Unit' Descrip. Survey; Intensity Map Scale Map' Base Land Eval.s & Interp. Detailed Studies and Survevs. D1 Pasquia (No. 11) Pub a,b,d 3 1 :63,360 Color A D2 Glenlea Research Station Int a,b 1 1 :7,920 Photo A D3 Morden Experimental Farm Int a,b 1 1 :12,000 Photo A D4 Onanole Pub a,b 1 1 :7,920 Photo U D5 York Factory Area Int a 3 1 :63,360 B&W D6 McCreary Tile Drain Project Int a,b 1 1 :5,000 B&W A D7 Brandon Experimental Farm Int a,b 1 1 :7,920 Photo A D8 Portage Potato Farm Int a,b 1 1 :4,800 Photo A D9 Portage la Prairie (No. 17) Pub a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,U,R D10 Morden-Winkler (No. 18) Pub a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,U,R D11 Deep Lake Int a,b 1 1 :6,000 B&W R D12 Thompson Environmental Study Int a,b 1 1 :1,000 B&W D13 Organic Soil Study of Int a,b 3 1 :63,360 B&W A Alexander L.G.D. D14 Winnipeg Region (No. 29) Pub a ;b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,U,R D15 Brandon Region (No. 30) Pub a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,U,R D16 Boissevain-Melita (No. 20) Pub a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,U,R D17 Roseau River Pub a,b 3 1 :20,000 B&W A D18 Orr Lake Int a,b 1 1 :1,000 B&W D 19 Pelican-Rock Lake Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D20 West Portage-MacGregor Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,R D21 Minnewasta Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D22 Killarney Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D23 Matlock-Gimli-Riverton Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D24 Glenboro Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I D'_'5 Sandy Lake Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D'_'6 Brokenhead Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I,U D27 Rockwood Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I,U D28 Oak Lake Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I D29 Bird River Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D30 North Shore Lac du Bonnet Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D31 Grindstone Point Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D32 Paint Lake Int a,b 2 1 :10,000 Photo A,E,R D33 Cranberry Portage Int a,b 1 1 :5,000 Photo A,E,R D34 Dauphin ~ Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D35 South Riding Mtn Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D36 West Interlake Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,I,R D37 Swan R. Townsite Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D38 Hadashville-organic Pub a,b 3 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,I,R D40 Falcon L-Brereton L Pre a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D41 Quesnel Lake- North Shore Winnipeg River Pre a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R. D42 Duck Mountain Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D43 Spruce Woods Pre e 3 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,R D45 Pine Creek Pub a,b 2 1:20,000 Photo A,E,R,I D46 Arborg-Riverton Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D47 Roblin Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D48 Flin Fion Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D49 St. Anne-La Broquerie, Part of L.D.G. Stuartburn Pub a,b 3 1:50,000 B&W A,E,R,I D50 City of Brandon Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I D51 Westbourne Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l

7 Table 1. SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA. (Cont'd) Map Project Designation Name (Soil Report No.) Report' Status Area in Hectares Map Unit' Descrip. Survey' Intensity Map Scale Map' Base Land Eval.s & Interp D52 Notre Dame, Rathwell, Treheme Townsites Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D53 Altona, Emerson, Gretna, Ile des Chenes, Landmark, Letellier, Rosenort, St. Jean Townsites Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D54 Russell, Binscarth-Townsites Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D55 St. Rose Du Lac-Townsite Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D56. Souris, Wawanesa, Virden, Townsites Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D57 Fraserwood, Inwood, Komarno Townsites, Lake Man Shoreline Pub a,b 2 7 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D58 Hallboro, Minnedosa- Townsites Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D59 Beaudry Park Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D60 Rural Municipalities of Dufferin, Grey, Roland, Thompson and Stanley Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D61 Meditation Lake Pre a,b 2 1:20,000 Photo A,E,R D62 Wanipigow Lake Pre a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D63 Shellmouth Resevoir-N Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D64 Assiniboine River Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D65 Villages of Hamiota,Elkhorn, Strathclair, Rapid City, Newdale, Birtle, Shoal Lake Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D66 Benito-Durban Pre a,b 2 1:50,000 Photo A,E,R,l D67 St. Eustache, Springstein, Perimeter Strip, Brunkild, La Salle R. Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I D68 Spruce Point Mine Area Pub a,b 2. 1:10,000 Photo E,R D69 Snow Lake Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D70 Lorne Pub ,2 1:50,000 B&W,Photo A,E,R,l D71 Whitemouth Peatland Pub a,b 3 1:50,000 Photo A,E,R,l D72 Woodlands R.M. Pre a,b 3 1:50,000 Photo A,E,R,l D73 Elk Island-Victoria Beach Pub a,b 2 1:20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D74 South Norfolk R.M. Pub a,b 2 1:20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D75 Victoria R.M. Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D76 Rhineland Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D77 Pembina Pub a,b 3 1 :50,000 B&W A,E,R,1 D78 Springfield* Data a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D79 Rockwood R.M.* Pre a,c 4 1 :125,000 B&W A,E,R,l D80 North Norfolk R.M Pub 1991 ' a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D81 Plum Lake Pub a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D82 Hanover R.M. Pre a,b 2 1 :20,000 A,E,R,l Data a,b 3 1 :50,000 Photo A,E,R,l D83 Louise R.M. Data a,b 3 1 :50,000 Photo A,E,R,l D84 Argyle R.M Data a,b 3 1 :50,000 Photo A,E,R,l D85 North Cypress R.M. Data a,b 2,3 1 ;20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D86 Strathcona R.M. Data a,b 3 1 :50,000 Photo A,E,R,1 * Upgrade of Data Base

8 Table 1. SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA (Cont'd) Map Project Designation Name (Soil Report No.) Report' Status Area in Hectares Map Unit' Descrip : Survey3 Intensity Map Scale Map` Base Land Eval.s & Interp_-- Reconnaissance Surveys... R1 South Western (No. 3) Pub d 3 1 :125,000 B&W A R2 South Central (No. 4) Pub d 3 1 :125,000 B&W A R3 Winnipeg and Morris (No 5) Pub d 3 1:125,000 Color A R4 Rossburn and Virden (No. 6) Pub d 3 1 :125,000 Color A R5 Carberry (No. 7) Pub d 3 1 :125,000 Color A R6 West-Lakc (No. 8) Pub d 3 1 :125,000 Color A R7 Grandview (No. 9) Pub d 3 1:125,000 Color A R8 Nelson River Basin (No. 10) Pub b 3 1:100,000 Color A R9 Fisher and Teulon (No. 12) Pub a,c 3 1:100,000 Color A R10 Swan River (No. 13) Pub a,c 3 1:125,000 Color A R11 South Eastern (No. 14) Pub a,c 3 1:125,000 Color A,F R12 Lac du Bonnet (No. 15) Pub a,c 3 1 :125,000 Color A,F,R R13 Grahamdale (No. 16) Pub a,b 3 1 :125,000 Color A,F,U,R,E R14 Red Rose-Washow Bay (No. 19) Pub a,b 3 1 :125,000 Color A,F R15 Boissevain-Melita (No. 20) Pub a,b 2 1 :40,000 Photo A,I,E R16 Ste. Rose (No. 21) Pub a,b 3 1 :125,000 Color A,I,R,E,F R17 Waterhen (No. 23) Pub a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W A,I,R,E,F R18 Swan Lake Data a,b 3,4 1 :125,000 B&W A R19 The Pas (No. 22) Pub a,b 4 1 :125,000 Color A,I,E,R,F R20 Grand Rapids Pre a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W A R21 Cormorant Int a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W A R22 Wekusko Pre a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W A R23 Pointe du Bois Pre a,b R25 Red Deer Lake Pub a,b 2 1 :31,680 Photo A R26 Cross Lake and Norway House Pre a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W A R28 Pasquia Lake Pub a,b 3 1 :50,000 B&W A,E R29 Duck Mountain For. Reser Pre a,b,c 4 1 :125,000 B&W A,F,E,R,l Biophysical and Exploratory Surveys BI Lake Winnipeg, Churchill & Pub e 4 1 :250,000 B&W Nelson Rivers 1 :50,000 B2 Churchill Transportation Data f 4 1 :125,000 B&W Corridor B3 54C Hayes River Int f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B4 54D Kettle Rapids Int f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B5 52M Carrol Lake Int f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B5 62P Hecla Int f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B6 53D Deer Lake Int f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B6 63A Berens River Int f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B7 53M Knee Lake Int f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B8 53L Oxford House Int f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B8 63H Norway House Data f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B9 SE 1/4 64A Split Lake Int f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B9 63P Sipiwesk Int f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B10 53E Island Lake Pre f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B11 63H Norway House Data 1 :125,000 MSS E1 Surface Deposits & Soils Int g 5 1 :1,267,000 B&W of Northern Manitoba E2 Exploratory Terrain Int g. 5 1 :1,000,000 B&W Study of Northern Manitoba and Southern Keewatin, N.W.T.

9 Table 1. SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR 1VIANITOBA (Cont'd) 1. Report Status Pub.-Published Report and Map Int.-Interim Report and Map Available Pre.-Preliminary Map and Legend Available Data-Field Data Available Only 2. Map Unit Descriptions Code a-single series and phases b-series complexes defined as to proportion e-series complexes undefined as to proportion d-associations e-biophysical units (materials and physiography) f-biophysical units (associations & complexes of associations) g-regional and local physiographic units 3. Survey Intensity Levels Code Name Scale Minimum Size Inspection Density Delineation(ha) (Approx. range) 1 Very detailed > 1 :12,000 < 1.5 > 1 per 3 ha 2 Detailed 1 :12,000 to 1 :40, per 3 to 50 ha 3 Semi-detailed 1 :40,000 to 1 :125, to per 10 to ha 4 Reconnaissance 1 :125,000 to 1 :250, to per 100 to ha 5 Exploratory 1 :250,000 to 1 :1,000, to per 300 to ha 4. Published Map Base Code Photo-Photomosaic B&W -Black and white line Color-Colored line 5. Land Evaluation and Interpretations Code A-Agriculture Capability E-Engineering F-Forestry 1-Irrigation Suitability U-Urban Planning and Community Development R-Recreation TOTAL HECTARAGE COVERED 1990 To Date Initial Reconnaissance - 19,271,010 Initial Detailed survey - 18,793 Detailed Resurvey 148,480 3,658,598 Biophysical Survey - 12,521,000 Published Reports and Maps, available at a cost of $4.00 per copy (except Detailed Survey of Winnipeg Region(D14), Brandon Region(D15) and and Boissevain-Melita(No. 20) at a cost of $6.00 each) from : Queen's Printer, Statutory Publications Branch, Manitoba Archives Bldg., 200 Vaughan St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C IT5 Phonc: Information regarding, Biophysical Land Classification Maps and Reports is available by contacting office of the : Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey Department of Soil Science, Ellis Bldg., University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Phone : (204) Fax : (204) Preliminary Maps and other field data of Survey Projects in progress available from : Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey Office Rm. 362 Ellis Bldg., University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Man. R3T 2N2 Phone : or

10 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii HOW TO USE THIS SOIL REPORT SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA iv PART GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA LOCATION AND EXTENT LAND USE RELIEF ANDDRAINAGE PHYSIOGRAPHY SURFACE DEPOSITS GEOLOGY CLIMATE VEGETATION PART METHODOLOGY MAPPING AND MAP SCALE MAP UNITS SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MAP UNITS PHASES SAMPLING : PART DEVELOPMENT, CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOILS SOIL DEVELOPMENT SOIL CLASSIFICATION GENERALIZED SOIL MAP DESCRIPTION OF SOIL SERIES Altamont Series (ATN) Basker Series (BKR) Carroll Series (CXF) Capell Series (CXT) Charman Series (CXV) Croyon Series (CYN) Croyon, Shaly Variant (CYN1) Cazlake Series (CZK) Darlingford Series (DGF) Dorset Series (DOT) Dorset, Shaly Variant (DOT1) Dezwood Series (DZW) Eroded Slopes Complex (ERX) Fifere Series (FFR) viu

11 Firdale Series (FIR) Fairland Series (FND) Ferris Series (FRS) Fresno Series (FSO) Guerra Series (GRR) Hebbot Series (HEB) Horose Series (HOS) Joyale Series (JYL) Knudson Series (KUD) Levine Series (LEI) Larrett Series (LRT) Leary Series (LRY) Leary, Shaly Variant (LRYI) Mowbray Series (MOW) Manitou Series (MXS) Nikkel Series (NKK) Nowell Series (NOW) Narish Series (NSH) Nayler Series (NYO) Pembina Series (PBI) Perillo Series (PER) Prodan Series (PDA) Pouchal Series (POU) Ramada Series (RAM) Tadpole Series (TDP) Tellier Series (TLI) Ullrich Series (ULH) Vandal Series (VDL) Watrine Series (WTI) : Zinman Series (ZIM) Zaplin Series (ZPI) PART USE AND MANAGEMENT INTERPRETATIONS OF SOILS INTRODUCTION SOIL CAPABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE Dryland Agriculture Soil Capability subclasses Irrigation Suitability CAPABILITY AND MANAGEMENT GENERALIZED SOIL GROUPS Definitions of the Agricultural Capability Classes SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED ENGINEERING USES Definition of Soil Suitability Classes Soil Suitability Subclasses Guides for Assessing Soil Suitability SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED RECREATION USES BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A CORRELATION OF SOIL SERIES IN THE R. M. OF PEMBINA WITH SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND ASSOCIATES OF THE SOUTH-CENTRAL RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY, REPORT NO. 4,

12 APPENDIX B GUIDES FOR EVALUATING SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED USES APPENDIX C GLOSSARY APPENDIX D SOIL HORIZON DESIGNATIONS ORGANIC HORIZONS MASTER MINERAL HORIZONS LOWER-CASESUFFIXES APPENDIX E : DESCRIPTION OF LANDFORMS GENETIC MATERIALS Unconsolidated mineral component Qualifying Descriptors Organic component GENETIC MATERIAL MODIFIERS Particle size classes for unconsolidated mineral materials Fiber classes for organic materials SURFACE EXPRESSION Consolidated and Unconsolidated mineral surface classes Organic surface classes APPENDIX F DAILY SITE DESCRIPTION AND DETAILED SOIL DESCRIPTION DATA APPENDIX G MAP UNIT SYMBOLOGY LEGEND MAPSHEET INDEX TOWNSHIP DIAGRAM

13 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Summary of Soil Survey Coverage for Manitoba iv Table 2. Climatic Data from Stations' at Manitou and Pilot Mound Table 3. Relationship of the Soil Series in the Gt 2 and LBs Z Subregions to Soil Drainage, Subgroup and Parent Material Table 4. Parent Materials and Related Soils of the Study Area Table 5. Agricultural Capability Subclass Limitations Table 6. Agricultural Interpretations of Soils in the Study Area Table 7A. Areal Extent in Hectares and Percent Coverage by Soil Series and Phases in the R.M. of Pembina Table 713. Areal Extent in Hectares and Percent Coverage by Soil Series in the R.M. of Pembina ' Table 8. Acreage Factsheet Table 9. Codes utilized to identify limitations in evaluating soil suitability for selected Engineering and Recreational Uses (Table l l and 12) Table 10. Engineering Description of Soils and their Estimated Properties Significant to Engineering Uses Table 11. Suitability Ratings and Limitations of Soils in the Study Area for Selected Engineering Uses Table 12. Suitability Ratings of Soils for Recreational Uses ~ Table 13. Correlation of Soil Series in the R. M. of Pembina with Soil Associations and Associates of the South-Central Reconnaissance Survey, Report No. 4, Table 14. Land Classification Standards for Irrigation Suitability Table 15. Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of topsoil Table 16. Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of sand and gravel Table 17. Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of roadfill Table 18. Guide for assessing soil suitability for permanent buildings' Table 19. Guide for assessing soil suitability for local roads and streets Table 20. Guide for assessing soil suitability for trench-type sanitary landfills..' Table 21. Guide for assessing soil suitability for area-type sanitary landfills Table 22. Guide for assessing soil suitability as cover material for area-type sanitary landfills 74 Table 23. Guide for assessing soil suitability for reservoirs and sewage lagoons Table 24. Guide for assessing soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields Table 25. Guide for assessing soil suitability for playgrounds Table 26. Guide for assessing soil suitability for picnic areas Table 27. Guide for assessing soil suitability for camp areas Table 28. Guide for assessing soil suitability for paths and trails

14 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location of Study Area Figure 2. Relief and Drainage Map Figure 3. Physiographic Regions of the Study Area Figure 4. Geology of the Study Area Figure 5. Ecoclimatic Regions of the Study Area Figure 6. Generalized Soil Map Figure 7. Family Particle-Size Classes Figure 8. Soil Textural Classes

15 PART 1 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 1.1 LOCATION AND EXTENT The Rural Municipality of Pembina is situated on the U. S. boundary in the south central part of the province. It is bordered by the R. M. of Louise on the west, the R. M. of Lorne to the north, Thompson in the northeast corner and the R. M. of Stanley on the east side. The R. M. of Pembina is comprised of 423 sections (108,288 ha) as shown in Figure 1. Manitou, Darlingford and La Riviere are the larger centres in the municipality along with other familiar names like Kingsley, Snowflake, Kaleida, Mowbray and Windygates. The Pembina River Valley with its beauty and contrast affords a rather unique landmark for the R. M. of Pembina as it crosses from northwest to southeast. This soil survey project is a semi-detailed resurvey at a scale of 1 :50,000 of an area formerly covered in the reconnaissance (1 :126,720 scale) survey of the South-Central Map Sheet Area (Report No. 4, 1943). The R. M. of Pembina occurs within Townships 1 to 4 and Ranges 7 to 10. A small window area around the town of Manitou was mapped at a detailed 1 :20,000 scale. A tabulated summary of soil survey coverage for Manitoba is shown in Table 1. For a quick acreage overview of the R. M. of Pembina refer to Table LAND USE Agriculture is the dominant land use throughout the R. M. of Pembina. Other important uses of the land resource are urban and rural residential, wooded areas, aggregate quarries, recreation and wildlife. Agriculture in the study area consists mainly of grain production, cattle farming, hog or poultry operations, pasture, forage or any combination thereof. Wheat and barley are the major cereal crops along with large acreages of flax and canola. Many of the cattle operations take advantage of the rough slopes and low lying wet areas adjacent to rivers, creeks and drains for grazing land. In general, the economy of the study area is primarily based upon agriculture and the agriculturally oriented businesses that have been established. The beauty and contrast of the Pembina Valley provides the centre of attraction for recreational activities and wildlife. Ski facilities have been developed on the steep slopes of the valley at La Riviere providing one of the most popular winter resorts in the Province. Mary Jane Reservoir located northwest of Manitou on Mary Jane Creek offers fishing and swimming. Campgrounds and picnic sites are located at various points to take advantage of the diverse landscape and aesthetics of the area. The steeply sloping, heavily wooded areas of the Pembina Valley along with other areas throughout the municipality provide very good habitat for upland game birds, whitetail deer, wild turkeys and other wildlife. The existing grid of roads in the municipality is ideal for a unique scenic drive. 1.3 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE The principal relief and drainage features of the R. M. of Pembina are shown in Fi,Eure 2. The elevation of the study area ranges from approximately 1125 ft. (343 m) at the lowest point in the Pembina trench to 1675 ft (511 m) at the top of a hill in the northeast corner of the study. The maximum relief therefore is about 550 ft (168 m). The mean altitude of the project area is in the ft. (472 m to 488 m) range. South of the main channel the altitude fluctuates closer to the 1550 ft (472 m) level. In general, the local slope of the area is toward the Pembina trench, however at the eastern edge of the study near the Darlingford Moraine the slope reverses toward the east. Most of the surficial topography is level to very gently undulating while the rougher, hummocky morainic areas in the northern and eastern sections are very gently to gently sloping. A large portion of the study is characterized by moderately to steeply sloping land along the V-shaped Pembina Trench and adjacent ravines. The alluvial floodplain on the valley floor is generally level to very gently sloping. The natural drainage of the project area is facilitated almost entirely by the Pembina River and its tributary creeks and channels. Some of the larger creeks feeding the Pembina are the Snowflake Creek, draining the southwest corner, Mary Jane

16 R.12 R.IO U. S. A. R.8 R.6 Figure 1. Location of Study Area

17 2d1 epa~e~ dl ew - ooei sa - oss~ BBS Y - (All LGt - OOfI 2" f - OSbl L2 " - 00" I lis - 09 I % - ON, bdl S3-~13W 133!

18 R.9 8 U 5 4 R7 1P1

19 Creek in the northwest and the Little Pembina River in the east-central area. At the eastern boundary of the municipality, waters accumulating at or just east of the Darlingford Moraine flow easterly across Pembina Mountain through numerous incised creeks and channels including Shannon Creek and Deadhorse Creek, eventually entering the Red River. Drainage is generally good over the study area, although natural sloughs, ponded areas and intermittent lakes do occur. The pothole type depressions are typical of the morainic landscapes on the Darling-ford soils. The Manitou soils are characterized by larger sloughs or shallow lakes which tend to be widely separated. The "Snowflake" soils (South-Central Report No. 4, 1943) which occur mainly southwest of the Pembina Trench have a higher incidence of imperfect drainage. 1.4 PHYSIOGRAPHY The R. M. of Pembina study area is situated within the Saskatchewan Plain physiographic division of the Interior Plains region. The majority of the study is covered by the Manitou Plain subsection of the Pembina River Plain section i re 3). The northern and northeastern fringes of the area are in the Pembina Hills subsection of the Pembina Hills Upland section. The boundary between the Manitou Plain and the Pembina Hills at the east end of the study is well marked by the Darlingford Moraine. The Manitou Plain is characterized by a level to gently undulating landscape associated with thick morainal deposits, morainal veneers and local areas of lacustrine sediments. The topography of the till plain generally conforms to the contour of the bedrock surface. Washboard moraines which trend south-southwest occur north and east of Windygates. These moraine ridges are m high. Several isolated shale bedrock highs including a number of glacially streamlined ridges near Manitou have a drumlin form. Esker ridges are another feature which are scattered over the area and are often short segments of larger lineaments. The Pembina Hills subsection of the study is distinguished by an undulating to hummocky morainal landscape with very gentle to strong slopes. Numerous sloughs and potholes are associated with this complex area of ground moraine, end moraine, ice-contact stratified drift and bedrock hills. The Darlingford moraine is a major constructional feature of the Pembina Hills. The physiography of the study would be lacking without mention of the Pembina Trench which dissects the municipality. Upstream from La Riviere the Pembina River winds through a flat bottomed U- shaped valley ft (46-60 m) deep and 1.6 to 2.5 km wide. Downstream the trench becomes V- shaped with many alluvial and colluvial fans and terraces. The width at the rim ranges from 1.6 km at La Riviere to 4.8 km northeast of Snowflake and 6.4 km near Mowbray. The depth of the valley increases from 200 ft (60 m) at La Riviere: to about 400 ft (122 m) east of Windygates. 1.5 SURFACE DEPOSITS Glaciation, glacial meltwaters and subsequent non-glacial streams or laking have resulted in the deposition of variable depths of glacial till, fluvial deposits and lacustrine sediments in the study area. The surface deposits vary in form and properties within each physiographic unit depending largely on the characteristics of the bedrock from which they were derived and the mode of transport and deposition. The drift thickness on shale bedrock over the study area ranges from.5 m. to about 25 m. and averages about 10 m. There are areas where the bedrock occurs at or near the surface and two or three isolated pockets where the depth of overburden is 30 m or more. Deposits in the Pembina Hills portion of the study consists mainly of glacial till derived from a combination of shale, limestone and granitic rock origin. These materials are loam to clay loam in texture and are moderately to very strongly calcareous. At lower elevations in the landscape and along broadly defined waterways, thin veneers of loam to clay loam lacustrine sediments overlie the till. A large part of the study is covered by the Manitou Plain which consists of a non to weakly calcareous, loam to clay loam ~morainal till of dominantly shale origin. The soils on the higher positions are often shallow and in such sites the shale may come to within.5 metre of the surface. Localized deposits of shallow loam to clay loam, lacustrine sediments occur throughout the plain. In areas where "Snowflake" soils were mapped in the South-Central Reconnaissance Report (1943), particularly south and west of the trench, there is a greater incidence of a mixture of higher lime buff till (Darlingford) soils, grey shale till (Manitou) soils and intermixed water laid sediments. Minor ridges

20 Figure 3. Physiographic Regions of the Study Area DIVISION SECTION SUBSECTION T D Manitoba Plain Dl Red River Plain.2 Red River Valley.3 Lower Assiniboine Delta E Saskatchewan Plain E2 Tiger Hills Upland E3 Pembina liills Upland E7 Pembina River Plain E9 Assiniboiae River Plain.1 Pembina Hills.2 Pembina Escarpment.1 Boissevain Plain.2 Manitou Plain.2 Newdale Plain.4 Brandon Lakes Plain.S Upper Assiniboine Delta

21 of shaly, glaciofluvial sands and gravels are found along former meltwater channels. The valley sides of the Pembina Channel are characterized by shale exposures at the lower levels and boulder till at upper levels. Many of the slopes retain well developed older high level terraces as well as shaly colluvial and alluvial fans. Landslides and slump blocks are common on the steeper slopes. The composition of the terraces ranges from shaly gravel to shaly loam to clay loam in texture. The most recent younger alluvium on the floodplain of the Pembina River includes two or three well developed levees with shaly loam to silty clay loam textures predominant. 1.6 GEOLOGY The bedrock geology for the R. M. of Pembina is shown in Figure 4. The entire project area is underlain by rock of the Upper Cretaceous Period. Hard siliceous grey shales of the Riding Mountain Formation (Odanah Member) occupy a major portion of the upland area. They correlate with the Pierre shale in North Dakota. The Odanah shale is a principal component of the glacial drift, eskers and fluvial deposits, and is the core of numerous drumlinoid ridges over the area. Soft greenish bentonitic shale of the Millwood Member outcrops along the mid and upper slopes of the Pembina Trench south of La Riviere and in a narrow band on the eastern edge of the study. The three members (Morden, Boyne, Pembina) of the Vermillion River formation are exposed in the lower part of the trench north of Mowbray and Windygates. The soft shales with numerous bentonite beds slump readily and play an important role in mass wasting along the Pembina trench. Approximate thicknesses of the five members are : Odanah 186 m, Millwood 20 m, Pembina 24m, Boyne 46m -and Morden 55m. 1.7 CLIMATE Relative to worldwide climatic conditions, the study area occupies a position in the interior of North America beyond the range of the moderating affects of oceans. Its location in mid-northern latitudes offers a continental climate with short, cool summers and long cold winters. The climate of the area is influenced mainly by three types of air masses ; cold dry air from the continental polar region, cool and moist air from the Pacific and occasionally warm and moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. Frequent changes in these air masses contributes to extreme variability of weather patterns in each season. Climatic data generated by local stations at Manitou and Pilot Mound is representative of the study area. The climatological data for the two stations is presented in Table 2. The average annual temperature at Manitou is 1.4 C and 1.9 C at Pilot Mound. Mean annual precipitation recorded at Manitou is 540 mm and 517 mm at Pilot Mound. Spring and fall precipitation is often uniformly distributed through the area. However, in summer when local showers and thunderstorms are frequent, rainfall accumulation can be extremely variable from one area to another.. The relationships that exist among climate, vegetation and soil in the study area are summarized in the ecoclimatic map shown in Figure;5. The Ecoclimatic Regions cover a continuous geographic area and are characterized by distinctive ecological responses to macroclimate as expressed by vegetation, soil, fauna and aquatic systems. Soil types developed on similar parent material and under similar drainage conditions but in different ecoclimatic regions are identified by different series or association names to indicate that many of the associated ecologic conditions are dissimilar. The Pembina study area is characterized by conditions typical of the Grassland Transition (Gt) and Low Boreal Subhumid (LBs) ecoclimatic regions. The Gt2 subregion covers the major part of the study area. The cool subhumid climate of this region provides sufficient moisture and length of growing season for persistence of dominantly native grassland vegetation and Chernozemic Black soils. This subregion has a mean annual temperature of 1.6 C and a mean annual precipitation of 488 mm. Ecologic conditions typical of the LBsZ subregion occur on the northern fringe of the study. The elevation, rougher topography and slightly cooler temperatures results in higher moisture effectiveness. The result is the development of a grassland-forest transition vegetation and leached Dark Gray Chernozemic to Dark Gray Luvisol soils. The LBsZ subregion has a moderately cold, subhumid climate with a mean annual temperature of 2.1 C and a mean annual precipitation of 570 mm. Soil climate consists of soil temperature and soil moisture both of which are related to aerial climate. It has a direct influence on most biological, chemical and physical processes in the soil. Soil climate conditions in the study area are described as dominantly Boreal, cool to moderately cool

22 Figure 4. Geology of the Study Area KF KA K R o Elm Creek Treherne o St. Claud D DIA\ TP. 8 tre Dame TP. 6 TP. 4 TP. 2 MESOZOIC UPPER CRETACEOUS KRM m Riding Mountain Formation : Millwood Formation(m)- soft greenish bentonitic shale. Member(o)- hard grey sigceous shale. Odanah KvR KF Vermillion River Fortnation:Morden Formation- black carbonaceous shale. Boyne Member- grey calcareous speckled shale and carbonaceous shale. Pembina Member- thinly interbedded carbonaceous shale, bentonite and bentonitic shale. Favel Formation : calcareous speckled shale; minor limestone, bentonite,'oil shale'. UPPER AND LOWER CRETACEOUS KA K SR Ashville Formation: dark grey carbonaceous shale, in part bituminous ; minor sand and bentonite. Swan River Formation: sandstone, in places glauconitic ;kaolinitic shale, minor lignite. May include some non-marine jurassic beds in the north. Also includes channel and/or karst fill within paleozoic outcrop belt. PALEOZOIC MIDDLE DEVONIAN. Dw J Winnipegasis Formation: lower member- dolomitized platform facies. DA Ashern Formation : breccia. dolomitic shale and argillaceous dolomite,red to greenish grey;local basil

23 Figure 5. Ecoclimatic Regions of the Study Area tl MA GREG R P LA TAGc RAIRl CAR ERRY \ G ' - TP. 12 TP. l0 t RIVER sta o BuCK V~~'~B ~y~c. v J /. CLA O DE GtL") rp.8 G ENBO 0 0 CA AN TP. 6 Kl~ RNEY R. '. M. PE B NA t4 t3 p~c- B~Nq P1L0 DUN Gt ~ MA ITOU ~,UL I ~INKL E R TP. 4 rp 2 R.16 R.14 R.12 R.10 R.8 R.6 R.4 R.2 SOIL CLIMATE ECOCLIMATE SUBREGION' DOMINANT SOIL TEMPERATURE MOISTURE VEGETATION REGION' CLASS SUBCLASS ZONE GRASSLAND Gt1,2,3,4 cherno7tmic boreal, cool to subhumid grassland and TRANSITION black,gleysols moderately cool aspen ;parkland LOW BOREAL LBs2 chernozemic cryoboreal,mod- subhumid grassland-forest subhumid dark gray, erately cold transition luvisols 'Ecoclimate Regions of Manitoba. Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, Unpublished data, revised 'Subregions reflect climatic influence which is expressed in local soils and vegetation relations and which affect land use, management and potential biomass production.

24 Table 2. Climatic Data from Stations' at Manitou and Pilot Mound MANITOU PILOT MOUND Mean Annual Temperature 1.4 C 1.9 C Frost Free Period (Days 0 C) 122 days 119 days Last Frost (Spring) May 18 May 20 First Frost (Fall) Sept. 18 Sept. 17 Degree Days (above 5 C) Total Precipitation 540 mm 517 mm Mean Annual Rainfall 407 mm 388 mm Mean Annual Snowfall 138 cm 130 cm Corn Heat Units (2300 to 2400) ' Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service Canadian Climatic Normals, , Printed subhumid. These soils are characterized by a mean annual soil temperature (MAST) of 5-8 C and a mean summer soil temperature (IVISST) of C at the 50 cm depth. Data from a soil temperature site at Manitou shows a MAST of 5.9 C and a MSST of 13.2 C at 50 cm. 1.8 VEGETATION include hazel, chokecherry and saskatoon. The banks of the Pembina Channel are wooded with oak and poplar. The lower slopes and floor of the valley are covered with woods of elm, Manitoba maple, ash, birch and willow. It is very important that vegetative cover be maintained on the slopes for erosion control, conservation of water and wildlife, as well as scenic and recreational value. The study area occurs in the Aspen-Oak Section of the Boreal Forest Region of Canada (Rowe 1972). Since most of the study area is under cultivation, natural vegetation is restricted to steeply sloping, dissected areas, knoll positions and depressional poorly drained areas. The beauty and contrast of the Pembina Channel is largely attributed to the natural vegetative cover on the slopes, levees and floodplains in the valley. Native vegetation on the Manitou Plain is dominantly tall prairie grasses and herbs with scattered groves of aspen. Meadow grasses and sedges occur in the wetter positions. Islands of oak trees are scattered throughout the area, particularly on mounds where the shale comes close to the surface. The wooded areas of the Pembina Hills on the northern fringe of the study consist of mixed deciduous forest cover. The stands are mainly aspen with inclusions of oak, Manitoba maple and cottonwood. Poplar and willow dominate the lower slopes. Shrubs covering the well drained sites

25 PART 2 2 METHODOLOGY 2.1 MAPPING AND MAP SCALE Semi-detailed (1 :50,000 scale) soil mapping was completed throughout the R. M. of Pembina. This map scale requires that inspections to be made to at least one meter depth along road allowances and trails around the square mile at.4 km intervals resulting in an inspection density of approximately one observation/30 ha. Occasionally additional soil inspection traverses or checks were made where soil complexity necessitated additional field observation. Certain minor soils or phases may not be encountered during field investigations and thus become part of the unnamed inclusions of the map. Generally, the proportion of unidentified inclusions increases as inspection density decreases or as natural soil variability increases. Semi-detailed soil maps provide soil information which can be used for many purposes including local regional planning (Mapping Systems Working Group, 1981). Semi-detailed mapping was utilized in this area because of current landuse patterns and because of predicted future landuse. Detailed (1 :20,000 scale) soil mapping was conducted around the town of Manitou. The map was produced by examining soils to at least one meter depth at approximately 150 meter intervals along two traverses (.8 km apart) per section as well as at every 0.4 km along road allowances. The resulting inspection density is approximately one observation per 10 ha. Therefore most soils and phases are encountered during field observations and become identified components of map delineations. Generally, there are fewer unidentified inclusions in a detailed map than in a semi-detailed map when comparing the same level of natural soil variability. Detailed soil maps provide soil information which can be used for many purposes from broad regional planning to "farm-gate" decisions. Detailed mapping was utilized around Manitou because current intensive land use patterns and anticipated future land use concerns require a detailed and reliable soil resource map. 2.2 MAP UNITS A map unit represents mappable portions of the soil landscape that together have characteristics and properties varying within more or less narrow limits that are determined by the intensity of the survey. A map unit contains predominantly one or more than one soil or nonsoil individual plus a certain proportion (varying within prescribed limits) of unnamed and undescribeil inclusions. They are delineated on the basis of the types and relative proportions of their soils or nonsoils, as well as on the basis of external criteria such as slope, stoniness or erosion. Soil maps show the distribution of kinds of soils and, as such, serve as a link so that the knowledge gained in one locality about the usefulness or behaviour of a kind of soil can be extended to other bodies of the same soil. A map unit comprises all delineations that contain exactly the same symbol. This includes all the characters denoting soils, nonsoils, phases and deciles. While they represent real portions of the landscapes, most map units are concepts because their total range of properties is made up of the aggregate of all their delineations and no one delineation will contain the full range of properties. The proportions of each of the component soils and nonsoils and undescribed inclusions may vary within reasonable limits from one delineation to another. A map unit is named from its principal component soils or nonsoils. It is described in terms of the properties of these components, their relative proportions and other external land attributes. In this project, units are described in terms of named soil series and phases of soil series. The soil series is defined as a naturally occurring soil body such that any profile within that body has a similar number and arrangement of horizons whose colour, texture, structure, consistence, reaction and composition are within a narrowly defined range. If a soil has properties which vary slightly from the prescribed range of the series, a soil series varian is established. 10

26 Map units will always contain small proportions of inclusions. These inclusions may be soil or nonsoil mapping individuals that are named and have their own map units elsewhere in the survey, or they may be rare or insignificant soils or nonsoils that are not recognized or named at all in the survey. They may, however, be mentioned in the description of soil types in the report. 2.3 SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MAP UNITS There are two major types of map units : simple and compound. The difference between them is defined in terms of the proportion and contrast of their components. A Simple Map Unit contains predominantly one soil or nonsoil. The proportion of its components vary according to their areal extent and contrasting characteristics as they may affect soil management or use. Its components vary as follows : the predominant component comprises at least 65 percent with up to 35 percent of nonlimiting, similar components (components that are alike in most properties and behaviour), or up to 25 percent of nonlimiting dissimilar components (components that do not affect management of the map unit but have a significant number of properties that vary from the predominant component), or up to 15 percent of limiting, dissimilar components (components which have many contrasting properties and usually affect management differently). A Compound Mao Unit contains predominantly two soils or nonsoils (or a combination of both). The proportions of the two major components may vary from one considerably exceeding the other to both being approximately equal. Complementary to the definition of a single map unit, the proportions of its components vary according to their areal extent and contrasting characteristics as they may affect soil management or use. Its major components vary as follows : if other components are similar and nonlimiting no single component represents more than 65 percent ; or if other components are dissimilar and nonlimiting no single component represents 75 percent or more; or if other components are dissimilar and limiting no single component represents 85 percent or more. A soil or nonsoil may occur in more than one compound unit. The complex nature of soil landscapes requires that the surveyor be allowed the freedom to describe their combinations as they occur. For the purpose of describing compound map units, components are considered dominant if they occupy over 40 percent of the unit, significant from percent and minor if they occupy less than 15 percent. Minor components are described only if they are highly contrasting. 2.4 PHASES It is frequently desirable to indicate by map unit symbol, a condition or quality of soil property or landscape feature that deviates significantly from the normal definition of map units. These indicated variations or phases of soil properties and landscape features, varying from delineation to delineation, significantly affect soil behaviour and land management or use : It is not always easy to maintain a clear distinction between a soil phase and a land phase. Soil properties that are frequently used as phase criteria include texture, depth, surface peat, salinity and physical disruption. Properties of land that are used include slope, wind and water erosion, stoniness, rockiness and altered drainage. In this study the effect of four properties and land features are shown as a character in the denominator of the map unit symbol and described outside the main soil map legend. The four properties and features are erosion, slope class, degree of stoniness and salinity. The degree or magnitude of each is designated in the following manner ; Erosion x - noneroded or minimal 1 - weakly eroded 2 - moderately eroded 3 - severely eroded 0 - overblown Slope Class x - 0 to.5% level b -.5 to 2 % nearly level c - 2 to 5% very gently sloping d - 5 to 9% gently sloping e - 9 to 15% moderately sloping f - 15 to 30% strongly sloping g - 30 to 45% very strongly sloping h - 45 to 70% extremely sloping 11

27 Stoniness x - nonstony 1 - slightly stony 2 - moderately stony 3 - very stony 4 - exceedingly stony 5 - excessively stony Salinity x - nonsaline (0-4 ms/cm) x - slightly saline (4-8 ms/cm) t - moderately saline (8-15 ms/cm) u - strongly saline (> 15 ms/cm) The convention employed to indicate these features in the map symbol is as follows : 2.5 SAMPLING During the course of field investigations and mapping, soil samples were taken at selected locations for soil characterization, salinity and irrigation suitability studies. Fifteen profiles were described in detail and sampled for soil characterization analysis (Appendix F). In areas where salinity was suspected to be sufficient to inhibit agricultural potential, soils were sampled at 10 to 25 cm and at 50 to 60 cm for electrical conductance measurements and soluble salt analysis. Selected surface and sub surface samples were routinely taken for additional analyses including texture, ph, organic matter, calcium carbonate, etc. If none of the above properties are observed to be significant, the map symbol representing the normal or unaffected soil series is used alone without modifiers. ' If one or more phase features are recognized, the appropriate letter or number is placed below the soil series symbol in one of four designated locations in the map unit symbol. The designated order is erosion, slope class, stoniness and salinity. If a particular feature is not observed to be significant, an x is used in its appropriate designated location in the map symbol. For example, the compound map unit coded : Soil Series -N Percent of map unit i f N* KUDS - ULHS xclx erosion stoniness topography salinity Is interpreted to mean that 50 percent of the mapping unit consists of Knudson (KUDS) series having no erosion (x), very gently sloping (c) topography, slight (1) stoniness, no salinity (x) : and 50 percent Ullrich (ULHS) series having no erosion (x), very gently sloping (c) topography, slightly stony (1) surface conditions and no (x) salinity. Definitions of the erosion, topography, stoniness and salinity classes are given in the Glossary. 12

28 3 DEVELOPMENT, CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOILS 3.1 SOIL DEVELOPMENT The principal factors affecting soil formation are : the physical and mineralogical composition of the parent material ; the climate under which the soil material has accumulated and existed since accumulation ; the plant and animal life on and in the soil ; relief and drainage ; the length of time the forces of soil formation have acted on the soil material ; and influence resulting from the work of man. The characteristics of a soil at any given place are determined by the interaction of these soil forming factors. Soil characteristics are observed in the soil profile. A profile is the sequence of natural layers or horizons observed in vertical cross-section extending from the surface down into the relatively unweathered and unaltered soil parent material. The main or master horizons have been designated by the letters A, B and C for mineral horizons. Horizon characteristics and combinations of these horizons form the basis for soil classification. The A and B horizons are a reflection of the active soil forming factors, climate and plant and animal life, chiefly plants operating on the parent material. Together the A and B horizons make up the solum. In general, A horizons or surface layers are subjected to the greatest amount of weathering and leaching and/or organic matter accumulation. The B horizons, lying immediately below the A horizon contain most of the material leached from the A horizons ; ie. clay, organic matter, iron and aluminum. In some soils B horizons consist mainly of material that has been altered only slightly by soil forming processes, but has not been translocated. The C horizons represent the relatively unaltered parent material from which the solum has developed. Within a particular climatic zone, soils differ due to texture and mineralogical composition of the parent material. The soil profile that develops is also very much influenced by soil drainage and groundwater hydrology. Soils developed on sandy to loamy materials are more permeable to water and permit greater leaching of soluble and colloidal components as compared to clayey soils. Soil profiles developed on moderately calcareous sediments are generally deeper than soils developed on strongly calcareous sediments. Restrictions on normal soil development often result from periods of saturation in areas affected by surface ponding, lateral inflow, seepage or near surface groundwater. Under such conditions, leaching of soil material is minimal and in some cases, the translocation of soluble materials is towards the surface. Poor soil drainage associated with depressional areas alters the soil environment from an oxidative state to a reductive state depleted of oxygen. Such soils with restricted drainage are characterized by dull (gleyed) soil colours, the presence of reddish yellow or brown mottles of iron and manganese, the presence of lime carbonate and/or soluble salts near the surface and a high water table. Very poorly drained depressional sites are saturated throughout the year and soils are often characterized by accumulation of shallow organic materials. Soil development on the various parent materials in the R. M. of Pembina study is influenced by the regional climate, soil drainage, topography and groundwater hydrology. The soils of the area occur dominantly in the Grassland Transition Ec:oclimatic Region (Gt,) and have developed under cool subhumid climatic conditions which generally provide sufficient moisture and length of growing season for persistence of dominantly native grassland vegetation. This vegetation and climate have resulted in a dominance of Chernozemic Black soils. Dark Gray profiles with weakly leached surface horizons (Ahe) and an accumulation zone (Btj or Bt horizon) may occur on some well drained sites under a more continuous tree cover, particularly areas adjacent to ravines or valley walls. The imperfectly drained soils are characterized by Gleyed Black and Gleyed Rego Black profiles with dark colored Ah horizons. Humic Gleysol soils found in association with poorly drained areas also have dark colored Ah horizons which grade into a dull colored, mottled parent material. Profile development of the imperfectly and poorly drained soils :has been restricted by soil moisture regime and proximity of groundwater to the soil surface. 13

29 The Pembina Hills portion of the study is characterized by a subregional climate, associated vegetation and soils representative of the Low Boreal Subhumid (LBs,) Ecoclimatic Region. This undulating to hummocky upland with slightly cooler temperatures, results in a slight increase in available moisture, consequently favoring the development of Chernozemic Dark Gray and Dark Gray Luvisol soils on the better drained sites. Poorly and very poorly drained depressions throughout the subregion are characterized by Humic Luvic Gleysols and Rego Humic Gleysols. Soil development in recent alluvial deposits on floodplains along creeks and rivers has been influenced by periodic flooding and accretion of sediments on the soil surface. The resulting immature soils are dominantly Cumulic Regosols with little or no horizon development. The soils on the upper levees and terraces along the Pembina River Channel are largely Regosolic, however they may exhibit weak or varying degrees of profile development. 3.2 SOIL CLASSIFICATION Soils in the study area were classified according to the System of Soil Classification for Canada. This system is hierarchical employing 5 levels of generalization or categories of classification. Beginning with the most generalized, these categories are the order, great group, subgroup, family and series. The classification is based on measurable soil properties that can be observed in the field, or can be inferred from other. properties observable in the field. The properties selected as criteria for the higher categories are the result of soil genesis or of factors that affect soil genesis. Properties utilized to differentiate soils at the lower levels of family and series affect management. The five levels of generalization are defined as follows : Order - Soil orders are defined on the basis of soil properties that reflect the soil environment and the kind and degree of dominant soil forming process. An example is Chernozem in which soils with dark coloured surface horizons develop under subhumid climate and dominantly grassland environments. Great Group - Each order is subdivided into great groups based on differences in strength of dominant processes or a major contribution of a process in addition to a dominant one. Such processes result in particular kinds, arrangement and degree of expressions of pedogenic horizons. An example of a Luvic Gleysol in which the dominant process is considered to be gleying but clay accumulation in the B horizon is also a major process. Subgroup - Subgroups are subdivisions of great groups and are defined on the basis of kind and arrangement of horizons that indicate ; the central concept of the great group eg. Orthic ; intergrades toward soils in other orders, eg. Gleyed, or special features such as lime carbonate in B horizons. Family - Families are established within a subgroup based on similarity of physical and chemical properties that affect management. Among the properties considered important for recognizing families are particle size distribution, mineralogy, soil climate, soil reaction and thickness of solum. Series - The series consists of soils that formed in a particular kind of material and have horizons whose color, texture, structure, consistence, thickness, reaction and chemical composition are similar in differentiating characteristics and in arrangement in the soil profile. 3.3 GENERALIZED SOIL MAP A generalized soil map and associated legend are included in Figure 6 showing map units for broad land use planning in the R. M. of Pembina. Each map unit is a unique, natural landscape that has a distinct pattern of soils, relief and drainage features. A group typically consists of one or more soils of major extent and some soils of minor extent. The map units are named according to the dominant and significant soil series identified in the area on the detailed soil map. Soil phases, minor components of compound map units and soil inclusions are not recognized on the generalized soil map. The generalized soil map provides an overview of soil distribution and landscapes in the R. M. of Pembina. It provides a basis for comparing the potential of large areas for general kinds of land use. This information is useful.for broad scale planning such as regional agricultural planning, regional engineering, recreational planning, conservation and municipal, development plans. Similarly, areas of soils with properties that are distinctly unfavorable for certain land uses can be located. The generalized soil map, because of its small

30 T Figure 6. Generalized Soil Map R 10 TP 4 La TP K ""Q R9 R8 R7 15

31 GENERALIZED SOIL GROUPS LEGEND Map Symbols 0 DARLINGFORD-DEZWOOD F KNUDSON-ALTAMONT K] calcareous F I-] C FR] FF] GROUP: Deep, moderately to very strongly calcareous, loam to clay loam glacial till of shale, limestone and granitic origin. (26% of area) Associated soils - DGF, HEB, DZW, PBI, NKK, FRS, ZPI, CZK, HOS, POU MANITOU-FIFERE GROUP: None to weakly calcareous, loam to clay loam till deposits derived from cretaceous shales. Shale bedrock may occur within 1 to 1.5 meters. (18% of area) Associated soils - MXS, FFR, NYO, NOW, FSO GROUP: A veneer of fine loamy (L-CL), weakly to moderately lacustrine sediments over moderately to very strongly calcareous glacial till of mixed shale, limestone and granitic origin. (309'0 of area) Associated soils - KUD, LRT, ATN, ULH, JYL, TLI, ZIM, GRR, NSH, WTI DORSET-LEARY GROUP: Deep, moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, sandy to sandy skeletal fluvial outwash deposits. (1 % of area) Associated soils - DOT, LRY CROYON-VANDAL GROUP: A thin mantle of moderately to strongly calcareous, loam to clay loam lacustrine sediments overlying moderately to strongly calcareous fluvial outwash deposits. (.23% of area) Associated soils - CYN, VDL, CXT RAMADA-FIRDALE GROUP : Deep, strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL, SiCL) lacustrine sediments. (2.2% of area) Associated soils - RAM, CXF, FIR, CXV, PDA, TDP FAIRLAND GROUP: Deep, strongly to very strongly calcareous, loamy (L, SiL, VFSL) lacustrine sediments. (.133'0 of area) Associated soils - FND MOWBRAY GROUP: Moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, loam (L, SiL, SiCL) Ro recent alluvial deposits. (8% of area) Associated soils - MOW, LEI, BKR E] F FP Fu FI ERODED SLOPES COMPLEX : A complex of undifferentiated materials on the steep slopes of valley walls, river channels and ravines. (143'0 of area) Associated soil - ERX PERILLO GROUP: Organic soils over stratified sediments. (.22% of area) Associated soil - PER URBAN LAND : WATER BODIES : (.149'0 of area) (.213'0 of area)

32 scale does not show the kind of soil at a specific site. Therefore it is not suitable for planning the management of a farm or for selecting a site for a road, building or other kind of infrastructure. The kind of soils in any one map unit ordinarily differ from place to place in slope, depth, stoniness, drainage or other characteristics that affect their management. A general discussion of the major soil groups is included in Part 4 under generalized soil groups. 3.4 DESCRIPTION OF SOIL SERIES Soil parent material and soil moisture regime characteristics have a major influence on soil profile type and so become the major features used in classifying and mapping soils. A quick, convenient, abbreviated key form summary of these relationships and the soil series recognized within major areas of similar physiographic and climatic conditions is presented in Tabl e. The relationship of parent material and drainage to soil profile type (genetic subgroup) and soil series in the study area is summarized in able 4. Generalized descriptions for each soil series mapped in the survey area are presented in alphabetical order. Characteristics of the soil and the material in which it formed, including extent of the soil, genetic profile type, texture, parent material type, topography and drainage are discussed for each series. Following this, the range of important characteristics of the soil series in the survey area is presented. A brief description of the features which distinguish the named soil from similar soils is included. The generalized soil descriptions are based on summaries and averages of soil data systematically documented and recorded during the course of the field survey. Information on the suitabililty and management requirement of each soil for various agricultural and nonagricultural uses is presented in Part 4 of this report.

33 Table 3. Relationship of the Soil Series in the Gt 2 and LBs 2 Subregions to Soil Drainage, Subgroup and Parent Material PARENT MATERI ALS ECO LACUSTRINE SOIL SUB- TAXONOMIC TILL LACUSTRINE FLUVIAL OVER LACUSTRINE ALLUVIUM DRAINAGE REGION SUBGROUP OVER TILL FLUVIAL UN- ORGA- DIFFEREN- NIC Loamy (L,CL, Loamy (L,CL) F. Loamy Sand and Loamy (L, CL, Fine Loamy Loamy Loamy(L,CL, TIATED MESIC SiCL) Mixed Non-Weakly (CL, SiCL) Gravel SiCL) Over (CL, SiCL) (L,SiL, SiCL, SCL) PEAT Calcareous Till Cal.Shaly Till Over Till S + Gr. VFSL) Stratified Well to Gt, Cumulic Regosol Mowbray Moderately (MOW) Well Orthic Black Darlingford Manitou Knudson Dorset Croyon Ramada Fairland (DGF) (MXS) (KUD) (DOT) (CYN) (RAM) (FND) Eluviated Black Larrett (LRT) Rego Black Hebbot Carroll (HEB) (CXF) LBs2 Orthic Dark Gray Dezwood Fifere Altamont Leary Vandal Firdale (DZW) (FFR) (ATN) (LRY) (VDL) (FIR) Eroded Dark Gray Pembina Nayler Luvisol (PBI) (NYO) Slopes Imperfect Gt, Gleyed Cumulic Levine (LEI) Complex Regosol (ERX) Gleyed Black Nikkei (NKK) Nowell Ullrich(ULH) Charman (NOW) (CXV) Gleyed Rego Ferris (FRS) Joyale (lyl) Capell (CXT) Prodan Black (PDA) LBs, Gleyed Dark Gray Zaplin (ZPI) Fresno (FSO) Tellier (TLI) Gleyed Solonetzic Dark Gray Zinman (ZIM) Poor Gtz Rego Humic Cazlake (CZK) Guerra (GRR) Tadpole Basker (BKR) Gleysol (TDP) LBs, Rego Humic Horose (HOS) Narish (NSH) Gleysol Humic Luvic Pouchal (POU) Watrine (WTI) Gleysol Terric Mesisol Perillo (PER)

34 Table 4. Parent Materials and Related Soils of the Study Area A. GLACIAL TILL 1. Soils developed on deep (> 100 cm) moderately to very strongly calcareous loamy (loam to clay loam) glacial till of shale, limestone and granitic origin. a) Well drained * Darlingford Series (Orthic Black) * Hebbot Series (Rego Black). * Dezwood Series (Orthic Dark Gray) * Pembina Series (Dark Gary Luvisol) b) Imperfectly drained * Ferris Series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) * Nikkei Series (Gleyed Black) * Zaplin Series (Gleyed Dark Gray) c) Poorly drained Map Symbol DGF HEB DZW PBI FRS NKK ZPI Ecoclimatic Region Gt2 GO LBs2 LBs,2 Gt2 GO LB;2 * Cazlake Series (Rego Humic Gleysol) * Horose Series (Rego Humic Gleysol) * Pouchal Series (Humic Luvic Gleysol), CZK GCZ HOS LB ; ;2 POU LBs2 2. Soils developed on non to weakly calcareous loamy, till deposits derived dominantly from cretaceous shales, these deposits may be underlain by weathered shale or shale bedrock within 1 to 1.5 m. a) Well drained * Manitou Series (Orthic Black) * Fifere Series (Orthic Dark Gray) * Nayler Series (Dark Gray Luvisol) b) Imperfectly drained * Nowell Series (Gleyed Black) * Fresno Series (Gleyed Dark Gray) B. LACUSTRINE OVER TILL 1. Soil developed on a thin veneer (25 to 90cm) of dominantly fine loamy, weakly to moderately calcareous lacustrine sediments overlying moderately to very strongly calcareous glacial till of shale, limestone and granitic origin. a) Well drained MXS FFR NYO NOW FSO Gt2 LBs2 LBs2 Gt2 LBs2 * Knudson Series (Orthic Black) KUD GR2 19

35 * Larrett Series (Eluviated Black) LRT Gt2 * Altamont Series (Orthic Dark Gray) ATN LBs2 b) Imperfectly drained * Joyale Series (Gleyed Rego Black) * Ullrich Series (Gleyed Black) * Tellier Series (Gleyed Dark Gray) * Zinman Series (Gleyed Solonetzic Dark Gray) c) Poorly drained * Guerra Series (Rego Humic Gleysol) * Narish Series (Rego Humic Gleysol) * Watrine Series (Humic Luvic Gleysol) JYL ULH TLI ZIM GRR NSH WTI Gt2 Gt2 LBs2 LBs2 Gt2 LBs2 LBs2 C. FLUVIAL DEPOSITS 1. Soils developed on deep (> 100 cm) moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified medium sand to gravelly fluvial outwash or beach deposits with shale, limestone and granitic fragments. a) Well drained * Leary (Orthic Dark Gray) * Dorset (Orthic Black) D. LACUSTRINE OVER FLUVIAL LRY DOT LBs2 Gt2 l. Soils developed on a thin mantle (25 to 90 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, loamy (L, SCL, SiCL, CL) sediments overlying moderately to strongly calcareous, sandy and gravelly deposits. a) Well drained * Croyon Series (Orthic Black) * Vandal Series (Orthic Dark Gray) b) Imperfectly drained * Capell Series (Gleyed Rego Black) E. LACUSTRINE 1. Soils developed on deep (> I m) strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL, SiCL, SCL) lacustrine sediments. a) Well drained * Ramada Series (Orthic Black) * Carroll Series (Rego Black) * Firdale Series (Orthic Dark Gray) CYN VDL CXT RAM CXF FIR Gt2 LBs2 Gt2 Gt2 Gt2 LBs2

36 b) Imperfectly drained * Charman Series (Gleyed Black) CXV GO * Prodan Series (Gleyed Rego Black) PDA GO c) Poorly drained * Tadpole Series (Rego Humic Gleysol) TDP GO 2. Soils developed on deep (> 1 m) strongly to very strongly calcareous, loamy (L, SiL, VFSL) lacustrine sediments. a) Well drained * Fairland Series (Orthic Black) FND GO F. ALLUVIUM Soils developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, dominantly loamy (VFSL, SL, L, SiL, SiCL, CL) recent alluvial deposits. a) Moderately well to well drained * Mowbray Series (Cumulic Regosol) MOW Gt2 b) Imperfectly drained * Levine Series (Gleyed Cumulic Regosol) LEI GO c) Poorly drained * Basker Series (Rego Humic Gleysol) BKR Gt2 G. ORGANIC 1. Organic soils developed on thin ( cm), moderately decomposed, mesic fen peat overlying stratified sediments. a) Poorly to very poorly drained * Perillo Series (Terric Mesisol) PER Gt2 H. UNDIFFERENTIATED 1. Soils developed on a complex of undifferentiated materials, with a wide range of properties and soil characteristics, adjacent to and including, valley walls, ravines, gullies and drainage channels. Eroded Slopes Complex ERX

37 Altamont Series (ATNl The Altamont series consists of well to moderately well drained Orthic Dark Gray soil developed on a mantle (25 to 100 cm) of weakly to moderately calcareous, uniform, fine loamy (L, CL, SiCL), lacustrine sediments over moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform fine loamy (L, SiL, CL) mixed till deposits. These soils occur in middle to upper slope positions of very gentle slopes on undulating landscapes. Surface runoff is moderate, permeability is moderate, water table is below 2 m during the growing season. Altamont soils are noneroded, nonstony and nonsaline. They have high available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and high natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie grasses interspersed with aspen-oak groves. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. The solum is approximately 60 cm thick with a dark gray Ap or Ah horizon, 5 to 15 cm thick ; a dark gray Ahe or AB horizon, 10 to 30 cm thick with rinsed ped surfaces ; a brown to pale brown Bra horizon, 10 to 25 cm thick ; a transition pale brown IIBC horizon 10 to 20 cm thick. Occasionally a white IICca horizon 4 to 6 cm thick is present. The parent material is typically pale brown to very pale brown strongly calcareous mixed till. Altamont soils occur in close association with Kingsley, Knudson and Tellier soils. Altamont soils were previously mapped as the dominant associate of the Altamont Association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Basker Series (BKR) The Basker series consists of poorly to very poorly drained Rego Humic Gleysol soil developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, loamy (FSL,VFSL,L,SiL,SiCL), recent alluvial deposits. These soils occur in depressional positions of nearly level slopes on floodplain landscapes ; surface runoff is very slow to ponded. Permeability is slow ; and the water table is at or near the surface during the growing season. Basker soils are nonstony, and occasionally slightly saline. They have a high available water holding capacity, and medium organic matter content. Native vegetation includes sedges, rushes and willows. The majority of these soils are currently in native vegetation because they are subject to flooding and saturated conditions in the spring. A representative profile of Basker soil is characterized by a light grayish brown Ahk horizon, 5 to 20 cm thick, with iron stains, and a stratified, olive brown Ckg horizon, with prominent iron mottles in the sandy strata. The profile also contains thin organic layers indicating former surfaces. Basker soils occur in close association with Levine soils. Basker soils were previously mapped as immature soils of the Neelin Association and Assiniboine Complex in the South-Central (1943) report. Carroll Series (CXF1 The Carroll series is a Rego Black soil developed on moderately well to well drained, strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL, SiCL), lacustrine deposits. These soils occur on very gently sloping to undulating topography, in association with Ramada, Charman, Prodan and Tadpole soils. Surface runoff is moderately slow, and permeability is moderate. Careful management is required to reduce wind and water erosion, especially in undulating topography. The Carroll soil profile has a very dark gray to black Ah or Ahk horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick; a dark gray ACk horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick and a Cca horizon of lime carbonate accumulation, 8 to 14 cm thick. The silty textured, pale brown Ck horizon is very erosive. This soil differs only slightly from the Ramada soil in not having a prominent Bm horizon. Carroll soils were previously mapped as the well drained associate of the Carrol Association in both the South-Central (1943) and Carberry (1957) soil reports. Capell Series (CXT) The Capell series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Black soil developed on a mantle (25 to 100 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, loamy (SiL, L, CL), lacustrine sediments over moderately to strongly calcareous, deep stratified, sandy to sandy-skeletal (GrS, GrLS), glaciofluvial deposits. These soils occur in lower slope positions of gentle to moderate slopes on hummocky landscapes and have moderate to rapid permeability, moderate surface runoff and a medium water table during the growing season. Capell soils are occasionally slightly saline. They have medium available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie and meadow grasses. The majority of these soils are currently 22

38 used for grain crop production. In a representative profile of Capell soil the solum is approximately 25 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a very dark gray to black Apk or Ahk horizon, 15 to 25 cm thick, a dark gray to gray, calcareous AC horizon, 5 to 15 cm thick, a light gray IICca horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick with secondary carbonate accumulation and a light yellowish brown IICk horizon with common, distinct iron mottles. Capell soils occur in close association with Croyon and Carvey soils. They are similar to Druxman soils by having the same sequence of parent materials and the same natural drainage but differ from Druxman soils because of a more weakly developed profile than that typical of Druxman soils. Capell soils were previously mapped as an imperfectly drained associate of the Agassiz and Marringhurst Associations in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Charman Series (CXV1 The Charman series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Black soil developed on strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL,SiCL,SCL), lacustrine sediments. In areas of seepage or groundwater discharge, soluble salts in the subsoil can be translocated near the surface in sufficient quantities to affect crop growth. These soils occur in middle positions of very gentle slopes on undulating landscapes and have moderately slow permeability, slow surface runoff, and a medium high water table during the growing season. Charman soils are noneroded, nonstony, and frequently slightly saline. They have a moderately high available water holding capacity, high organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native vegetation includes aspen, willows, shrubs and prairie grasses. The majority of these soils are currently cultivated for grain crop production. In a representative profile of Charman soil the solum is approximately 40 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a very dark gray to black Ah horizon, 15 to 25 cm thick, a dark grayish brown Bmgj horizon, 12 to 30 cm thick, a transitional BC horizon, 5 to 8 cm thick, and a pale brown, silty textured Ckgj horizon with iron mottles and frequently gypsum crystals. Charman soils occur in close association with Ramada, Prodan and Tadpole soils. They are similar to Prodan soils by having an imperfect drainage and fine loamy sediments but differ from them in having a Bmgj horizon. Charman soils were previously mapped as Black Meadow associates of the Carroll and Holland Associations in the South- Central (1943) soil report. Crovon Series (CYN) The Croyon series consists of moderately well to well drained Orthic Black soil developed on a mantle (25 to 100 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, uniform, loamy (L, SiL, CL) lacustrine sediments over moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, deep sandy-skeletal (GrS, GrLS), glacio-fluvial deposits. These soils occur in middle and upper slope positions of very gentle slopes on undulating landscapes ; surface runoff is moderately rapid. They have medium permeability in the upper loamy strata and rapid permeability in the coarser substrata. The water table is usually below 2 m during the growing season. Croyon soils have medium available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and high natural fertility. Native vegetation includes tall prairie grasses interspersed with aspen-oak groves. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. The solum is approximately 35 cm thick with a very dark gray Ah or Ap horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick ; a dark brown Bm horizon, 10 to 25 cm thick. It is underlain by a yellowish brown IICca horizon, 10 to 20 cm thick with secondary carbonate accumulation and a light yellowish brown IICk horizon. The parent material is typically stratified with thin (<5 cm) layers of SiL, CS, GrS and SL textures. Croyon soils occur in close association with Zarnet, Capell and Druxman soils. Croyon soils were previously mapped as loamy surface associates of the Marringhurst and Agassiz associations in the reconnaissance soil survey of Sou1h-Central Manitoba (1943). Crovon, Shalv Variant (CYNI) The Croyon series having a high proportion of shaly fragments in the coarse substrata. Cazlake $e_ries (CZK) The Cazlake series consists of poorly drained Rego Humic Gleysol soil developed on moderately to strongly calcareous (CL, L, SiCL), deep uniform till of mixed limestone, granite and shale origin. 23

39 These soils occur in level to depressional positions on gently to moderately sloping hummocky landscapes ; surface runoff is very slow to ponded. They have slow permeability. Water table is at the surface in the spring and within 1 m during the growing season. Cazlake soils are noneroded, slightly stony and may be slightly saline. They have a high available water holding capacity, high organic matter content, and low natural fertility. Native vegetation is sedges, cattails and reeds. The majority of these soils are currently in their natural state due to restricted drainage and high water tables. The solum is approximately 25 cm thick, with a black Ah or Ap horizon, 15 to 50 cm thick ; a light olive gray carbonated AC horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick. The C horizon is light gray with many prominent iron mottles. The surface also contains up to 40 cm of inwash due to soil erosion from upslope areas. Cazlake soils occur in close association with Darlingford, Nikkel and Ferris soils. They are similar to Horose soils by having the same soil development and parent. material, differing only in that Horose soils are associated with Dark Gray Chernozems. Cazlake soils were previously mapped as poorly drained associates of the Darlingford association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Darlingford Series (DGF) The Darlingford series consists ofwell drained Orthic Black soils developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, loamy (L,CL,SiCL), nearly stone-free mixed till deposits. These soils occur in middle to upper positions of very gentle to gentle slopes on undulating to rolling landscapes and have medium to moderately slow permeability, moderate surface runoff and a medium water table during the growing season. Darlingford soils are slightly eroded and slightly stony. They have moderate available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and high natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie grasses interspersed with aspen poplar stands. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. The solum is approximately 60 cm thick with a very dark gray Ap or Ah horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick ; a black Ah horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick ; a brown to dark brown Bm or Btj horizon, 20 to 30 cm thick. A pale brown Cca horizon 10 to 15 cm thick is usually present. The parent material is typically yellowish brown mixed till with few coarse fragments. Darlingford soils occur in close association with Dezwood, Nikkel and Cazlake soils. Darlingford soils were previously mapped as the dominant associate of the Darlingford association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Dorset Series (DOT) The Dorset series consists of moderately well to well drained Orthic Black soil developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, stratified, sandy to sandy skeletal (S,GrS,GrCS), outwash and glaciofluvial deposits. These soils occur in upper positions of gentle slopes on hummocky landscapes and have very rapid permeability, moderate to moderately rapid surface runoff, and a low water table during the growing season. Dorset soils are noneroded, nonstony, and nonsaline. They have a low available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native vegetation includes aspen-oak stands and tall prairie grasses. The majority of these soils are currently used for grazing or are excavated for gravel deposits. In a representative profile of Dorset soil the solum is approximately 30 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a very dark gray Ah horizon, 12 to 18 cm thick, a dark brown Bm horizon, 15 to 22 cm thick, a Cca horizon, 6 to 12 cm thick with lime accumulation and a light brown Ck horizon, with stratified sands and gravels. Dorset soils occur in close association with Mansfield soils. They are similar to Marringhurst soils by having well drained profile in glaciofluvial deposits but differ from them in having a Bm horizon. Dorset soils were previously mapped as Blackearth associates of the Marringhurst Association in the South-Central (1943) soil report. Dorset._Shariant (DOTl) The same as the Dorset Series described above but with a high proportion of shale derived fragments in the gravel. The high shale content of these resources is unfavorable and limits potential end uses. Dezwood.Series_ 1DZW1 The Dezwood series consists of moderately well to well drained Orthic Dark Gray soil 24

40 developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, loamy (L, CL, SiCL) mixed shale, limestone and granite till deposits. These soils occur in middle and upper positions of gentle to moderate slopes on hummocky landscapes ; surface runoff is moderate to rapid. They have medium to moderately slow permeability and a medium water table during the growing season. Dezwood soils are slightly eroded and slightly stony. They have medium available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and medium to high natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie grasses interspersed with aspen-poplar groves. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. The solum is approximately 40 cm thick with a dark grayish brown Ah or Ap horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick ; occasionally a thin light gray.ae horizon, 2 to 4 cm thick ; a pale brown Bt horizon, 20 to 40 cm thick. A light gray Cca horizon 15 to 30 cm thick is usually present. The parent material is typically light gray mixed till with few coarse fragments. Dezwood soils occur in close association with Ferris, Zaplin and Nikkel soils. Dezwood soils were previously mapped as gray black associates of the Pembina Association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Eroded Slopes Complex (ERX) The Eroded Slopes Complex has been used to classify steeply sloping, generally well drained landforms that have complex soil development on materials that are variable in composition and have been influenced by mass wasting processes such as slump, creep and erosion. In the study area the materials are dominantly loam to clay loam glacial till, shale bedrock, till over shale bedrock and colluvium, but may include some minor areas of fluvial gravels, sand or clay. Shale bedrock is often exposed at the mid to lower slopes. The Eroded Slopes Complex includes the valley walls or eroded slopes of river valleys (Pembina Valley), incised stream channels and ravines that have down-cut through the glacial till and shale deposits. Active erosion and slump areas are common. Every attempt should be made to maintain a vegetative cover on the steep slopes for the conservation of water, soil and wildlife as well as for scenic and recreational value. The Fifere series consists of well drained Orthic Dark Gray soil developed on weakly calcareous to neutral, shallow, uniform, fine loamy and fine silty (SiL, L, CL) till derived fi~om shale bedrock. These soils occur in upper positions of gentle to moderate slopes on hummocky and ridged landscapes and have moderate permeability moderate to rapid surface runoff and a low water table during the growing season. Fifere soils are subject to erosion. They have low available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes oak, aspen-poplar and shrubs. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. In a representative profile of Fifere soil the solum is approximately 70 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a gray brown Ap or Ah horizon, 15 to 18 cm thick, a light brownish gray Bt horizon, 25 to 35 cm thick and a light grayish brown transitional BC horizon, 10 to 30 cm thick. The parent material is typically light grayish brown non-calcareous shale till. A typical profile also contains numerous shale fragments of various size throughout.. Fifere soils occur in close association with Manitou, Nayler and Fresno soils. They are similar to Nayler soils by having a profile developed in well drained, non-calcareous shale till but differ from Nayler soils because of the absence of an Ae horizon greater than 5 cm in thickness. Fifere soils were previously mapped as associates of the Manitou association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Frdale Series MR) The Firdale series consists of mode-ately well to well drained Orthic Dark Gray soil developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, fine loamy (CL,SiCL,SCL), lacustrine sediments. These soils occur in upper positions of gentle to moderate slopes on undulating and dissected landscapes and have moderate to moderately slow permeability, moderate to rapid surface runoff, and a low water table during the growing season. Firdale soils are often moderately eroded, nonstony, and nonsaline. 'They have medium available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and high natural fertility. Native vegetation includes aspen, oak and prairie grasses. The majority of these soils are, currently cultivated for grain crop production. Frere Series (FFR) In a representative profile of the Firdale soil 25

41 the solum is approximately 60 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a dark gray Ap horizon, 20 to 30 cm thick, a yellowish Bt horizon, 30 to 45 cm thick with clay accumulation, a Cca horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick, and a calcareous Ck horizon. Firdale soils occur in close association with Danlin and Tadpole soils. They are similar to Halstead soils by having a well drained Orthic Dark Gray profile but differ from them in having fine loamy rather than coarse loamy deposits. Firdale soils were previously mapped as Degraded Black associates of the Carroll Association in the South- Central (1943) soil report. Fairland Series ~ The Fairland series consists of moderately well to well drained Orthic Black soil developed on strongly to very strongly calcareous, deep, stratified, loamy (VFSL,L,SiL), lacustrine sediments. These soils occur in upper positions of gentle slopes on rolling landscapes and have moderate permeability, moderate surface runoff, and a low water table during the growing season. Fairland soils are often slightly eroded, and usually nonstony, and nonsaline. They have a medium available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and high natural fertility. Native vegetation includes aspen, oak, shrubs and prairie grasses. The majority of these soils are currently cultivated for grain crop production. In a representative profile of Fairland soil the solum is approximately 25 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a very dark gray to very dark grayish brown Ap horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick, a brown to dark brown Bin horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick, a pale brown BC horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick with carbonates and a light gray Cca horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick, with lime accumulation. The parent material is typically very pale brown and calcareous. Fairland soils occur in close association with Torcan, Taggart and Vordas soils. They are similar to Torcan soils by having a well developed profile in loamy sediments but differ from them in having a strongly developed Bm horizon lacking gleying. Fairland soils are lighter in texture than the very similar Ramada soils. Fairland soils were previously mapped as Blackearth associates of the Carroll (Loam) Association in the South-Central (1943) soil report. Ferris Series_ (FRS) The Ferris series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Black soil developed on moderately to strongly calcareous deep, uniform, fine loamy and fine silty, slightly stony, mixed till deposits. These soils occur in lower positions of very gentle slopes on undulating landscape and have moderately slow permeability slow surface runoff and a medium water table during the growing season. Ferris soils are noneroded, nonstony and slightly saline. They have high available water holding capacity, high organic matter content, and high natural fertility. In a representative profile of Ferris soil the solum is approximately 30 cm thick. The profile is characterized by black, carbonated Ap horizon, 25 to 35 cm thick, a dark gray, transitional AC horizon, 15 to 30 cm thick with iron mottles, and a light gray to pale yellow Cca horizon 10 to 15 cm thick with lime accumulation. The parent material is typically light yellowish brown mixed till with iron mottles. Ferris soils occur in close association with Zaplin and Nikkel soils. They are similar to Joyale soils by having a Gleyed Rego Black profile and mixed till at depth but differ because of a fine loamy lacustrine veneer (30 to 90 cm thick) overlying the mixed till. Ferris soils were previously mapped as imperfectly drained blackearth associates of the Pembina association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Fresno Series (FSO) The Fresno series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Dark Gray soil developed on weakly calcareous to neutral, shallow uniform, fine loamy and fine silty (SiL, L, CL), till derived from shale bedrock. These soils occur in lower slope positions of gentle to moderate slopes on hummocky and ridged landscapes and have moderate permeability, moderately slow surface runoff and a high water table during the growing season. They have medium available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie and meadow grasses. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. In a representative profile of Fresno soil the solum is approximately 70 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a grayish brown Ap or Ah horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick, an Ahe or transitional AB horizon, 15 to 25 cm thick with rinsed perl surfaces, a light grayish brown Bm or Bt horizon, 25 to 35 26

42 cm thick with a few, fine, faint iron mottles and a light grayish brown transitional BC horizon 10 to 20 cm thick with a few, fine faint iron mottles. The parent material is typically light grayish brown, non-calcareous shale till with medium distinct mottles. Fresno soils occur in close association with Nayler and Fifere soils. They are similar to Zaplin soils by having an imperfectly drained Gleyed Dark Gray profile but differ from them in having a much higher content of shale bedrock derived material in their parent material. Fresno soils were previously mapped as imperfectly drained associates of the Manitou association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Guerra Series _IGRR1 The Guerra series consists of poorly drained Rego Humic Gleysol soil developed on a mantle (35 to 100 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, uniform, fine loamy (CL, L, SiCL), lacustrine deposits over moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, fine loamy (CL, L, SiC L), mixed till deposits. These soils occur in level to depressional positions of very gentle slopes on hummocky landscapes and have slow permeability very slow surface runoff and a high water table during the growing season. Guerra soils are occasionally slightly saline. They have a medium available water holding capacity, high organic matter content, and low natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes sedges, rushes and willows. The majority of these soils are currently used for natural grazing. In a representative profile of Guerra soil the solum is approximately 25 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a black Ah or Ahk horizon, 15 to 30 cm thick, a very dark gray transitional AC horizon, 5 to 15 cm thick with many prominent iron mottles, and a dark olive gray Ck horizon with many prominent iron mottles. The parent material is relatively free of coarse fragments. Guerra soils occur in close association with Knudson, Joyale and Ullrich soils. They are similar to Narish soils by having a Rego Humic Gleysol profile developed in mixed calcareous till but differ from Narish soils because Narish profiles are associated with Dark Gray soils while Guerra profiles are associated with Black soils. Guerra soils were previously mapped as the poorly drained blackearth associate of the Altamont association, in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Hebbot Series QEB) The Hebbot series consists of well drained Rego Black soil developed on strongly to very strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, loamy (L,CL,SiCL), glacial till deposits derived from limestone, granite and shale. These soils occur in upper and crest positions of moderate to strong slopes on hummocky landscapes and have moderate to moderately rapid permeability, moderate surface runoff, and a low water table during the: growing season. Hebbot soils are severely water eroded, slightly stony, and nonsaline. They have a medium available water holding capacity, low organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native vegetation includes scrub oak, aspen, shrubs and prairie grasses. The majority of these soils are currently cultivated for grain and forage production. In a representative profile of Hebbot soil much of the solum is eroded. The profile is characterized by a dark gray to very dark gray Ah horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick, a brown to pale brown Cca horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick, and a yellowish brown Cl: horizon. Hebbot soils occur in close association with Darlingford, Nikkel and Cazlake soils. They are similar to Darlingford soils by having a well drained profile in loamy till but differ from them in having no Bm horizon. Hebbot soils were previously mapped as Blackearth, shallow phase associates of the Darlingford Association in the South-Central (1943) soil report. Horose Series (HOS) The Horose series consists of poorly drained Rego Humic Gleysol soil developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, fine loamy and coarse loamy (L, CL, SICL) mixed till of limestone, granite and shale origin. These soils occur in level to depressional positions of moderate slopes on hummocky landscapes and have very slow permeability, very slow surface runoff and a high water table during the growing season. Horose soils are noneroded, slightly stony and slighlay saline. They have medium available water holding capacity, high organic matter content, and low natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes sedges, reeds and willows. The majority of these soils are currently under natural conditions. In a representative profile of Horose soil the solum is approximately 25 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a black Ah or Ahk horizon, 20 to 27

43 35 cm thick, a light olive brown AC horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick, and a light yellowish brown Ck horizon with many, large, prominent iron mottles. A typical profile also contains a Cca horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick below the AC horizon. Horose soils occur in close association with Dezwood, Pembina and Zaplin soils. They are similar to Cazlake soils by having the same Rego Humic Gleysol profile development and poor drainage but differ from Cazlake soils because the Horose series is associated with Dark Gray soils while the Cazlake series is associated with Black soils. Horose soils were previously mapped as poorly drained associates of the Pembina association, in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). loyale Series (JYL) The Joyale series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Black soil developed on a mantle (25 to 100 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, uniform, fine loamy (L, CL, SICL), lacustrine deposits over moderately to very strongly calcareous, deep uniform, fine loamy (CL, SICL), mixed till deposits. These soils occur in lower slope positions of very gentle slopes on undulating landscapes and have moderate permeability, slow surface runoff and a medium water table during the growing season. Joyale soils are usually slightly saline. They have a medium available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie and meadow grasses. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. In a representative profile of Joyale soil the solum is approximately 25 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a very dark gray to black Apk or Ahk horizon, 15 to 25 cm thick, a light gray Cca or AC horizon, 5 to 15 cm thick with distinct iron mottles, and a very pale brown IICk horizon with many prominent iron mottles. A typical profile also contains a thin pebble line at the lacustrine/till contact. Joyale soils occur in close association with Knudson, Ullrich and Guerra soils. They are similar to Prodan soils by having a Gleyed Rego Black profile developed dominantly in imperfectly drained fine loamy deposits but differ from Prodan soils because of the presence of a compact till substrate within a meter of the mineral surface. Joyale soils were previously mapped as minor, imperfectly drained blackearth associates of the Altamont association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Knudson Series (KUD) The Knudson series consists of moderately well to well drained Orthic Black soil developed on a shallow mantle (30 to 100 cm) of weakly to moderately calcareous thin, uniform, fine loamy to clayey, glaciolacustrine deposits, over moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, fine loamy to fine silty mixed till deposits. These soils occur in middle positions of very gentle slopes on undulating landscape and have medium permeability, moderate surface runoff and a medium water table during the growing season. Knudson soils have moderate available water holding capacity, moderate organic matter content, and high natural fertility. In a representative profile of Knudson soil the solum is approximately 60 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a black Ap horizon, 15 to 25 cm thick, with a brown to grayish brown Bin horizon 8 to 12 cm thick with medium subangular blocky structure, a very pale brown Cca horizon 6 to 10 cm thick, and a yellowish brown IICk horizon. A typical profile also contains a thin pebble line at the lacustrine-till interface. Knudson soils occur in close association with Joyale and Guerra soils. They are similar to Darlingford soils by having similar profile characteristics but differ from them in having a thin mantle of fine loamy to clayey glaciolacustrine deposits overlying glacial till. Knudson soils were previously mapped as blackearth associates of the Altamont association in 'the reconnaissance soil survey of South -Central Manitoba (1943). Levine Series (LEI) The Levine series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Cumulic Regosol soil developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, stratified, coarse loamy to fine loamy (VFSL, L, CL) recent alluvial deposits. These soils occur in floodplains on level slopes in level landscapes. They have rapid permeability, moderately slow surface runoff and a medium water table during the growing season. Levine soils are occasionally slightly saline and are subject to periodic inundation during spring runoff or after heavy rains. They have a moderate to low available water holding capacity, low organic matter content and medium natural fertility. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop 28

44 production. In a representative profile of Levine soil the solum is approximately 15 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a dark gray Apk or Ahk horizon 10 to 20 cm thick and a light yellowish brown Ck horizon. The underlying strata may vary in colour from light to dark. The thin dark colored mineral and organic layers are former surface horizons that have been exposed to soil forming processes for a significant period before burial by alluvial deposits. Medium, distinct yellowish brown iron mottles occur throughout the soil. Levine soils were previously mapped as inclusions of the Eroded Slopes Complex and Assiniboine Complex in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Larrett Series (LRZ1 The Larrett series consists of well to moderately well drained Eluviated Black soil developed on a mantle (25 to 100 cm) of weakly to moderately calcareous, uniform, fine loamy (L, CL, SiCL), lacustrine sediments over moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform fine loamy (L, SiL, CL) mixed till deposits. These soils occur in middle to upper slope positions of very gentle slopes on undulating landscapes ; surface runoff is moderate. Permeability is moderate ; water table is below 2 m during the growing season. Larrett soils are noneroded, nonstony and nonsaline. They have high available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and high natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie grasses interspersed with aspen-oak groves. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. The solum is approximately 60 cm thick with a dark gray Ap or Ah horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick; an eluvial gray Ae horizon, 2 to 5 cm thick with rinsed ped surfaces ; a brown to pale brown Bt horizon, 10 to 25 cm thick ; a transition pale brown IIBC horizon 10 to 20 cm thick. Occasionally a white IICca horizon 4 to 6 cm thick is present. The parent material is typically pale brown to very pale brown strongly calcareous mixed till. Larrett soils occur in close association with Kingsley, Knudson and Tellier soils. Larrett soils were previously mapped as an associate of the Altamont Association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Leary_ SeriesL_R_Y3 The Leary series consists of well to rapidly drained Orthic Dark Gray soil developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, stratified, sandy (S,CS) to sandy-skeletal (GrS, Gr), glaciofluvial deposits. These soils occur in middle to upper slope positions of moderate slopes on hummocky landscapes and have very rapid permeability, moderate surface runoff and a low water table during the growing season. Leary soils are often slightly eroded, slightly stony and nonsaline. They have low available water holding capacity, low orgaraic matter content, and low natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes forests of dominantly burr oak. The majority of these soils are currently excavated for road construction and the aggregate industry. In a representative profile of Leaqr soil the solum is approximately 50 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a dark gray Ah or Ap horizon, 10 to 20 cm thick, a dark brown Bt or Btj horizon, 5 to 20 cm thick, a brown transitional BC horizon, 15 to 30 cm thick and a light yellowish brown Ck horizon with thin layers of coarse sand, fine sand and gravel. Leary soils are similar to Vandal soils by having an Orthic Dark Gray soil profile but differ from Vandal soils by not having a loamy overlay on the sand and gravel deposits. Leary soils were previously mapped as the Degraded Black associates of the Leary Association in the South-Central Manitoba (1943) soil report. Leary, Shalv Variant (LRY1) The same as the Leary Series but with a high proportion of shaly fragments in the sand and gravel. Mowbray_ Series (MOW) The Mowbray series consists of a well drained, Cumulic Regosol soil developed on deep, moderately to strongly calcareous, loamy (L, SiL, CL, SiCL) recent alluvial sediments. These deposits are stratified and contain dark colored bands of former Ah horizons in the profile. The soils are located in upper terrace and floodplain areas that have been inundated during years of high floodwaters. They occur in association with die Levine and Basker soils. Topography is very gently to moderately sloping, runoff is moderate and permeability is moderate. The soil is characterized by a dark gray to gray surface horizon (Ah or Ap) 8 to 20 cm thick and a

45 lighter colored (C) substratum with dark bands consisting of former organic layers or buried Ah horizons. These soils may exhibit weak profile development. Mowbray soils occur in close association with the Levine and Basker series. The were previously mapped as the well drained, immature soils of the Neelin Association and Assiniboine Complex in the South-Central (1943) soil report. Mowbray, Shalv Variant (MOWl) The same as the normal Mowbray series but with a high percentage of shale derived fragments in the control section. ManitouSeries (MXS) The Manitou series consists of well drained Orthic Black soil developed on weakly calcareous to neutral, deep, uniform, loamy and fine loamy (CL, L, SiCL) glacial till derived predominantly from shale bedrock deposits. These soils occur in middle and upper positions of very gentle slopes on undulating landscapes and have medium permeability, moderate surface runoff and a medium water table during the growing season. Manitou soils are slightly eroded and nonstony. They have medium available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie grasses interspersed with aspen-oak groves. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. In a representative profile of Manitou soil the solum is approximately 75 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a very dark gray Ap or Ah horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick, with fine shale flakes, a dark gray Bm horizon, 20 to 60 cm thick and a transitional BC horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick. The parent material is typically light gray non-calcareous till derived from shale. Manitou soils occur in close association with Fifere and Darlingford soils. They are similar to Fifere soils by having shale till parent material but differ from Fifere soils because of a relatively darker surface color and lack of Bt horizon. Manitou soils were previously mapped as the dominant associate of the Manitou association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Nikkei Series (NKK) The Nikkel series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Black soil developed on moderately to strongly calcareous deep, uniform, fine loamy and coarse loamy (L, CL, SICL), mixed till deposits of granite, limestone and shale origin. These soils occur in lower slope positions of gentle slopes on hummocky landscapes and have moderate permeability, moderately slow surface runoff and a medium water table during the growing season. Nikkel soils are noneroded, slightly stony and occasionally slightly saline. They have a medium available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie and meadow grasses. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. In a representative profile of Nikkel soil the solum is approximately 45 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a black Ap or Ah horizon, 20 to 25 cm thick, a dark grayish brown Bin. horizon, 5 to 15 cm thick with many, faint, fine iron mottles, a light gray Cca horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick of lime accumulation and a pale brown Ck horizon with many, fine, distinct iron mottles. The parent material is typically relatively stone free. Nikkel soils occur in close association with Darlingford, Ferris and Cazlake soils. They are similar to Ullrich soils by having Gleyed Black profile and a fine-loamy till substrate but differ from them in not having 25 to 100 cm of lacustrine veneer overlying the till substrate. Nikkel soils were previously mapped as imperfectly drained blackearth associates of the Darlingford association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Nowell Series (NOMI The Nowell series is characterized by a Gleyed Black solum, imperfect soil drainage, and materials of non to weakly calcareous fine loamy morainal deposits that are derived dominantly from Cretaceous shales. These deposits are usually shallow and are underlain by shale bedrock at depths commonly within 2 m. They occur in association with other Black soils in the Manitou Plain and in transitional areas to the Pembina Hills, mainly in the mid to lower slopes of very gently sloping, undulating landscapes ; runoff is moderately slow. Permeability is moderate to moderately slow and may be restricted in areas where the bedrock may be nearer the surface. Most of these soils are under cultivation. 30

46 The solum has a very dark gray to black Ap and Ah horizon 20 to 30 cm thick ; a dark gray to grayish brown Bin horizon 15 to 20 cm thick with distinct mottles ; and a transitional BC horizon 10 to 15 cm thick. The C horizon is weakly mottled and variable in carbonate content ; depth to carbonates varies from 60 cm to greater that 100 cm. Nowell soils occur in association with the Fifere and Manitou soils. The Nowell soils were previously mapped as the intermediately drained Blackearth associates of the Manitou Association in the South-Central (1943) soil report. Narish Series (NSM The Narish series consists of poorly drained Rego Humic Gleysol soil developed on a mantle (25 to 100 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, uniform, fine loamy (CL, L, SICL), lacustrine deposits over moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, fine loamy (CL, L, SICL), mixed till deposits. These soils occur in level to depressional positions of very gentle slopes on hummocky landscapes and have slow permeability, very slow surface runoff and a high water table during the growing season. In a representative profile of the Narish soil the solum is approximately 25 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a black Ah or Ahk horizon, 15 to 30 cm thick, a very dark gray transitional AC horizon, 5 to 15 cm thick with many, fine, prominent iron mottles, and a dark olive gray C horizon with many, fine prominent, iron mottles. The parent material is typically relatively free of coarse fragments. Narish soils occur in close association with Altamont and Tellier soils. Narish soils are virtually the same as Guerra soils differing from them only because they occur in close association with Dark Gray soils found in locally cooler soil climate areas. Narish soils were previously mapped as poorly drained minor associates of the Altamont association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Nayler Series (NYO) The Nayler series consists of well to rapidly drained Orthic Dark Gray Luvisol soil developed on weakly calcareous to neutral, uniform, deep, loamy (SiCL, L, CL), glacial till of shale bedrock origin. These soils occur in upper slope and crest positions of gentle to moderate slopes on hummocky to ridged landscapes and have rapid permeability rapid surface runoff and a low water table during the growing season. Nayler soils are slightly eroded, slightly stony and nonsaline. They have a low available water holding capacity, low organic matter content, and low natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes forests of burr oak and aspen poplar. The majority of these soils are currently used for improved pasture and forage crop production. In a representative profile of Nayler soil the solum is approximately 90 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a gray brown Ap or Ah horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick, a light yellowish brown Ae horizon, 5 to 30 cm thick with fine, platy structure, a light yellowish gray Bt horizon 20 to 60 cm thick with thin clay skins and a yellowish brown non-calcareous C horizon. The parent material is typically composed of gray shaly till containing weathered Odanah shale fragments. Nayler soils occur in close association with Fifere and Fresno soils. They are similar to Fifere soils by having well drained profiles developed in non-calcareous shale till but differ from Fifere soils by possessing Ae horizons below their Ap or Ahe horizons at least 5 cm thick. Nayler soils were previously mapped as gray-wooded associates of the Manitou association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Pembina Series (PB11) The Pembina series consists of moderately well to well drained Dark Gray Luvisol soil developed on moderately to very strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, loamy, mixed till deposits. These soils occur in middle to upper positions of moderate to strong slopes on hummocky landscapes and have moderate permeability, rapid surface runoff and a low water table during the growing season. Pembina soils are moderately to severely eroded in upper slope positions, slightly stony and nonsaline. They have high available water holding capacity, moderate organic matter content and moderate natural fertility. In a representative profile of Pembina soil the solum is approximately 50 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a dark grayish brown Ah or Ap horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick, a light gray Ae horizon, 5 to 8 cm thick with platy structure, a brown to pale brown, clay loam to silty clay textured Bt horizon 15 to 30 cm thick and a white Cca horizon of lime accumulation. Pembina soils occur in close association with 31

47 Dezwood and Darlingford soils. They are similar to Poyser soils by having a luvisolic profile developed in mixed till but differ from them because of an Ah or Ahe horizon more than 5 cm thick in undisturbed profiles. Pembina soils were previously mapped as the dominant well drained, wooded associate of the Pembina association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Perill Series (PER) The Perillo series consists of very poorly drained Terric Mesisol soil developed on a mantle (40 to 160 cm) of moderately decomposed organic material composed of fen peat over moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, loamy (L, SiL, VFSL), lacustrine sediments. These soils occur in depressional positions of nearly level slopes on rolling to hummocky landscapes and have slow permeability, very slow surface runoff and a very high water table during the growing season. Perillo soils are occasionally slightly saline. They have a high available water holding capacity, very high organic matter content, and low natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes sedges, reeds, and clumps of willow or swamp birch. The majority of these soils are currently used for natural grazing. In a representative profile of Perillo soil the solum is approximately 50 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a black Oh horizon, 5 to 15 cm thick, a black Om horizon, 20 to 45 cm thick, a black Ah horizon, 15 to 25 cm thick, with a few large iron mottles and a light brownish gray AC horizon 10 to 25 cm thick with many large prominent iron mottles. The mineral soil parent material is typically light gray in color with numerous prominent mottles and manganese concretions. A typical profile also contains snail shells on the surface and throughout the profile. Perillo soils occur in association with sloughs, lakes and areas of restricted drainage. They are similar to Tadpole peaty phase soils but differ from them in having an organic surface horizon greater than 40 cm thick overlying the mineral soil substrate. Perillo soils were previously mapped as shallow peat and muck inclusions of many soil associations or organic deposits in the reconnaissance soil survey of the South-Central (1943). Prodan Series (PDA) The Prodan series is a Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated soil developed on imperfectly drained, strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL, SiCL,SCL), lacustrine sediments. These soils occur in middle positions of very gentle slopes on undulating landscapes and have moderate to moderately slow permeability, moderately slow surface runoff, and a high water table during the growing season. Prodan soils are noneroded, nonstony, and frequently slightly saline. They have a high available water holding capacity, high organic matter content, and high natural fertility. Native vegetation includes prairie-meadow grasses, tall prairie grasses and mixed shrubs. The majority of these soils are currently cultivated for grain crop production. In a representative profile of Prodan soil the solum is approximately 25 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a very dark gray Ah horizon, 18 to 25 cm thick, a dark gray to gray AC horizon, 8 to 15 cm thick with moderate calcareousness, a Cca horizon, 5 to 8 cm thick and a light brownish gray Ckgj horizon with yellowish brown mottles. Prodan soils occur in close association with Ramada, Charman and Tadpole soils. They are similar to Charman soils by having imperfect drainage and loamy sediments but differ from them in having no prominent Bmgj horizon. Prodan soils were previously mapped as Calcareous Black Meadow associates of the Carroll and Holland Associations in the South-Central (1943) soil report. Pouchal Ser_ies(FOUI The Pouchal series is characterized by a Humic Luvic Gleysol profile developed under poorly drained conditions on moderately to very strongly calcareous loamy (loam to clay loam) glacial till of shale, limestone and granitic origin. The soils occur in depressional positions of undulating to hummocky landscapes in association with Dark Gray Chernozem (Dezwood) and Gray Luvisolic (Pembina) soils. A variable depth of inwash material is usually present in the surface due to erosion from the upper slopes, particularly in cultivated areas. Runoff is negligible except when drainage has been improved ; permeability is moderately slow. These soils are saturated for most of the spring and early summer. Vegetation consists of sedges and rings of willows. Many areas have been cleared and cultivated at one time, but now are used for hay or pasture. The Pouchal soil has a Dark Gray Ah (Ap) horizon 10 to 15 cm thick, a gray to light gray loam Aeg horizon 5 to 8 cm thick, a clay Btg 25 to 35 cm thick, and a thin transitional BC to the parent till material. 32

48 Pouchal soils occur in close association with Dezwood, Zaplin and Horose soils. They were previously mapped as the poorly drained degraded meadow soil of the Pembina Association in the South-Central (1943) soil report. Ramada Series1RA11_~ The Ra,mada series consists of well to moderately well drained Orthic Black soil developed on strongly to very strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, fine loamy (CL,SiCL,SCL), lacustrine sediments. These soils occur in middle and upper positions of very gentle slopes on undulating landscapes and have moderate to moderately slow permeability, moderately rapid surface runoff, and a low water table during the growing season. Ramada soils are occasionally slightly eroded and are nonstony and nonsaline. They have a medium available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and high natural fertility. Native vegetation includes prairie grasses, aspen, oak and shrubs. The majority of these soils are currently cultivated for grain crop production. In a representative profile of Ra.mada soil the solum is approximately 30 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a very dark gray Ap horizon, 10 to 20 cm thick, a dark grayish brown to brown Bin horizon, 8 to 12 cm thick, a BC horizon, 6 to 10 cm thick with weak calcareousness and a pale brown to light yellowish brown Ck horizon. Ramada soils occur in close association with Carroll, Charman and Prodan soils. They are similar to Charman soils by having a well developed profile in fine loamy sediments but differ from them in having a prominent Bin horizon as opposed to a Bmgj horizon in the imperfectly drained Charman soils. Ramada soils were previously mapped as Blackearth associates of the Carroll and Holland Associations in the South-Central (1943) soil report. Tadpole Series (MP) The Tadpole series is a Rego Humic Gleysol, developed on poorly drained, strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL, SiCL), lacustrine sediments. These soils occur in level to depressional positions ofgently sloping to undulating topography in association with Carroll, Firdale, Charman and Danlin soils. Surface runoff is very slow and permeability is restricted. Free water occurs at or near the surface for a considerable part of the year. In areas where seepage water contains appreciable soluble salt, a sufficient salt accumulation can occur to inhibit or retard the growth of normal hydrophytic vegetation. The Tadpole soil profile has a moderately decomposed organic layer, 2 to 6 cm thick; a very dark gray Ah horizon, 10 to 18 cm thick ; a dark gray ACk horizon, 4 to 6 cm thick ; a Ccag, horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick, and an olive to olive gray Ckg horizon with distinct yellowish brown mottles. In areas affected by salts, white pseudomycelia of gypsum are common in the surface horizons. Tadpole soils are finer textured and less permeable than the very similar and increasingly more coarse textured Vordas, Poolex and sandy Mockry and Sewell soils. The similar Carvey soils have coarser textured sandy to gravelly subsurface layers that are much more rapidly permeable than the Tadpole soils. Tadpole soils are similar to the Guerra soils except they do not have a till substrate as does Guerra. They were mapped as tl7e poorly drained meadow associate of the Carroll Association in the South-Central (1943) soil report. Tellier Series (TLD The Tellier series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Dark Gray soil developed on a mantle (25 to 100 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, uniform, fine loamy (L, CL, SICL), lacustrine deposits over moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform fine loamy (CL, L, SICL) mixed till deposits. These soils occur in lower slope positions of very gentle slopes on undulating landscapes and have moderate penneability, moderate surface runoff and a medium water table during the growing season. Tellier soils have medium available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie and meadow grasses. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. In a representative profile of the Tellier soil the solum is approximately 45 cm thick. The profile is characterized by dark gray Ap or Ah horizon, 10 to 20 cm thick, a very dark brown Bt or Btj horizon, 20 to 30 cm thick with a few fine faint iron mottles, a grayish brown, carbonated, transitional IIBC horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick and a dark yellowish brown IICk horizon with common, distinct., fine iron mottles. Tellier soils occur in close association with Altamont and Narish soils. Tellier soils were previously mapped as minor imperfectly drained 33

49 associates of the Altamont association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Ullrich S~ries (UL1ED The Ullrich series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Black soil developed on a mantle (25 to 100cm) of moderately to a strongly calcareous, uniform, fine loamy (L,CL,SiCL), lacustrine deposits over moderately to. strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, fine loamy (L,CL), mixed till deposits. These soils occur in middle to lower slope positions of very gentle slopes on undulating landscapes and have moderate permeability, moderately slow surface runoff and a medium water table during the growing season. Ullrich soils have medium available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie grasses interspersed by aspen-oak groves. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. In a representative profile of Ullrich soil the solum is approximately 35 cm thick. The profile is characterized by black to very dark gray Ap or Ah horizon, 10 to 20 cm thick, a very dark brown Bin horizon, 10 to 20 cm thick with fine, faint iron mottles, a transitional dark brown IIBC horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick and a grayish brown IICk horizon with common distinct, iron mottles. Ullrich soils occur in close association with Knudson, Joyale and Guerra soils. They are similar to Nikkei soils by having an imperfectly drained Gleyed Black profile and a fine loamy till substrate. However, they differ from Nikkei soils in having a loamy textured lacustrine mantle overlying glacial till. Ullrich soils were previously mapped as imperfectly drained associates of the Altamont association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Vandal Series "Ll The Vandal series consists of well drained Orthic Dark Gray soil developed on a thin mantle (30 to 100cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, loamy (SiL, L, CL), lacustrine deposits over moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, stratified, sandy skeletal (GrS, LGrS) glaciofluvial deposits. These soils occur in middle and upper positions of very gentle to moderate slopes on hummocky landscapes and have moderate over rapid permeability, moderate surface runoff and a low water table during the growing season. Vandal soils have low available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie grasses, aspen, poplar and scrub oak. The majority of these soils are currently used for mixed farming, but where gravel deposits are sufficiently deep they have been mined as a source for gravel. In a representative profile of Vandal soil the solum is approximately 45 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a very dark grayish brown Ap or Ah horizon, 10 to 18 cm thick, a grayish brown Bt or Btj horizon, 20 to 35 cm thick, a yellowish brown IICca horizon, 10 to 20 cm thick with numerous coarse fragments and a brown to light brown IICk horizon with mixed shale, limestone and granite gravel. The parent material is typically stratified with very gravelly and coarse sand layers (8 to 10 cm). A typical profile also contains thin (< 2 cm) lenses of silt loam to very fine sandy loam at depth. Vandal soils occur in close association with Croyon and Capell soils. They are similar to Altamont soils by having an Orthic Dark Gray profile developed mostly in loamy deposits but differ from them in having a sandy and gravelly substrate rather than a fine loamy glacial till substrate. Vandal soils were previously mapped as a minor associate of the Leary Association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Watrine Series (WTIl The Watrine series is characterized by a Humic Luvic Gleysol solum, poor soil drainage and a thin veneer (up to 90 cm) moderately to strongly calcareous fine loamy (L-CL) lacustrine or fluvial lacustrinesediments overlying moderately to strongly calcareous glacial till of shale, limestone and granitic origin. The soils occur in depressional positions of undulating landscapes in association with the Dark Gray and Luvisolic, Altamont and Kingsley soils. Some inwash material is usually present at the surface due to erosion from upper slopes, particularly in cultivated areas. Runoff is negligible except when the surface drainage has been improved. Permeability is moderately slow. The solum has a dark gray loam Ah or Ahe horizon 8 to 12 cm thick, a gray to light gray loam Aeg horizon 5 to 8 cm thick, a clay loam to clay Btg horizon 25 to 35 cm thick, and a variable transitional BC horizon commonly extending to the 34

50 till contact within a meter. The inwash material above the Ah is variable, but commonly less then 15 cm. The Watrine soils were previously mapped as the poorly drained, degraded-meadow associate of the Altamont Association in the South-Central (1943) soil report. Zinman Series (ZIMI The Zinman series is characterized by a Gleyed Solonetzic Dark Gray solum, imperfect soil drainage, and a thin veneer of moderately to strongly calcareous fine loamy to clayey lacustrine sediments over water modified glacial till deposits. They occur within the Manitou Plain at elevations approximately 457 to 465 m a.s.l. and are associated with localized areas of salinity and seepage ; they occupy the intermediate to lower slope positions of near level to gently sloping, undulating topography ; surface runoff is slow. Permeability. is slow to very slow, particularly in the B horizon : Gypsum and other soluble salts (magnesium and sodium sulfates) are usually present below the solum. slow. Permeability is moderate ; water table is between 1 to 2 m during the growing season. Zaplin soils are noneroded, slightly stony and nonsaline. They have a medium available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie grasses and aspen-oak groves. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. The solum is approximately 45 cm thick with a dark gray Ap or Ah horizon, 10 to 20 cm thick ; a very dark brown Bt or Btj horizon, 20 to 30 cm thick with a few, fine, faint mottles; and a grayish brown transitional BC horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick. The Ck horizon is dark With many fine, distinct mottles. Zaplin soils occur in close association with Dezwood and Horose soils. Zaplin soils were previously mapped as imperfectly drained minor associates of the Pembina association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). The solum has a dark gray Ah or Ap horizon 10 to 15 cm thick ; a gray Ahe or Ae horizon 5 to 10 cm thick ; a black to very dark gray columnar Bnl horizon 10 to 18 cm ; an amorphous very dark gray Bn2 horizon that is quite compact and breaks into subangular blocky peds. Some salts and gypsum are usually present in the lower part of the B horizon and in the transitional BC horizon. The depth of lacustrine veneer or water modification (inwash) varies from less than 30 cm to greater than 75 cm ; the underlying till is dominantly clay loam in texture, but can vary in composition in terms of shale, granitic and limestone fragments. The Zinman soils occur in close association with Altamont, Joyale and Guerra soils. The Zinman soils were previously mapped as imperfectly drained alkalinized (Solonetz) members of the Altamont and Snowflake Associations in the South-Central (1943) report. Zaplin Series (ZPI) The Zaplin series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Dark Gray soil developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, fine loamy (L, CL, SICL), till deposits of mixed limestone, granite and shale origin. These soils occur in lower slope positions of gentle slopes on hummocky landscapes ; surface runoff is moderately 35

51 PART 4 4 USE AND MANAGEMENT INTERPRETATIONS OF SOILS 4.1 INTRODUCTION This section provides predictions of performance or soil suitability ratings for various uses of soils based on field observations of soil and landscape characteristics, laboratory data and on observations of soil behaviour under specified conditions of land use and management. Suitability ratings or interpretations are intended only to serve as guides for planners and managers. Caution, with an understanding of the limitations of the soil map must be exercised when applying suitability ratings to soil map units. The value of any rating or interpretation depends upon the nature and composition of individual map unit delineation which in turn depends on the scale of mapping and intensity of ground truthing employed in the survey. In this section, interpretive soil information is provided for the following land use evaluations : 1. Agriculture a) dryland farming capability b) irrigation suitability 2. Engineering Uses 3. Recreation Uses 4.2 SOIL CAPABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE Dryland_Agriculture Soil capability classification for dryland agriculture is based on an evaluation of both internal and external soil characteristics that influence soil suitability and limitations for agricultural use. In this classification, mineral soils are grouped into capability classes, and subclasses and units based on their limitations for dryland farming, risk of damage when the soils are used and the way they respond to management (Anon, 1965). There are seven capability classes, each of which groups soils together that have the same relative degree of limitation or hazard for agricultural use. The limitation becomes progressively greater from Class 1 to Class 7. The class indicates the general suitability of the soils for agriculture. The first three classes are considered capable of sustained production of common field crops, the fourth is marginal for sustained arable agriculture, the fifth is suitable only for improved permanent pasture, the sixth is capable of use only for native pasture while the seventh class is for soils and land types considered incapable of use for arable agriculture or permanent pasture. Soil Capability subclasses are divisions within classes which group soils with similar kinds of limitations and hazards for agricultural use. The various kinds of limitations recognized at the subclass level are defined in Table. A summary of the soils in the study area showing their major characteristics and their interpretive classification for dryland agriculture is presented in Table 6. The areal extent in hectares and percent coverage by series and phases for the soils in the R.M. of Pembina is summarized in Table 7. An overall acreage factsheet or summary for the municipality is provided in Table. Irrigation Suitability Irrigation Suitability of soils is determined by evaluating the nature of both internal and external soil characteristics (PFRA, 1964). The classification of soils for irrigation suitability consists of two categories : class, and subclass. The suitabili, class groups soils having the same relative suitability or degree of limitation or hazard for irrigation use. Four classes are utilized grading from Class l, which is very good to Class 4, which is poor. The four classes are : Class 1 - Very good : These are soils of fine sandy loam to clay loam texture which are well suited for irrigation use. The soils have good water retention capacity, good permeability, low salt content, good drainage and low general gradient of land surface. 36

52 Class 2 - Good : These are soils of loamy fine sand to light clay texture which are moderately well suited for irrigation use. Slight limitation to use results from soil factors such as water holding capacity, permeability, depth of material, salt content, topographic factors such as slope and pattern or drainage restrictions arising from surface drainage and depth to water table. Class 3 - Fair : These are coarse or fine textured soils which are fair to marginally suitable because of some unfavourable characteristics that limit production and cause management problems under irrigation use. Soil, topographic or drainage factors are more restrictive than in Class 2. Class 4 - Poor : These are soils that are considered poor to unsuitable for irrigation use because of severe drainage problems, impermeable geologic material, salinity, very low water holding capacity, very rapid permeability, topography or a combination of these problems. The suitability subclass identifies soils with similar kinds of limitations and hazards related to both internal and external soil characteristics. The internal characteristics include both permanent and non-permanent properties ; the permanent properties are those that will not change over time whereas the non-permanent properties may be altered with time by specific management. The properties which affect irrigation suitability of soil are listed as follows : 1. Internal Characteristics a) Permanent - Texture, uniformity and depth of geologic deposit, hydraulic conductivity and water storage capacity b) Non-permanent - Structure, drainage, fertility, reaction, salinity, exchangeable sodium 2. External Characteristics a) Topography, erosion, stoniness, vegetative cover The classification criteria for irrigation suitability are summarized in Table 1.4, Appendix B. The soils of the study area are evaluated for irrigation suitability in Table. 4.3 CAPABILITY AND MANAGEMENT The soils in the rural municipality of Pembina offer a wide range in agricultural capability. Class 1 soils comprise approximately 12 percent of the study. These are dominantly well drained, loam to clay loam soils developed on deep lacustrine sediments or overlays on till. The class 1 soils have no significant limitations for crop production. The lass 2 soils which represent 52 percent of the area are largely the imperfectly drained soils with a wetness limitation. Soils having a very gently sloping landscape or moderate stoniness are included. Class 2X is made up of soils having a moderate limitation caused by the cumulative effect of two or more adverse characteristics which singly are not serious enough to affect the cla:;s rating. Class 3 soils cover 14 percent of the study and are characterized by the imperfectly drained solonetzic soil types and other weakly saline soils. Areas of well drained, droughty soils are in this class as 3M. Class 4 soils account for 1 percent of the municipality. Included in this group are the moderately saline soils, moderately sloping areas and soils with exceedingly stony phases. Class 5 soils are spread out over 6 percent of the area and include largely the poorly drained gleysols, excessively stony land and strong slopes. The well drained, droughty, gravelly soils are also in this cla:;s. Class 6_ land accounts for 16 percent of soils. The major unit in this class is the Eroded Slopes Complex which includes very rough topography with steep slopes along deep ravines and river channels. Some very poorly drained pothole soils are also placed in this class. 4.4 GENERALIZED SOIL GROUPS Approximately 90~'0 of the project area is made up of four basic soil groups i re ). The proper maintenance and management: of these soils is of utmost importance for sustained agricultural production. The Darlingford-Dezwood Group of good to excellent soils is well suited to any type of farming practise. Slight to moderate stoniness may cause some interference to cultivation and require some clearing. Local areas of moderate to strong slopes subject the soil to wind and water erosion, thus requiring careful management such as crop 37

53 residue cover, grassed waterways, reduced tillage, etc. Shallow soils on knolls or hillocks should be sown down to cover crops. The Manitou-Ffere Grouu of soils includes very good arable land which is adaptable to a wide range of crops. However, when the weathered shale till on which these soils are developed becomes dry, the soil slacks to a powdery dust which is very susceptible to wind erosion. Dust clouds which are carried high in the air are characteristic of the Manitou soil area during dry, windy days. Soil management protective measures such as residue cover, reduced tillage and shelterbelts must be adopted in order to prevent further erosion. Areas of shallow soils over shale bedrock, particularly on the knolls, have a tendency to be droughty. Some of the best agricultural soils in the study area belong to the Knudson-Altamont Grouo. These loam to clay loam lacustrine overlays are found on level to very gently undulating landscapes. Soil drifting can occur where cover is removed and the surface is exposed. Good soil conservation and management practices should be employed in order to maintain a productive land base. A rather unique area which requires quite a different perspective on land use and management is the Eroded Slopes Complex. This group includes the steep slopes of ravines and river channels, particularly the Pembina River. Generally the land is non arable due to the steep, erosional slopes. The area is best maintained under tree cover and used for limited grazing. Recreational potential is excellent, e.g. skiing at La Riviere, in accordance with the beauty and contrast of the valley. The rugged wooded slopes provide excellent refuge for wildlife habitat. Vegetative cover must be maintained and, encouraged for the conservation of soil, water and wildlife.

54 Definitions of the Agricultural Capability Classes Class 1 Soils in this class have no important limitations for crop use. The soils have level or gently sloping topography ; they are deep, well to imperfectly drained and have moderate water holding capacity. The soils are naturally well supplied with plant nutrients, easily maintained in good tilth and fertility ; soils are moderately high to high in productivity for a wide range of cereal and special crops. Class 2 Soils in this class have moderate limitations that reduce the choice of crops or require moderate conservation practices. The soils have good water holding capacity and are either naturally well supplied with plant nutrients or are highly responsive to inputs of fertilizer. They are moderate to high in productivity for a fairly wide range of crops. The limitations are not severe and good soil management and cropping practices can be applied without serious difficulty. Class 3 Soils in this class have moderate limitations that restrict the range of crops or require moderate conservation practices. The limitations in Class 3 are more severe than those in Class 2 and conservation practices are more difficult to apply and maintain. The limitations affect the timing and ease of tillage, planting and harvesting, the choice of crops and maintenance of conservation practices. The limitations include one or more of the following : moderate climatic limitation, erosion, structure or permeability, low fertility, topography, overflow, wetness, low water holding capacity or slowness in release of water to plants, stoniness and depth of soil to consolidated bedrock. Under good management, these soils are fair to moderately high in productivity for a fairly wide range of field crops. Class 4 tices. These soils are low to medium in productivity for a narrow range of crops but may have higher productivity for a specially adapted cro:p. The limitations include the adverse effects of one or more of the following : climate, accumulative undesirable soil characteristics, low fertility, deficiencies in the storage capacity or release of soil moisture to plants, structure or permeability, salinity, erosion, topography, overflow, wetness, stoniness, and depth of soil to consolidated bedrock. Soils in this class have severe limitations that restrict the choice of crops or require special conservation practices or both. These soils have such limitations that they are only suited for a few crops, or the yield for a range of crops may be low, or the risk of crop failure is high. The limitations may seriously affect such farm practices as the timing and ease of tillage, planting and harvesting, and the application and maintenance of conservation praclass Soils in this class have very severe limitations that restrict their capability to producing perennial forage crops, and improvement practices are feasible. These soils have such serious soil, climatic or other limitations.that they are not capable of use for sustained production of annual field crops. However, they may be improved by the use of farm machinery for the production of native or tame species of perennial forage plants. Feasible improvement practices include clearing of bush, cultivation, seeding, fertilizing and water control. Some soils in Class 5 can be used for cultivated field crops provided unusually intensive management is used. Some of these soils are also adapted to special crops requiring soil conditions unlike those needed by the common crops. Class 6 Soils in this class are capable only of producing perennial forage crops and improvement practices are not feasible. Class 6 soils have some natural sustained grazing capacity for farm animals, but have such serious soil, climatic or other limitations as to make impractical the application of improvement practices that can be carried out on Class 5 soils. Soils may be placed in this class because their physical nature prevents the use of farm machinery, or because the soils are not responsive to improvement practices, or because stock watering facilities are inadequate. Class 7 Soils in this class have no capability fbr arable culture or permanent pasture because of extremely severe limitations. Bodies of water too small to delineate on the map are included in this class. These soils may or may not have a high capability for forestry, wildlife and recreation. 39

55 TABLE 5 Table 5. Agricultural Capability Subclass Limitations Adverse climate: This subclass denotes a significant adverse climate for crop production as compared to the "median" climate which is defined as one with sufficiently high growing season temperatures to bring field crops to maturity, and with sufficient precipitation to permit crops to be grown each year on the same land without a serious risk of partial or total crop failures. Undesirable soil structure and/or low permeability : This subclass is used for soils difficult to till, or which absorb water very slowly or in which the depth of rooting zone is restricted by conditions other than a high water table or consolidated bedrock. Erosion : Subclass E includes soils where damage from erosion is a limitation to agricultural use. Damage is assessed on the loss of productivity and on the difficulties in farming land with gullies. Low fertility : This subclass is made up of soils having low fertility that either is correctable with careful management in the use of fertilizers and soil amendments or is difficult to correct in a feasible way. The limitation may be due to lack of available plant nutrients, high acidity or alkalinity, low exchange capacity, high levels of carbonates or presence of toxic compounds. Inundation by streams or lakes : This subclass includes soils subjected to inundation causing crop damage or restricting agricultural use. Coarse wood fragments : In the rating of organic soils, woody inclusions in the form of trunks, stumps and branches (> 10 cm diameter) in sufficient quantity to significantly hinder tillage, planting and harvesting operations. Moisture limitation: This subclass consists of soils where crops are N- P- R- T- W X- adversely affected by droughtiness owing to inherent soil characteristics. They are usually soils with low water-holding capacity. Salinity : Designates soils which are adversely affected by the presence of soluble salts. Stoniness : This subclass is made up of soils sufficiently stony to significantly hinder tillage, planting, and harvesting operations. Stony soils are usually less productive than comparable non-stony soils. Consolidated bedrock : This subclass includes soils where the presence of bedrock near the surface restricts their agricultural use. Consolidated bedrock at depths greater than 1 meter from the surface is not considered as a limitation, except on irrigated lands where a greater depth of soil is desirable. Topography : This subclass is made up of soils where topography is a limitation. Both the percent of slope and the pattern or frequency of slopes in different directions are important factors in increasing the cost of farming over that of smooth land, in decreasing the uniformity of growth and maturity of crops, and in increasing the hazard of water erosion. Excess water : Subclass W is made up of soils where excess water other than that brought about by inundation is a limitation to their use for agriculture. Excess water may result f r o m inadequate soil drainage, a high water table, seepage or runoff from surrounding areas. Cumulative minor adverse characteristics : This subclass is made up of soils having a moderate limitation caused by the cumulative effect of two or more adverse characteristics which singly are not serious enough to affect the class rating.

56 Table 6. Agricultural Interpretations of Soils in the Study Area Map Symbol Agricultural Irrigation Map Symbol Agricultural Irrigation and Phase Soil Name Capability Class Suitability and Phase Soil Name Capability Class Suitability ATN Altamont l 3S FFR /ldxx Fifere 3T 3TS ATN /xbxx Altamont 1 3S FFR /xd4x Fifere 4P 4S ATN /xcxx Altamont 2T 3S FIR Firdale 1 1 BKR Basker 6WI 41) FIR /xcxx Firdale 2T 2T BKRp Basker 61 4D FIR /xdxx Findale 3T 3T BKR /xcxx Basker 51 4D FIR /xexx Firdale 4T 4T CXF Carroll 1 I FIR /lexx Firdale 4T 4T CXF /xdxx Carroll 3T 3T FND Fairland 1 I CXT Capell 2W 2SD FND /xcxx Fairland 2T 2T CXV Citarman 2W 2D FRS Ferris 2W 3D CYN Croyon 3M 2S FRS /xbxx Ferris 2W 31) CYN I Croyon 3M 2S FRS /xxxs Ferris 3N 3DS CYN1 /xcxx Croyon 3M 2T FRS /xcls Ferris 3N 3DS CYN1 /lcxx Croyon 3M 2T FRS /xc3x Ferris 3P 3DS CYN1 /xdxx Croyon 3MT 3T FSO Fresno 2W 3D CYN I /2dxx Croyon 3MT 3T FSO /xcxx Fresno 2T 3D CZK Cazlakc 6W 4DS GRR Guerra 5W 4D DGF Darlingford 2X 3S GRRp Guerra 6W 4D DGF /xbxx Darlingford 2X 3S GRR /xxxs Guerra 5W 4D DGF /xbix Darlingfond 2X 3S GRRp /xxxs Guerra 6W 4D DGF /lbxx Darlingfond 2X 3S GRR /xxxt Guerra 5W 4DS DGF /xxlx Darlingford 2X 3S GRR /xx2x Guerra 5W 4D DGF /xx2x Darlingfot+d 2P 3S GRR /xx3x Guerra 5W 41) DGF /lxlx Darlingford 2X 3S GRR /xx3t Guerra 5W 4DS DGF /xcxx Darlingford 2T 3S HEB Hebbot 2X 3S DGF /xclx Darlingford 2T 3S HEB /xcxx Hebbot 2T 3S DGF /Iclx Darlingfoni 2T 3S HEB /xclx Hebbot 2T 3S DGF /Icxx Darlingford 2T 3S HEB /Idlx Hebbot 3T 3ST DGF /2cix Darlingford 2T 3S HOS Horosc 6W 4D DGF /xb4x Dariingford 4P 4S JYL Joyale 2W 3D DGF /xdxx Darlingford 3T 3ST JYL /xxxs Joyale 3N 3SD DGF /ldxx Darlingford 3T 3ST JYL /xxxt Joyale 4N 4S DGF /ld2x Darlingford 3T 33T JYL /xbxx Joyale 2W 3D DGF /2dlx Darlingford 3ET 3ST JYL /xbxs Joyale 3N 3SD DOT Dorset SM 4S JYL /xblx Joyale 2W 3D DOTI Dorset 5M 4S JYL /xxlx Joyalc 2W 31) DOTI /xbxx Dorset 5M 4S KUD Knudson 1 3S DOT1 /xcxx Dorset 5M 4S KUD /xxlx Knudson l 3S DOT I /xc I x Dorset 5M 4S KUD /xbxx Knudson 1 3S DOTI /xdxx Dorset 5M 4S KUD /xcxx Knudson 2T 3S DOT I /xd4x Dorset 5M 4S KUD /xclx Knudson ''T 3S DOTI /xexx Dorset 5M 4ST LEI Levine 31 3D DZW Dezwood 2X 3S LEI /xcxx Levine 31 3D DZW /xxlx Dezwood 2X 3S LRT Larrett I 3S DZW /xbxx Dczwood 2X 3S LRY Leary SM 4S DZW /xcxx Dczwood 2T 3S LRY I Leary SM 4S DZW /xclx Dezwood 2T 3S LRY 1 /xbxx Leary 5M 4S DZW /lcxx Dezwood 2T 3S LRY /lelx Leary 5M 4ST DZW /xdxx Dezwood 3T 3ST MOW Mowbray 21 1 DZW /idxx Dczwood 3T 3TS MOW 1 Mowbray 21 l DZW /xdlx Dczwood 3T 3TS MOW l /xbxx Mowbray 21 1 DZW /Idlx Dczwood 3T 3TS MOW /xcxx Mowbray 2T 2T DZW /ld2x Dezwood 3T 3TS MOW I /xcxx Mowbray 2T 2T DZ W /2d 1x Dezwood 3T 3TS MOW1 /xclx Mowbray 2T 2T DZW /xelx Dezwood 4T 4T MOW /xdxx Mowbray 3T 3T DZW /le2x Dezwood 4T 4T MOW I /xdxx Mowbray 3T 3T ERX Eroded Slope Complex 6T 4T MOW l /xd2x Mowbray 3T 3T FFR Fifere 2X 3S MOW I /xc3x Mowbray 31) 3S FFR /xbxx Fifere 2X 3S MXS Manitou 2X 3S FFR /xcxx Fifere 2T 3S MXS /xxlx Manitou 2X 3S FFR /xdxx Fifere 3T 3TS MXS /xbxx Manitou 2X 3S 41

57 Table 6. Agricultural Interpretations of Soils in the Study Area (Cont'd) Map Symbol and Phase Soil Name Agricultural Capability Class Irrigation Suitability Map Symbol and Phase Soil Name Agricultural Capability Class Irrigation Suitability MXS /xcxx Manitou 2T 3S PDA Prodan 2W 2D MXS /xclx Manitou 2T 3S PDA /xxxs Prodan 3N 3S MXS /xc5x Manitou 51, 4S PER Perillo 03W 4D MXS /xdxx Manitou 3T 3ST POU Pouchal 6W 4DS MXS /xdlx Manitou 3T 3ST RAM Ramada 1 I MXS /ldxx Manitou 3T 3ST RAM /xcxx Ramada 2T 2T MXS /xexx Manitou 4T 4T RAM /xdxx Ramada 3T 3T MXS /lexx Manitou 4T 4T RAM /2dxx Ramada 3T 3T NKK Nikkel 2W 3D RAM /3dxx Ramada 3T 3T NKK /xxlx Nikkei 2W 3D TDP Tadpole 5W 4D NOW Nowell 2W 3DS TDP /xxxs Tadpole 5W 4D NSH Narish 5W 4D TDPp /xxxs Tadpole 5W 4D NYO Nayler 2X 3S TLI Tellier 2W 3D NYO /xx3x Nayler 3P 3S TLI /xexx Tellier 2T 31) NYO /xx4x Nayler 4P 4S ULH Ullrich 2W 3D NYO /xcxx Nayler 2T 3S ULH /xxxs Ullrich 3N 3D NYO /xexx Nayler 4T 4T ULH /xbxx Ullrich 2W 3D NYO /lexx Nayler 4T 4T ULH /xcxx Ulirich 2T 3D NYO /lelx Nayler 4T 4T ULH /xclx Which 2T 3D NYO /2exx Nayler 4T 4T VDL Vandal 3M 2S NYO /xfxx Nayler 5T 4T VDL /xc3x Vandal 3M 3S NYO /lflx Nayler 5T 4T WTI Watrine 5W 4D PBl Pembina 2X 3S ZIM Zirtman 3D 4SD PBI /xbxx Pembina 2X 3S ZIM /xxlx Zinman 3D 4SD PBI /xcxx Pembina 2T 3S ZIM /xxxs Zinman 3D 4SD PBl /ldxx Pembina 3T 3ST ZIM /xbxx Zinman 3D 4SD PBI /ldlx Pembina 3T 3ST ZIM /xcxx Zinman 3D 4SD Pill /xelx Pembuna 4T 4T ZP1 Zaplin 2W 3DS PBI /lexx Pembina 4T 4T ZPl /xcxx Zaplin 2W 3DS PBI /lelx Pembina 4T 4T ZZ$ Water 7W 4D PBI /lflx Pembina 5T 4T

58 Table 7A. Areal Extent in Hectares and Percent Coverage by Soil Series and Phases in the R.M. of Pembina Soil Code and Phase Area Percent Soil Code and Phase Area Percent. $ER xxxx FFR xcxx $UR xxxx FFR xd4x $ZZ xxxx FFR xdxx ATN xbxx FFR xxxx ATN xcxx FFR 1dxx ATN xxxx FIR xcxx BKR xcxx FIR xdxx BKR xxxx FIR xexx BKRp xxxx FIR xxxx CXF xdxx FIR lexx CXT xxxx FND xcxx CXV xxxx FND xxxx CYN1 xcxx FRS xbxx CYN1 xdxx FRS xc3x CYN1 xxxx FRS xxxx CYN1 lcxx FRS xcls CYN1 2dxx FRS xxxs CZK xxxx FSO xcxx DGF xblx FSO xxxx DGF xb4x GRR xx2x DGF xbxx GRR xx3x DGF xclx GRR xxxx DGF xcxx GRRp xxxx DGF xdxx GRRp xxxs DGF xxlx GRR xxxs DGF xx2x GRR xx3t DGF xxxx GRR xxxt DGF lbxx HEB xclx DGF lclx HEB xcxx DGF lcxx HEB xxxx DGF ld2x HEB ldlx DGF ldxx HOS xxxx DGF lxlx YL xblx DGF 2clx JYL xbxx DGF 2dlx JYL xxlx DOT xxxx JYL xxxx DOT1 xbxx JYL xbxs DOT1 xclx JYL xxxs DOT1 xcxx JYL xxxt DOT1 xd4x KUD xbxx DOT1 xdxx KUD xclx DOT1 xexx KUD xcxx DOT1 xxxx KUD xxlx DZW xbxx KUD xxxx DZW xclx LEI xcxx DZW xcxx LEI xxxx DZW xdlx LRT xxxx DZW xdxx LRY le1x DZW xclx LRY1 xbxx DZW xxlx MOW xcxx DZW xxxx MOW xdxx DZW Icxx MOW xxxx DZW 1dlx MOW1 xbxx DZW ld2x MOW1 xc1z DZW ldxx MOWI xc3x DZW le2x MOWl xcxx DZW 2dlx MOWI xd2x FFR xbxx MOWI xdxx

59 Table 7A. Areal Extent in Hectares and Percent Coverage by Soil Series and Phases in the R.M.,of,Pembina (Cont'd) Soil Code Soil Code and Phase Area Percent and Phase Area Percent MOW1 xxxx PBI 1elx MXS xbxx PBI lexx MXS xc1x PBI lf1x MXS xc5x PDA xxxx MXS xcxx PDA xxxs MXS xdlx PER xxxx MXS xdxx POU xxxx MXS xexx RAM xcxx MXS xx1x RAM xdxx MXS xxxx RAM xxxx MXS ldxx RAM 2dxx MXS lexx RAM 3dxx NKK xxlx TDP xxxx NKK xxxx TDPp xxxx NOW xxxx TDPp xxxs NSH xxxx TDP xxxs N YO xcxx TLI xcxx N YO xexx TLI xxxx N YO xfxx ULH xbxx NYO xx3x ULH xclx NYO xx4x ULH xcxx N YO xxxx ULH xxxx N YO 1elx ULH xxxs N YO lexx VDL xc3x N YO 1flx WTI xxxx N YO 2exx ZIM xbxx PBI xbxx ZIM xcxx PBI xcxx ZIM xxlx PBI xelx ZIM xxxx PBI xxxx ZIM xxxs PB1 1dlx ZPI xcxx PBI ldxx ZPI xxxx

60 Table 7B. Areal Extent in Hectares and Percent Coverage by Soil Series in the R.M. of Pembina Soil Code Area Percent Soil Code Area l?ercent $ER KUD $UR LEI azz LRT ATN LRY BKR MOW CXF MXS CXT NICK CXV NOW CYN NSH CZK NYO DGF PBI DOT PDA DZW PER FFR POU FIR RAM FND TDP FRS TLI FSO ULH GRR VDL HEB WTI HOS ZIM JYL ZP Table 8. Acreage Factsheet - Rural Municipality of Pembina Hectares Acres % of Area Total Area 113, , '0 Agricultural Capability Classes : Class 1 13,210 32, % Class 2 59, , '0 Class 3 15,776 38, % Class ,243.8% Class 5 6,211 15, % Class 6 17,792 43, g'o Class %

61 Table 8. Acreage Factsheet - Rural Municipality of Pembina (Cont'd) Hectares Acre. % of Area Irrigation Suitability Classes: Class 1 1,999 4, % Class 2 3,947 9, Class 3 79, ,424, 80.89'0 Class 4 27,752 68, '0 Soil Drainage Classes : Well 68, , '0 Imperfect 21, , '0 Poor 8, ,096 89'0 Erosion Classes : Erosion 1 1, , % Erosion '0 Erosion Slope Classes : b.5-2r'o 16, , % c 2-5% 32, , % d 5-9`90 4, , % e 9-15R'a , % f ' % Stoniness Classes: 1 slightly stony 5, , % 2 moderately stony '0 3 very stony , % 4 exceedingly stony % Salinity Classes : s slightly saline 7, , '0 t moderately saline , % u stongly saline 0%

62 4.5 SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED ENGINEERING USES This section provides information which can be used by engineers and land use planners concerned with engineering and related geatechnical aspects of soil. It is intended to supplement the information on the soil map with additional data on engineering properties of soils. The criteria used to evaluate soil suitability for selected engineering and related recreational uses are adopted from guides found in Coen et al (1977), and from guidelines developed by the Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, 1971), and the Canada Soil Survey Committee (CSSC, 1973). Definition of Soil Suitabilitv Classes Evaluation of soil suitability for engineering and recreation uses is based on both internal and external soil characteristics. Four soil suitability classes are used to evaluate both mineral and organic soils and hence, mapping units for selected uses. These ratings express relative degrees of suitability or limitation for potential uses of natural or essentially undisturbed soils. The long term effects of the potential use on the behaviour of the soil are considered in the rating. The four suitability class ratings are defined as follows : (G) Good - (F) Fair - (P) Poor - Soils in their present state have few or minor limitations that would affect the proposed use. The limitations would easily be overcome with minimal cost. Soils in their present state have one or more moderate limitations that would affect the proposed use. These moderate limitations would be overcome with special construction, design, planning or maintenance. Soils in their present state have one or more severe limitations that would severely affect the proposed use. To overcome these severe limitations would require the removal of the limitation or difficult and costly alteration of the soil or of special design or intensive maintenance. (V) Very Poor - Soils have one or more fe:atures so unfavorable for the proposed use that the limitation is very difficult and expensive to overcome or the soil would require such extreme alteration that the proposed use is economically impractical. Soil Suitability Subclasses The basic soil properties that singly or in combination with others commonly affect soil suitability for selected engineering properties and recreation uses are provided in Table,9, These subclass designations serve to identify the kind of limitation or hazard for a particular use. Guides for Assessing Soil Suitability Guides for assessing soil suitability for ten engineering related uses are given in Appendix B. Tables 15 to 24. These tables provide as specifically as possible, definitions of the soil properties which result in the specific suitability or degree of limitation. In assessing soil suitability for various engineering uses, the degree of suitability is determined by the most restrictive or severe rating assigned to any one of the listed soil properties. For example, if the suitability is "Good" for all but one. soil property and it is estimated to be "Very Poor", then the overall rating of the soil for that selected use is "Very Poor". Suitability of individual soil properties, if estimated to be "Fair" or "Poor", can be accumulative in their effect for a particular use. Judgement is required to determine whether the severity of the combined effects of several soil properties on suitability for a particular use will result in downgrading an evaluation. This is left to the discretion of the interpreter. It is incorrect to assume that each of the major soil properties influencing a particular use has an equal effect. Class limits established for rating the suitability of individual soil properties take this into account. For a selected use, therefore, only those soil properties which most severely limit that. use are specified. Engineering descriptions of the soils and their estimated properties significant to engineering are provided in Table I. These data, in addition to information contained in other sections of 1he report have been used to rate the soils according to their suitability for ten selected engineering uses in Table 11. When using these interpretations, consideration must be given to the following assumptions : 1. Interpretations are based on predictions of soil 47

63 behavior under defined conditions of use and management as specified in the preamble to each of Tables 15 through 28 (Appendix B). 2. Soil ratings do not include site factors such as nearness to towns and highways, water supply, aesthetic values, etc. 3. Soil ratings are based on natural, undisturbed soil. 4. Soil suitability ratings are usually given for the entire soil, but for some uses, they may be based on the limitations of an individual soil horizon or other earthy layer, because of its overriding importance. Ratings rarely apply to soil depths greater than 1 to 2 meters, but in some kinds of soils, reasonable estimates can be given for soil material at greater depths. It should be noted here that the term "soil" has been used throughout the report in the pedologic sense and differs in concept from that commonly used by engineers. 5. Poor and very poor soil ratings do not imply that a site cannot be changed to remove, correct or modify the soil limitations. The use of soils rated as poor depends on the nature of the limitations, whether or not the soil limitation can be altered successfully and economically, and on the scarcity of good sites. 6. Interpretations of map units do not eliminate the need for on-site evaluation by qualified professionals. Due to the variable nature of soils, and the scale of mapping, small, unmappable inclusions of soils with different properties may be present in an area where a development is planned. The need for or importance of on-site studies depends on the use to be made of the soil and the kinds of soil and soil problems involved. 4.6 SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED RECREATION USES This section provides interpretations of the soil suitability for recreational development. All types of soil can be used for recreational activities of some kind. Soils and their properties determine to a large degree, the type and location of recreational facilities. Wet soils are not suitable for campsites, roads, playgrounds or picnic areas. Soils that pond and dry out slowly after heavy rains present problems where intensive use is contemplated. It is difficult to maintain grass cover for playing fields and golf courses on droughty soils. The feasibility of many kinds of outdoor activities are determined by other basic soil properties such as depth to bedrock, stoniness, topography or land pattern, and the ability of the soil to support vegetation of different kinds as related to its natural fertility. The suitability of the various soil series and phases for selected recreation uses is shown in Table 12, according to four classes, Good, Fair, Poor and Very poor defined previously in the section on Engineering Uses. Subclasses are employed to identify the kind of limitation or hazard for a particular use. An explanation of subclass symbols is provided in Table 9. The guidelines for various recreation uses are presented in Appendix B, Tables 25 to 28 and 18. Table 9. Codes utilized to identify limitations in evaluating soil suitability for selected Engineering and Recreational Uses (Table 11 and 12) a subgrade properties b thickness of topsoil c coarse fragments on surface d depth to bedrock e erosion or erodibility f susceptibility to frost hazard g contamination hazard of groundwater h depth to seasonal water table i flooding or inundation j thickness of slowly permeable material k permeability or hydraulic conductivity 1 shrink-swell properties m moisture limitations or deficit n salinity or sulphate hazard 0 organic matter p stoniness q depth to sand or gravel r rockiness s surface texture t topographic slope class u moist consistence w wetness or soil drainage class z permafrost 48

64 Table 10. Engineering Description of Soils and their Estimated Properties Significant to Engineering Uses Map Soil Textural Classification 4'o Passing Sieve Disturbed Reaction Elec- Sulphate Shrink- Depth to Symbol Series (ph) Hazard Name Depth (cm) USDA Unified AASHO No mm No mm. Hydraulic No 200 Conduc mm tivity (cm/hr) trical Conductivity (ms/cm) Swell Potential Seasonal Water Table (m) ATN Altamont CL-C CL to CH A-6,A <0.5 low mod. > L-CL CL A-4,A < < 1 low mod. BKR Basker FSL-SiL ML to CL A-4,A low mod. at or strat. near SiL-SiCL ML to CL A-4,A low mod. surface strat. CXF Carroll 0-20 CL CL A < 1.6 low-mod. mod SiCL CL A-6,A <0.2 low mod. > L-SiCL CL Afi,A <0.3 low mod. CXT Capell 0-20 SCL-L CL < 1.6 low-mod. mod SCL-L SC or CL A-6,A < 1.6 low-mod. mod Gr-SL SM A-1,A-2 - < < 1.6 low-mod. low GrS SP or GP A-1 - <45 < 5 > < 1.6 low-mod. low CXV Charman 0-20 CL CL A < <0.5 low mod SiCL CL A < <0.5 low mod SiL-SiCL CL A-6,A <0.5 low mod. CYN Croyon 0-25 SCL-L CL <0.5 low mod. > L-CL CL A <0.5 low mod CS-GrS SP A-1-20 < 5 > < 0.5 low low CYN-1 Croyon L-CL CL Afi <0.5 low mod. > CS-GrS shale SP A-1 - <20 < 5 > < 0.5 low low fragments CZK Cazlake L-CL ML to CL A-4,A < 1.6 mod. mod. at L-CL CL A-4,A < 1.6 mod. mod. surface DGF Darling SiCL-L ML or CL A-4,A <0.5 low mod. >2 ford CL-L CL A-4,A < 1.6 low-mod. mod. DOT Dorset 2U-50 GrLS-Grs GP-St' A <5 > low low > S-Gr GP-SP A < 5 > low low

65 Table 10. Engineering Description of Soils and their Estimated Properties Significant to Engineering Uses (Cont'd) Map Soil Textural Classification 4'o Passing Sieve Disturbed Reaction Elec- Sulphate Shrink- Depth to Symbol Series Depth Hydraulic (ph) trical Hazard Swell Seasonal Name (cm) USDA Unified AASHO No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Conduc- Conduc- Poten- Water 2.0 mm 0.42 mm mm tivity (cm/hr) tivity (MS/cm) tial Table (m) DZW Dezwood SiCL-L ML to CL A-4,A <0.5 low mod. > CL-L CL A-4,A < < 1.6 low-mod. mod. ERX Eroded L-CL CL A low low mod. possible Slopes seepage Complex lower slope FND Fairland 0-25 VFSL-SiL ML A-4,A <0.2 low mod SiL-L ML A-4,A <0.2 low mod. > SiL ML A <0.3 low mod. FIR Firdale 0-40 CL CL A-7fi < 1.6 low mod sic CL,MH A-6,A <0.2 low mod. > SiCL CL A <0.3 low mod SiL CL,ML A-6,A <0.3 low mod. FFR Fifere CL CL to CH A-6,A <0.5 low mod. > L-CL CL A <0.5 low mod. FRS Ferris 0-40 L-SiCL OL < 1.6 low mod. seasonal L-CL CL A-4,A < > 1.6 low mod. 0.7 FSO Fresno CL CL to CH A-6,A <0.5 low mod L-CL CL A < 1.6 low-mod. mod. GRR Guerra SiCL-CL ML or CL A-4,A < > 1.6 mod.-high mod. at surface L-CL CL A-4,A < > 1.6 mod.-high mod. HEB Hebbot 0-25 CL-L OL <0.5 low mod. > SiCL-L ML or CL A-4,A low mod CL-L CL A < < 1.6 low mod. HOS Horose 0-25 L OL <.5 low low at L-C ML to CH A-4,A < > 1.6 low-mod. mod.-high surface L-CL CL A-4,A > 2 mod.-high mod. 50

66 Table 10. Engineering Description of Soils and their Estimated Properties Significant to Engineering Uses (Cont'd) Map Soil Textural Classification 96 Passing Sieve Disturbed Reaction Elec- Sulphate Shrink- Depth to Sym- Series Depth Hydraulic (ph) trical Hazard Swell Seasonal bol Name (cm) USDA Unified AASHO No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Potential Table Water 2.0 mm 0.42 mm mm (m) Conductivity (cm/hr) Conductivity (MS/cm) JYL Joyale SiCL-CL ML or CL A-4,A < < 1.6 mod. mod L-CL CL A-4,A < >2 high mod. KUD Knudson 0-50 CL CL-0L <0.5 low mod. > SiCL ML or CL A-4,A <0.5 low mod L-CL CL A-4,A < 1.6 low mod. LEI Levine strat. ML to CL A-4,A < 1.6 low-mod. mod. flood SiL-CL prone LRT Larrett 0-50 CL CL-0L <0.5 low mod. > SiCL ML or CL A-4,A <0.5 low mod L-CL CL A-4,A < 1.6 low mod. LRY Leary 0-25 LFS SM A <0.5 low low > GrLS-FGr GW or GP A < 5 > <0.5 low low S-Gr GW or GP A < 5 > < 1 low neg. LRY1 Leary 0-25 LFS SM <0.5 low neg. > GrLS-FGr,Shaly GW or GP A <5 > <0.5 low neg S-Gr,Shaly GW or GP A < 5 > < 1 low neg. MOW Mowbray SiL-CL ML,CL A-4,A <0.5 low low-mod. > 1.5 MOWI Mowbray Similar to Mowbray but with shale fragments present Shaly Variant MXS Manitou L-CL ML to MH A-6,A <.5 low mod. > L-CL ML to MH A-6,A <.5 low mod. NKK Nikkel L-CL CL A-4,A < < 1.6 low-mod. mod. 1.2 NOW Nowell L-CL ML to MH A-4,A <.5 low mod L-CL ML to MH A-4,A-7fi < 1.6 low-mod. mod. NSH Narish SiCL-CL ML or CL A-4,A < 1.6 low-mod. mod. at L-CL CL A-4,A < < 1.6 low-mod mod surface

67 Table 10. Engineering Description of Soils and their Estimated Properties Significant to Engineering Uses (Cont'd) Map Soil Textural Classification 4Yo Passing Sieve Disturbed Reaction Elec- Sulphate Shrink- Depth to Sym- Series Depth Hydraulic (ph) trical Hazard Swell Seasonal bol Name (cm) USDA Unified AASHO No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Potential Table Water 2.0 mm 0.42 mm mm (m) Conductivity (cm/hr) Conductivity (ms/cm) NYO Nayler CL CL to CH A-6,A < 0.5 low mod. > L-CL CL A < 0.5 low mod. PBI Pembina CL-C MH to CL A-6,A <0.5 low mod.- > 2 high L-CL CL A-4,A < <0.5 low mod. PDA Prodan 0-30 CL CL A <0.5 low mod CL-SiCL CL A-6,A <0.5 low mod VFSL-SiL ML to CL A mod. low-mod. PER Perillo 0-60 OM Pt at FSL-SiL OL < 1.6 mod. - surface FS-SiL SM to ML A-2-4,A < 1.6 mod. low POU Pouchal CL-C CL,CH,MH A-6,A < <.5 low high at L-CL CL A-6,A <.5 low mod. surface RAM Ramada 0-20 CL CL A < 1.6 low-mod. mod SiCL CL A-6,A <0.2 low mod. > L-SiCL CL A-6,A <0.3 low mod. TLI Tether L-SiCL CL or ML A <.5 low mod L-CL CL A-4,A < < 1.6 low-mod. mod. TDP Tadpole 0-30 CL CL A < 1.6 low-mod. mod. at CL-SiCL CL A-6,A < 1.6 low-mod. mod. surface strat. ML to CL A-4,A < 1.6 low-mod. mod. VFSL-SiL-SiCL ULH Which CL-C CL-CH A <0.5 low mod L-CL CL A-4,A < 1.6 low-mod. mod. VDL Vandal L-CL CL A <0.5 low mod. > CS-GR GP to SP A-1 - <20 <5 > <0.5 low low

68 Table 10. Engineering Description of Soils and their Estimated Properties Significant to Engineering Uses (Cont'd) Map Soil Textural Classification `/!o Passing Sieve Disturbed Reaction Elec- Sulphate Shrink- Depth to Sym- Series Depth Hydraulic (ph) trical Hazard Swell Seasonal bol Name (cm) USDA Unified AASHO No. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Potential Table Water 2.0 mm 0.42 mm mm (m) Conductivity (cm/hr) Conductivity (MS/cm) WTI Watrine SiCL-CL ML or CL A-4,A < 1.6 low-mod. mod. at L-CL CL A-4,A < < 1.6 low-mod mod surface ZP1 Zaplin 0-40 L-SiCL CL,ML A < 1.6 low mod. seasonal L-CL CL A-4,A < <1.6 mod. mod..7 ZIM Zinman CL-C CH A < > 2.0 high high L-CL CL A-4,A >2.0 high mod. seepage

69 Table 11. Suitability Ratings and Limitations of Soils in the Study Area for Selected Engineering Uses. Map Symbol and Phase Soil Name Top Soil Sand & Gravel Road Fill Perm. Bldgs. w/basements Local Roads and Streets Sanitary Trench Landfill Area Cover Material Sewage Lagoons Septic Fields ATN Altamont Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk ATN /xbxx Altamont Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk ATN /xcxx Altamont Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk BKR Basker Pi Va Pw Vi Vi Vi Viw Pw Vi Vi BKRp Basker Vwi Va Vh Viw Vi Vi Viw Pw Vi Vi BKR /xcxx Basker Pi Va Pw Vi Vi Vhi Vhi Pw Vi Vhi CXF Carroll Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk CXF /xdxx Carroll Fat Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk CXT Capell Fbs Fq Fw Pw Fw Vak Vkg Pq Vk Phg CXV Charman Fsb Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fa Ph CYN Croyon Fbs G G G G Vsk Vk Pq Vka Gg CYN1 Croyon Fbs Fqa G G G Vsk Vk Pq Vka Gg CYN 1 /xcxx Croyon Fbs Fqa G G G Vsk Vk Pq Vka Gg CYN1 /lcxx Croyon Fbs Fqa G G G Vsk Vk Pq Vka Gg CYN 1 /xdxx Croyon Ftb Fqa G G G Vsk Vk Pq Vka Gg CYNI /2dxx Croyon Pb Fqa G G G Vsk Vk Pq Vka Gg CZK Cazlake Fs Va Vh Vh Pw Vhw Vh Pw Fak Vh DGF Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DGF /xbxx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DGF /xblx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DGF /Ibxx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DGF /xxlx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DGF /xx2x Darlingford Fp Va Fa Fap Fa Fsp G Fsp Fk Fk DGF /lxlx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DGF /xcxx Darlingfond. Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DGF /xclx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DGF /lclx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DGF /lcxx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DGF /2clx Darlingford Pb Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DGF /xb4x Darlingford, Pp Va Pp Pp Pp Pp G Pp Pp Fk DGF /xdxx Darlingfoid Ft Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DGF /Idxx Darlingfond Ft Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DGF /ld2x Darlingford Ftp Va Fa Fap Fa Fps G Fsp Pt Fk DGF /2dlx Darlingford Pb Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DOT Dorset Pbs G G G G Vsk Vkg Vs Vak Gg DOT1 Dorset Pbs Fa G G G Vsk Vks Vs Vak Gg DOT1 /xbxx Dorset Pbs Fa G G G Vak Vks Vs Vak Gg DOT1 /xcxx Dorset Pbs Fa G G G Vsk Vkg Vs Vak Gg DOTI /xclx Dorset Pbs Fa G G G Vak Vkg Vs Vak Gg DOT1 /xdxx Dorset Pbs Fa G G G Vak Vkg Vs Vak Gg DOT1 /xd4x Dorset PPS Pp Pp Pp Pp Vak Vkg Vs Vak Gg DOTI /xexx Dorset Pts Fa G Ft Ft Vsk Vkg Vs Vak Ft DZW Dezwood Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DZW /xxlx Dezwood Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DZW /xbxx Dezwood Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DZW /xcxx Dezwood Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DZW /xc 1x Dezwood Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DZW /lcxx Dezwood Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DZW /xdxx Dezwood Fst Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DZW /ldxx Dezwood Fst Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DZW /xdlx Dezwood Fst Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DZW /ldlx Dezwood Fst Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DZW /id2x Dezwood Ftp Va Fa Fap Fa Fap G Fsp Pt Fk DZW /2dlx Dezwood Pb Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DZW /xelx Dezwood Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fs Ft Fts Vt Fkt DZW /le2x Dezwood Pt Va Fa Ftp Fat Fap Ft Fts Vt Fkt ERX Eroded Slope Complex Vt Va Pt Vt Vt Pt Vt Vt Vt Vt FFR Fifere Fb Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fkg Fs Fk Fk FFR /xbxx Fifere Fb Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fk Fs Fk Fk

70 Table 11. Suitability Ratings and Limitations of Soils in the Study Area for Selected Engineering Uses. (Cont'd) Map Symbol and Phase Soil Name Top Soil Sand & Gravel Road Fill Perm. Bldgs. w/basements Local Roads and Streets Sanitary Trench Landrill Area Cover Material Sewage Septic Lagoons Fields FFR /xcxx Fifere Fb Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fk Fs Ft Fk FFR /xdxx Fifere Fbt Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fk Fs Pt Fk FFR /Idxx Fifere Fbt Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fk Fs Pt Fk FFR /xd4x Fifere Pp Va Pp Pp Pp Pp Fk Pp Ppt Fk FIR Firdale Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fa Fk FIR /xcxx Firdale Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fat Fk FIR /xdxx Firdale Fst Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk FIR /xexx Firdale Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fs Ft Fst Vt Fkt FIR /lexx Firdale Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fs Ft Fst Vt Fkt FND Fairland G Va Fa Fa Fa G G G Fak Fk FND /xcxx Fairland G Va Fa Fa Fa G G G Fak Fk FRS Ferris Fbs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk FRS /xbxx Ferris Fbs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk FRS /xxxs Ferris Pn Va Faw Pw Fwa Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk FRS /xcls Ferris Pn Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Flot Fk FRS /xc3x Ferris Pp Va Fwp Pwp Fwp Pwp Fw Pp Fpt Fk FSO Fresno Fbs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk FSO /xcxx Fresno Fbs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Ftk Fk GRR Guerra Fs Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Pw Vh Vh GRRp Guerra G Va Vwa Vhw Vw Vhw Vhw Vw Vh Vh GRR /xxxs Guerra Pn Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Pw Vh Vh GRRp /xxxs Guerra Pn Va Vh Vhw Vw Vhw Vhw Vw Vh Vh GRR /xxxt Guerra Vn Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Pw Vh Vh GRR /xx2x Guerra Fsp Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Pw Vh Vh GRR /xx3x Guerra Pp Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Ppw Vh Vh GRR /xx3t Guerra Vn Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Ppw Vh Vh HEB Hebbot Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk HEB /xcxx Hebbot Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk HEB /xc 1 x Hebbot Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk HEB /Idlx Hebbot Pb Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk HOS Honose Fs Va Vh Vh Pw Vhw Vh Pw Fak Vh JYL Joyale Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk JYL /xxxs Joyale Pn Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk JYL /xxxt Joyale Vn Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk JYL /xbxx Joyale Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk JYL /xbxs Joyale Pn Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk 1YL /xblx Joyale Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk JYL /xxlx Joyale Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk KUD Knudson Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk KUD /xxlx Knudson Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk KUD /xbxx Knudson Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk KUD /xcxx Knudson Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk KUD /xc 1 x Knudson Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk LEI Levine Fis Va Faw Piw Pi Pi Pi Fs Vi Pi LEI /xexx Levine Fis Va Faw Piw Pi Pi Pi Fs Vi Pi LRT Larrett Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk LRY Leary Ps G G G G Vek Vkg Vs Vk Gg LRY 1 Leary Ps Fa G G G Vsk Vkg Vs Vk Gg LRY1 /xbxx Leary Ps Fa G G G Vak Vkg Vs Vk Gg LRY /lelx Leary Pst G G Ft Ft Vsk Vkg Vs Via Ftg MOW Mowbray Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi Fs Fa Fk MOW 1 Mowbray Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi Fs Fa Fk MOW I /xbxx Mowbray Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi FS Fa Fk MOW /xcxx Mowbray Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi F. Fat Fk MOW 1 /xcxx Mowbray Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi Fs Fat Fk MOW1 /xclx Mowbray Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi Fs Fat Fk MOW /xdxx Mowbray Fts Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi Fs Pt Fk MOW I /xdxx Mowbray Fts Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi Fs Pt Fk 55

71 Table 11. Suitability Ratings and Limitations of Soils in the Study Area for Selected Engineering Uses. (Cont'd) Map Symbol and Phase Soil Name Top Soil Sand & Gravel Road Fill. Perm. Bldgs. w/basemenes Local Roads and Streets Sanitary Trench Landrill Area Cover Material Sewage Septic Lagoons Fields MOW l /xd2x Mowbray Ftp Va Fa Fap Fa Fsp Fi Fsp Pt Fk MOW l /xc3x Mowbray Pp Va Fap Pp Fap Pp Fi Pp. Fpt Fk MXS Manitou FS Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fkg Fs Fk Fk MXS /xxlx Manitou Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fka Fk Fs Fk Fk MXS /xbxx Manitou Fs Va Pa Fa Fa Fks Fk FS Fk Fk MXS /xcxx Manitou Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fak Fk Fs Fkt Fk MXS /xclx Manitou Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fk FS Flat Fk MXS /xc5x Manitou Vp Va VP VP VP Vp Fk VP Vp Fk MXS /xdxx Manitou Fts Va Fa Fa Fa Fak Fk Fs Pt Fk MXS /xdlx Manitou Fat Va Fa Fa Fa Fak Fk Fs Pt Fk MXS /ldxx Manitou Fat Va Fa Fa Fa Fak Fk Fs Pt Fk MXS /xexx Manitou Pt Va Fa Fat Fap Fak Ft Fat Vt Ft MXS /lexx Manitou Pt Va Fa Fat Fap Fsk Ft Fat Vt Ft NICK Nikkel Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw FS Fk Fhk NKK /xxlx Nikkei Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fhk NOW Nowell Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Ph Fw Fs Fk Fkh NSH Narish Fs Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Pw Vh Vh NYO Nayler Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fkg Fa Fk Fk NYO /xx3x Nayler Pp Va Fap Pp Fap Pp Fk Pp Fkp Fk NYO /xx4x Nayler Pp Va Pp Pp Pp Pp Fk Pp Pp Fk NYO /xcxx Nayler Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fk Fk Fs Fltt Fk NYO /xexx Nayler Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fk Fkt Fat Vt Ft NYO /lexx Nayler Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fk Fkt Fat Vt Ft NYO /lelx Nayler Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fk Fkt Fat Vt Ft NYO /2exx Nayler Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fk Flt Fat Vt Ft NYO /xfxx Nayler Vt Va Fat Pt Pt Fltt Pt Pt Vt Pt NYO /lflx Nayler Vt Va Fat Pt Pt Ft Pt Pt Vt Pt PBI Pembina Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk PBI /xbxx Pembina Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk PBI /xcxx Pembina Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs FIQ Fk PBI /ldxx Pembina Fat Va Fa Fa Fa FS G FS Pt Fk PBI /ldlx Pembina Fat Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk PBI /xelx Pembina Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fs Ft Fat Vt Flt PBI /lexx Pembina Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fa Ft Fat Vt Fkt PBI /lelx Pembina Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fs Ft Fat Vt Fkt PBl /lflx Pembina Vt Va Fat Pt Pt Fat Pt Pt Vt Pt PDA Prodan Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Ph PDA /xxxs Prodan Pn Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Ph PER Perillo G Va Vaw Vaw Vaw Vsw Vw Vsw Vah Vh POU Pouchal Fs Va Vh Vh Pw Vhw Vh Pw Fak Vh RAM Ramada Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G FS Fk Fk RAM /xcxx Ramada Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk RAM /xdxx Ramada Fts Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk RAM /2dxx Ramada Fat Va Fa Fa Fa FS G FS Pt Fk RAM /3dxx Ramada Pb Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk TDP Tadpole Fs Va Pw Vwh Pw Vhw Vhw Pw Ph Vh TDP /xxxs Tadpole Pn Va Pw Vwh Pw Vwh Vh Pw Ph Vh TDPp /xxxs Tadpole, Pns Va Vhw Vwh Va Vhw Vhw Vw Vha Vh TLI Tellier Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk TLI /xexx Tellier Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fa FIQ Fk ULH Ullrich Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fh ULH /xxxs Ullrich Pn Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fhk ULH /xbxx Ullrich Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk ULH /xcxx Ullrich Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fit Fk ULH /xc I x Ulldch Fa Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw FS Fkt Fk VDL Vandal Fbs G G G G Vak Vk Pq Vka Gg VDL /xc3x Vandal Pp G Fp Pp Fp Vak Vk Pp Vka Gg WTI Watrine Fs Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Pw Vh Vh 56

72 Table 11. Suitability Ratings and Limitations of Soils in the Study Ariea for Selected Engineering Uses. (Cont'd) Map Symbol and Phase, Soil Name Top Soil Sand & Gravel Road Fill Perm. Bldgs. w/basements Local Roads and Streets Sanitary Trench Landfill Ana (:over Material Sewage Septic Lagoons Fields ZIM Zinman Ps Va Pal Pwa Pa Phs Fw Pa G Vk ZIM /xxlx Zinman Pa Va Pal Pwa Pa Pha Fw Ps G Vk Z1M /xxxs Zinman Pen Va Pal Pwa Pa Phe Fw Pe G Vk ZIM /xbxx Zinman Ps Va Pal Pwa Pa Phe Fw Ps G Vk ZIM /xcxx Zinman Ps Va Pal Pwa Pa Pha Fw Pa Ft Vk ZPI Zaplin Fb Va Faw Pw Faw Phw Fw Fe Fk Fkh ZPl /xcxx Zaplin Fb Va Faw Pw Faw Phw Fw Fs Fld Fk ZZS Water Vw Va Vw Vw Vw Vw Vw Vw Vw Vh

73 Table 12. Suitability Ratings of Soils for Recreational Uses Map Symbol and Phase Soil Name Play Ground Picnic Area Camp Area Path And Trails Permanent Bldgs. Without Basements ATN Altamont Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa ATN /xbxx Altamont Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa ATN /xcxx Altamont Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa BKR Basker Viw Vwi Vwi Pw Vh BKRp Basker Vsi Vwi Vwi Vs Vh BKR /xcxx Basker Piw Viw Viw Pw Vi CXF Carroll Fks Fs Fks Fs Fa CXF /xdxx Carroll Pt Fs Fks Fs Fa CXT Capell Few Few Few Few Fw CXV Charman Few Few Few Few Few CYN Croyon Fs Fsm Fs Fs G CYN1 Croyon Fs Fam Fs Fs G CYN 1 /xcxx Croyon Fat Fsm Fs Fs G CYN1 /lcxx Croyon Fst Fsm Fs Fs G CYN1 /xdxx Croyon Pt Fsm Fs Fs G CYN1 /2dxx Croyon Pt Fsm Fs Fs G CZK Cazlake Vw Vw Vw Pw Vh DGF Darlingfond Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /xbxx Darlingfond Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /xblx Darlingford Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /lbxx Darlingford Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /xxlx Darlingfotd Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /xx2x Darlingford Fsp Fs Fsp Fs Fa DGF /lxlx Darlingford Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /xcxx Darlingford Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /xclx Darlingford Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /lclx Darlingford Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /lcxx Darlingford Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /2clx Darlingford Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /xb4x Darlingford pp pp pp pp Fap DGF /xdxz Darlingford Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /ldxx Darlingford Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /ld2x Darlingford Pt Fs Fop Fs Fa DGF /2dlx Darlingford Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa DOT Dorset Ps Fs Fs G G DOT I Dorset Ps Fs Fs G G DOT] /xbxx Dorset Ps Fs Fs G G DOT1 /xcxx Dorset Ps Fs Fs G G DOT I /xc 1 x Dorset Ps Fs Fs G G DOT1 /xdxx Dorset Pts Fs Fs G G DOT I /xd4x Dorset Ptp pp pp pp Fp DOT1 /xexx Dorset Vt Ft Fst G Ft DZW Dezwood Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /xxlx Dezwood Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /xbxx Dezwood Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /xcxx Dezwood Fts Fs Fs Fs Fe. DZW /xclx Dezwood Re Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /lcxx Dezwood Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /xdxx Dezwood Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /ldxx Dezwood Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /xdlx Dezwood Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /ldlx Dezwood Pt Fs Fs Fs Fe. DZW /ld2x Dezwood Pt Fs Fsp Fs Fe. DZW /2dlx Dezwood Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /xelx Dezwood Vt Fst Re Fs Fts DZW /le2x Dezwood Vt Fst Ftp Fs Fat ERX Eroded Slope Complex Vt Vt Vt pt Vt FFR Fifere Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa FFR /xbxx Fifcre Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa FFR /xcxx Fifere Fat Fs Fs Fs Fa FFR /xdxx Fifere Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa 58

74 Table 12. Suitability Ratings of Soils for Recreational Uses (Cont'd) Map Symbol and Phase Soil Name Play Ground Picnic Area Camp Area Path And Trails Permanent Bldgs. Without Basements.. FFR /ldxx Fifere Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa FFR /xd4x Fifere Ptp Pp Pp Pp Pap FIR Firdale Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa FIR /xcxx Firdale Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa FIR /xdxx Firdale Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa FIR /xexx Firdale Vt Fat Fat Fs Fat FIR /lexx Firdale Vt Fst Fst Fs Fat FND Fairland G G G G Fa FND /xcxx Fairland G G G G Fa FRS Ferris Fws Fws Fws Fws Faw FRS /xbxx Ferris Fwa Fwa Fws Fwa Faw FRS /xxxs Ferris Fsw Pn Pn Fsw Faw FRS /xcla Ferris Fwt Pn Pn Fsw Faw FRS /xc3x Ferris Pp Fp Pp Fwp Pap FSO Fresno Fw Fws Fwa Fws Fwa FSO /xcxx Fresno Fwt Fws Fws Fws Fwa GRR Guerra Pw Pw Pw Pw Vh GRRp Guerra Vws Vws Vws Vs Vaw GRR /xxxs Guerra Pw Pwn Pwn Pw Vh GRRp /xxxs Guerra Vw Vws Vws Vwa Vwh GRR /xxxt Guerra Pwn Vn Vn Pw Vh GRR /xx2x Guerta Pw Pw Pw Pw Vh GRR /xx3x Guercs Pwp Pw Pwp Pw Vh GRR /xx3t Guerra Pwn Vn Vn Pw Vh HEB Hebbot Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa HEB /xcxx Hebbot Fat Fs Fs Fs Fa HEB /xclx Hebbot Fat Fs Fs Fs Fa HEB /Idlx Hebbot Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa HOS Horose Vw Vw Vw Pw Vh JYL Joyale Fsw Fsw Fsw Fsw Faw JYL /xxxs Joyale Fsw Pn Pn Fsw Faw JYL /xxxt Joyale Pn Vn Vn Fsw Faw JYL /xbxx Joyale Fsw Faw Faw Paw Faw JYL /xbxs Joyale Fwn Pn Pn Fsw Faw JYL /xblx Joyale Fsw Fsw Fsw Fsw Faw JYL /xxlx Joyale Fsw Fsw Fsw Fsw Faw KUD Knudson Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa KUD /xxlx Knudson Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa KUD /xbxx Knudaon Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa KUD /xcxx Knudson Fat Fs Fs Fs Pa. KUD /xclx Knudson Fat Fs Fs Fs Fa LEI Levine Fis Fis Pi Faw Pi LEI /xcxx Levine Fsi Fai Pi Fsw Pi LRT Larceett Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa LRY Leary Ps Fs Fs G G LRY 1 Leary Pa Fs Fs G G LRY 1 /xbxx Leary Ps Fs Fs G G LRY /lelx Leary Vt Fat Fte G Ft MOW Mowbray Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa MOW1 Mowbray Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa MOW 1 /xbxx Mowbray Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa mow /xcxx Mowbray Fat Fs Fs Fs Fa Mow l /xcxx Mowbray Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa MOW1 /xclx Mowbray Fat Fs Fs Fs Pa MOW /xdxx Mowbray Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa MOW I /xdxx Mowbray Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa MOW I /xd2x Mowbray Pt FS Fsp Fs Pa MOW 1 /xc3x Mowbray Pp Pip Pp Fap Pap MXS Manitou Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa MXS /xxlx Manitou Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa MXS /xbxx Manitou Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa 59

75 Table 12. Suitability Ratings of Soils for Recreational Uses (Cont'd) Map Symbol and Phase Soll Name Play Ground Picnic Area Camp Path And Area ~ Trails Permanent Bldgs. Without Basements. MXS /xcxx Manitou Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa MXS /xclx Manitou Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa MXS /xc5x Manitou VP VP VP VP Pp MXS /xdxx Manitou Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa MXS /xdlx Manitou Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa MXS /ldxx Manitou Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa MXS /xexx Manitou Vt Pet Fat Fs Fat MXS /lexx Manitou Vt Pet Pet Fs Fat NICK Nikkel Fws Fws Fws Fws Fwa NICK /xxlx Nikkel Fws Few Few Few Few NOW Nowell Fws Few Few Few Few NSH Narish Pw Pw Pw Pw Vh NYO Nayler Fs Fs Fs Fs Pa NYO /xx3x Nayler Pp Fps Pp Pep Pap NYO /xx4x Nayler Pp Pp Pp Pp Pep NYO /xcxx Nayler Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa NYO /xexx Nayler Vt Pot Pet Fs Fat NYO /lexx Nayler Vt Pet Pet Fs Fat NYO /lelx Nayler Vt Pet Pet Fs Fat NYO /2exx Nayler Vt Pet Pet Fs Fat NYO /xfxx Nayler Vt Pt Pt Pet Pt NYO /lflx Nayler Vt Pt Pt Pet Pt PBI Pembina Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa PBI /xbxx Pembina Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa PBI /xcxx Pembina Pet Fs Fs Fs Fa PBI / 1 dxx Pembina Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa PBI /idlx Pembina Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa PBI /xelx Pembina Vt Pet Pet Fs Fat PBI /lexx Pembina Vt Pet Fat Fs Fat PBI /lelx Pembina Vt Pet Pet Fs Fat PBl /lflx Pembina Vt Pt Pt Pet Pt PDA Prodan Fsw Fsw Few Few Few PDA /xxxs Prodan Fws Pn Pn Few Few PER Perillo Vsw Vsw Vaw Vsw Vaw POU Pouchal Vw Vw Vw Pw Vh RAM Ramada Fs Fs Fs Fs Pa. RAM /xcxx Ramada Pet Fs Fs Fs Pa. RAM /xdxx Ramada Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa RAM /2dxx Ramada Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa RAM /3dxx Ramada Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa TDP Tadpole Pw Pw Pw Pw Pw TDP /xxxs Tadpole Pw Pwn Pwn Pw Pw TDPp /xxxs Tadpole Vw Vw Vw Vs Va TLI Tellier Fsw Few Fsw Few Few TLI /xcxx Tellier Fwt Few Fsw Few Few ULH Which Fsw Few Fsw Few Few ULH /xxxs Ullrich Few Pn Pn Few Paw ULH /xbxx Ullrich Fsw Faw Fsw Few Few ULH /xcxx Which Fwt Faw Fsw Few Few ULH /xclx Ullrich Fwt Fsw Few Few Few VDL Vandal Fsq Fsm Fs Fs G VDL /xc3x Vandal Pp Pep Pp Pep Fp WTI Watrine Pws Pw Pw Pw Vh ZIM Zinman Pws Pws Pws Ps Pa ZIM /xxlz Zinman Pws Pws Pws Ps Pa ZIM /xxxs Zinman Pws Psn Pen Ps Pa ZIM /xbxx Zinman Pws Pws Pws Ps Pa ZIM /xcxx Zinman Pws Pws Pws Ps Pa ZPI Zaplin Few Fws Fsw Few Few ZP1 /xcxx Zaplin Fwt Fws Few Few Few ZZS Water Vw Vw Vw Vw Vw

76 BIBLIOGRAPHY Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soil Survey, The Canadian System of Soil Classification. Second Edition. Publication No. 1646, Research Branch Agriculture Canada. Bannatyne, Barry B The Clays and Shales of Manitoba Mines Branch Department of Mines and Natural Resources. Publication No Canada Department of Agriculture, Soil Climatic Map of Canada. Research Branch, Department of Agriculutre, Ottawa. Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, Ecoclimatic Regions of Manitoba Unpublished data. Ellis, J. H. and Shafer, Wm. H., Reconnaissance Soil Survey of South Central Manito a, Soils Report No. 4, Manitoba Soil Survey, Manitoba Department of Agriculture. Elson, J. A. Surficial Geology of the Tiger Hills Region, Manitoba, Canada Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service Canadian Climate Normals. Volumes and 6, , Printed Koppen-Geiger, System of Climate Classification er R. GeiQer and W. Ph Manitoba Mineral Resources Division 1980, Mineral Map of Manitoba Map Mapping System Working Group A il Mapping System for Canada : Revised. Research Branch. Agriculture Canada. Michalyna W., Podolsky G. and St. Jacques, E., Soils of the Rural Municipalities of Grey. Dufferin. Roland. Thomp,son. and part of Stanley, Report No. D60, Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey. PFRA, 1964 Handbook for the Classification of Irrigated Land in the Prairie _Provinces. PFRA, Regina, Saskatchewan. Rowe, J. S Forest Regions of Canada. Publication No Department of the Environment, Canada Forestry Service, Ott,awa Sie, D. and Little, J., 1976 r undwater Availability Man Series Brandon Area. Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources.

77 APPENDIX A CORRELATION OF SOIL SERIES IN THE R. M. OF PEMBINA WITH SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND ASSOCIATES OF THE SOUTH-CENTRAL RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY, REPORT NO. 4, 1943

78 Table 13. Correlation of Soil Series in the R. M. of Pembina with Soil Associations and Associates of the South-Central Reconnaissance Survey, Report No. 4, 1943 Soil Symbol Soil Name u rou Soil Association or Associate of the South-Central Map (1943) Remarks ATN Altamont Orthic Dark Gray Altamont The Altamont well drained, Gray-Black associate. BKR Basker Rego Humic Gleysol Neelin, Assiniboine Complex The poorly drained, immature Meadow soil. CXF Carroll Rego Black Carroll, Holland Well drained Carroll or Holland Blackearth or Blackearth, shallow phase. CXT Capell Gleyed Rego Black Marringhurst, Agassiz The intermediately drained, Meadow-Prairie soil having a loam to clay loam overlay on sand and gravel. CXV Charman Gleyed Black Carroll, Holland Carroll or Holland, intermediately drained Meadow-Prairie associate. CYN Croyon Orthic Black Marringhurst, Agassiz Well drained, Blackearth associate with a loam to clay loam overlay on sand and gravel. CZK Cazlake Rego Humic Gleysol Darlingford Poorly drained, Meadow associate of the Darlingford. DGF Darlingford Orthic Black Darlingford Well drained Blackearth associate. DOT Dorset Orthic Black Marringhurst The dominant, well drained Blackearth. DZW Dezwood Orthic Dark Gray Pembina The well drained, Gray-Black associate of the Pembina. FFR Fifre Orthic Dark Gray Manitou The typical well drained, Gray-Black associate of the Manitou. FIR Firdale Orthic Dark Gray Carroll, Holland The typical well drained, Gray-Black associate ofthe Carroll or Holland association. FND Fairland Orthic Black Carroll (Loam),Holland The dominant well drained, Blackearth associate of these associations. FRS Ferris Gleyed Rego Black Darlingford Intermediately drained, Meadow-Prairie associate. FSO Fresno Gleyed Dark Gray Manitou The intermediately drained, Gray-Black associate of the Manitou.

79 Table 13. Correlation of Soil Series in the R. M. of Pembina with Soil Associations and Associates of the South-Central Reconnaissance Survey, Report No. 4, 1943 (Cont'd) Soil Soil Soil Association or Associate Symbol Name Subgroup of the South-Central Map (1943) Remarks GRR Guerra Rego Humic Gleysol Altamont The poorly drained, Meadow soil of the Altamont. HEB Hebbot Rego Black Darlingford The well drained, Blackearth, shallow phase associate. HOS Horose Rego Humic Gleysol Pembina Poorly drained, Meadow associate of the Pembina. JYL Joyale Gleyed Rego Black Altamont The intermediately drained, Meadow-Prairie associate of the Altamont association. KUD Knudson Orthic Black Altamont Altamont, well drained Blackearth associate. LEI Levine Gleyed Cumulic Regosol Neelin, Assiniboine Complex The intermediately drained, immature soils on recent alluvium. LRT Larrett Eluviated Black Altamont A well drained, leached blackearth associate. LRY Leary Orthic Dark Gray Leary The dominant, well drained Gray-Black associate of the Leary association. MXS Manitou Orthic Black Manitou The dominant Blackearth associate of the Manitou association. MOW Mowbray Cumulic Regosol Neelin, Assiniboine Complex The well drained, immature soils on recent alluvium. Nikkel Gleyed Black Darlingford The intermediately drained, Meadow-Prairie associate of the Darlingford. NOW Nowell Gleyed Black Manitou Intermediately drained, Meadow-Prairie soil of the Manitou association. NSH Narish Rego Humic Gleysol Altamont The poorly drained Meadow soil associate. NYO Nayler Dark Gray Luvisol Manitou The well drained, Gray-Black Wooded associate of the Manitou association.

80 Table 13. Correlation of Soil Series in the R. M. of Pembina with Soil Associations and Associates of the South-Central Reconnaissance Survey, Report No. 4, 1943 (Cont'd) Soil Soil Soil Association or Associate Symbol Name Subgrou p of the South-Central Map (1943) Remarks PBI Pembina Dark Gray Luvisol Pembina The well drained, Gray-Black Wooded associate. PDA Prodan Gleyed Rego Black Carroll, Holland Intermediately drained, Meadow-Prairie associate. PER Perillo Terric Mesisol Peat Organic deposit or shallow peat. POU Pouchal Humic Luvic Gleysol Pembina The poorly drained, Degraded-Meadow or swamp podzol. RAM Ramada Orthic Black Carroll, Holland The dominant well drained Blackearth of the Carroll or Holland association. TDP Tadpole Rego Humic Gleysol Carroll The poorly drained, meadow associate of the Carroll association. TLI Tellier Gleyed Dark Gray Altamont The intermediately drained, Gray-Black associate. ULH Ullrich Gleyed Black Altamont Intermediately drained, Meadow-Prairie soil. VDL Vandal Orthic Dark Gray Leary The Gray-Black associate of the Leary association. WTI Watrine Humic Luvic Gleysol Altamont Poorly drained, Degraded Meadow (swamp podzol) associate. ZIM Zinman Gleyed Solonetzic Altamont The intermediately drained, Alkalinized Dark Gray (Solonetzic) Gray-Black associate. ZPI Zaplin Gleyed Dark Gray Pembina The intermediately drained, Gray-Black associate of the Pembina. NOTE : The "Snowflake Association" is made up of soils developed on a complex of parent materials that are a mixture of the Manitou, Darlingford, Carroll and ICnudson (Altamont) soils.

81 APPENDIX B GUIDES FOR EVALUATING SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED USES

82 Table 14. Land Classification Standards for Irrigation Suitability Land Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Characteristics Subclass Very Good - V Good - G Fair - F Poor - P SOILS S Texture very coarse textured v Fine sandy loams to Loamy fine sand to light. Sand to permeable clay gravel to clay very fine textured h clay loams clay Water holding capacity low available moisture q 40 to 60 sat. % 35 tn 65 sat. % 25 to 75 sat. % <25 or > 75 sat. % capacity > 15cm storage in 1.2m > 12.5cm storage in 1.2m > 7.5cm storage in 1.2m <7.5cm stornge in 1.2m < l0cm/hr. hydraulic < 12.5cm/hr hydraulic < 17.5cm/hr. hydraulic > 17.5cm/hr hydraulic cond. cond. cond. cond. Geological Deposit shallow deposit over.9m or more of fine.6m or more of fine sandy.5m or more of sandy <.5m of sand loam or sand or gravel k sandy loam or loam or heavier, or.75m loam or heavier, or.6m heavier, or.6m of loamy heavier plus of loamy fine sand or plus of loamy sand sand or sand sand loam Shallow deposit over >3m of permeable >2m of permeable > lm of permeable < lm of permeable material impervious substrata b material material material Salinity and Alkalinity'-' a <4ms/cm in 0-.6m <4 ma/cm in 0-.6m <8ms/cm in 0-.6m >8 ms/cm in 0 -.6m < 8ms/cm below.6m < 12ma/cm below.6m < 15ms/cm below.6m > 15 ms/cm below.6m <6 S.A.R. <8 S.A.R. ~< 12 S.A.R. > 12 S.A.R. EXTERNAL FEATURES Stones - rock clearing r none to light clearing Light to medium clearing Light to heavy clearing Excessively stony Topography T g < 1 % and 0.1 % in < 3 % in general gradient < 5 % in general gradient > 5 % in general* Slope general gradient (3-5% slope) (5-10% slope) gradient (> 10% slope)" excess gradient (0-3 % slope) DRAINAGE D restricted outlet No problem anticipated Moderate drainage Moderate to severe Drainage improvement not problem anticipated but drainage problem considered feasible may be improved at anticipated but may be relatively low cost improved by expensive but feasible measures water table below 2.4m most of could be above 1.5m for a within 1.5m most of year year short period then recedes to 2.4m or lower within lm most of year Rev. l~i: i * Criteria for gravity (flood) irrigation requirements. ** Estimated adjustments to slope criteria for overhead or sprinkler type irrigation methods. If sufficient gypsum is present in the soil, the S.A.R. maybe lowered by leaching the soil (a very slow process), and the Hydraulic conductivity may then improve. The degree of salinity may vary widely within shore distances, and there may be no clear indication of the area, occupied by each salinity class. Unless a very detailed mapping and sampling program is carried out, it is impossible to estimate the acreage occupied.

83 Table 15. Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of topsoil. The term "topsoil" includes soil materials used to cover barren surfaces exposed during construction, and materials used to improve soil conditions on lawns, gardens, flower beds, etc. The factors to be considered include not only the characteristic of the soil itself, but also the ease or difficulty of excavation, and where removal of topsoil is involved, accessibility to the site. Degree of Soil Suitability Symbols' Items Affecting Use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V u Moist Consi.stmce2 Very friable, friable Loose, firm Very firm Cemented i Flooding None May flood occasionally Frequent flooding Constantly flooding for short periods w Wetness= Wetness is not determining if better than very poorly drained. Very poorly drained and permanently wet soils t Slope 0-5% 5-9% 9-15% >15% p Stoniness' Stones 10 m apart Stones 2-10 rn apart Stones m apart Stones 0.1 m apart (Class 0 and 1) (Class 2) (Class 3 and 4) (Class 5) c Coarse fragments' : <3% 3-15% 15-35% >35% percent, by volume s Texture= FSL, VFSL, L, SiL, CL, SCL, SiCL, SC if S, LS, C and SiC if 2:1 Marl, diatomaceous SL, SC if 1 :1 clay is 2:1 clay is dominant ; clay is dominant. earth dominant C and SiC if 1 :1 clay is organic soils' dominant b Depth of TopsoiN >40 cm cm 8-15 cm <8 cm n Salinity of Topsoil' E.C. 0-1 E.C. 1-4 E.C. 4-8 E.C. > 8 ' Rev. 199 The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. For an explanation of texture, consistence, stoniness, coarse fragments and soil drainage classes, see the Manual for describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Non-woody organic materials are assessed as good sources for topsoil if mixed with or incorporated into mineral soil. The remaining soil material (at least 8 cm) must be reclaimable after the uppermost soil is removed. E.C. = Electrical Conductivity (millisiemens/cm).

84 Table 16. Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of sand and gravel. The purpose of this table is to provide guidance for assessing the probable supply as well as quality of the sand or gravel for use as road base material and in concrete. The interpretation pertains mainly to the characteristics of substratum to a depth of 150 cm, augmented by observations made in deep cuts as well as geological knowledge where available. Symbol' Degree of Soil Suitability Item Affecting Use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V Unified Soil Sw SW-SM SM Group SP SP-SM SW-SC All other groups and SP-SC bedrock GW GP-GM GM GP GW-GM GP-GC GW-GC h Depth to Seasonal Water Not class determining if deeper than 50 cm 50 cm Table q Depth to Sand and Gravel <25 cm cm2 > 75 cm' p Stoniness' Not class determining if stones >.5 m apart Stones mapart Stones < 0.1 m apart (Class 0, 1, 2 and 3) (Class 4) (Class 5) d Depth to Bedraek > 100 cm cm I < 50 cm Rev. 99 ' The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation. Rated good it it is known that the underlying gravel or sand deposit is thick (> 100 cm). ' For an explanation of stoniness and rockiness, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978).

85 Table 17. Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of roadfill. Fill material for building or roads are included in this use. The performance of the material when removed from its original location and placed under load at the building site or road bed are to be considered. Since surface materials are generally removed during road or building construction their properties are disregarded. Aside from this layer, the whole soil to a depth of cm should be evaluated. Soil materials which are suitable for fill can be considered equally suited for road subgrade construction. Symbol' a Items Affecting UseZ Degree of Soil Suitability Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V Subgrade' a. AASHO group >8 index' b. Unified soil Gw, GP, Sw, SP CL (with P.16 < 15) CL (with P.I6 of 15 OL, OH and Pt classes SM, GC' and SC' and ML or more), CH and MH' 1 Shrink-swell potential Low Moderate High f Susceptibility to frost action' Low Moderate High t Slope 0-15% 15-30% 30-45% >45% p Stoniness' Stones >2 m apart Stones m apart Stones m Stones <0.1 m apart (class 0, 1 and 2) (class 3) apart (Class 4) (Class 5) r Rockiness' Rock exposures >35 Rock exposure Rock exposure Rock exposure <3.5 m apart and cover m apart and cover 10- m apart and cover 25- m apart and cover 50- < 10% of the surface 25 % of the surface 50% of the surface 90% of the surface w Wetness' Excessively drained to Imperfectly drained Poorly drained Very poorly drained moderately well or permanently wet drained soils d Depth to Bedrock > 100 cm cm cm < 20 cm b Depth to Seasonal Water Table > 150 cm cm cm <50 cm Rev. i z The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation. The first, three items pertain to soil after it is placed in a fill ; the last six items pertain to soil in its natural condition before excavation for road fill. This item estimates the strength of the soil material, that is, its ability to withstand applied loads. Use AASHO group index only where laboratory data are available for the kind of soil being rated ; otherwise, use Unified soil groups. Downgrade suitability rating to fair if content of fines is more than about 30 percent. P.I. means plasticity index. Upgrade suitability rating to fair if MH is largely kaolinitic, friable, and free of mica. Use this item only where frost penetrates below the paved or hardened surface layer and where moisture transportable by capillary movement is sufficient to form ice lenses at the freezing front. For an explanation of stoniness, rockiness and soil drainage classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978).

86 Table 18. Guide for assessing soil suitability for permanent buildings'. This guide applies to undisturbed soils to be evaluated for single-family dwellings and other structures with similar foundation requirements. The emphasis for rating soils for buildings is on foundation requirements ; but soil slope, susceptibility to flooding and other hydrologic conditions, such as wetness, that have effects beyond those related exclusively to foundations are considered too. Also considered are soil properties, particularly depth to bedrock:, which influence excavation and corosivity, landscaping and septic tank absorption fields s 9 io Symbol' Items Affecting Use Degree of Soil Suitability' Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V w Wetness' With Basements : With Basements : With Basements : With Basements : Very rapidly, rapidly Moderately well Imperfectly, poorly, Permanently wet and well drained. drained. and very poorly soils. Without Basements : Without Basements : drained. Without Basements : Very rapidly, rapidly Imperfectly drained. Without Basements : Perntattently wet ' well and moderately Poorly and very poorly soils. well drained. drained. h Depth to Seasonal Water With Basements : With Basements : With Basements : With Basements : Table > 150 cm cm cm <25 cm Without Basements: Without Basements : Without Basements : Without Basements : >75 cm cm cm <25 cm i Flooding None None Occasional flooding Frequent flooding (once in 5 years) (every year)! t Slope 0-9% 9-15% 15-30% >30% a Subgrade` a. AASHO group > 8 index' b. Unified soil classes GW, GP, SW, SP, CL (with P.I! < IS) CL (with P.I! of 15 OH, OL and Pt SM and GC and and ML or more), CH and MH SC f Potential Frost Low (FI, F2) Moderate (F3) High (F4) Action' p Stoniness' Stones > 10 mapart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones m apart Stones <0.1 mapart (Class 0 to 1) (Class 21) (Class 3'6 to 4) (Class 5') r Roc{uuess' "" Rock exposure. 100 m Rock exposure Rock exposure <30 m Rock exposure too apart and cover <2% mapart and cover 2- apart and cover > 10% frequa.-it to allow of the surface 10% of the surface of the surface location of permanent buildings d Depth to Bedrock" With Basements : With Basements : With Basements : With Basements :.150 cm cm cm < 50 cm Without Basements : Without Basements : Without Basements : > 100 cm cm <50 cm Rev By halving the slope limits, this table can be used for evaluating soil suitability for buildings with large floor areas, but with foundation requirements not exceeding those of ordinary three-storey dwellings. The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. Some soils assessed as fair or poor sites from an aesthetic or use standpoint, but they will require more site preparation and/or maintenance. For an explanation of rockiness, stoniness and soil drainage classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Reduce the slope limits by one half for those soils subject to hillside slippage. This item estimates the strength of the soil, that is, its ability to withstand applied loads. when available, AASHO Group Index Values from laboratory tests were used ; otherwise the estimated Unified classes were used. Group index values were estimated from information published by the Portland Cement Association (PCA, 1962), pp P.1. means plasticity index. Frost heave only applies where frost penetrates to the assumed depth of the footings and the soil is moist. The potential frost action classes are taken from the United States Army Corps of Engineers (1962), pp Rate one class better for building without basements. Rate one class better if the bedrock is soft enough so that it can be dug with light power equipment such as backhoes.

87 Table 19. Guide for assessing soil suitability for local roads and streets'. This guide applies to soils to be evaluated for construction and maintenance of local roads and streets. These are improved roads and streets having some kind of all-weather surfacing, commonly asphalt or concrete, and are expected to carry automobile traffic all year. They consist of: (1) the underlying local soil material (either cut or fill) called the subgrade ; (2) the base material of gravel, crushed rock, or lime or soil cement stabilized soil called the subbase ; and (3) the actual road surface or pavement, either flexible or rigid. They also are graded to shed water and have ordinary provisions for drainage. With the probable exception of the hardened surface layer, the roads and streets are built mainly from the soil at hand, and cuts and fills are limited, usually less than 2 meters. Excluded from consideration in this guide are highways designed for fast moving, heavy trucks. Properties that affect design and construction of roads and streets are : (1) those that affect the load supporting capacity and stability of the subgrade, and (2) those that affect the workability and amount of cut and fill. The AASHO and Unified Classification give an indication of the traffic supporting capacity. Wetness and. flooding affect stability. Slope, depth of hardrock, stoniness, rockiness, and wetness affect the ease of excavation and the amount of cut and fill to reach an even grade Symbol' Items Affecting Use Degree of Soil Suitability Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V w Wetness' Very rapidly, rapidly Imperfectly drained Poorly and very poorly Permanently wet soils well and moderately drained well drained i Flooding None Infrequent Occasional Frequent (once in 5 years) (once in 2-4 years) (every year) t S7ope 0-9% 9-15% 15-30% >30 % d Depth to Bedrock' > 100 cm cm <50 cm a Subgrades a. AASHO group >8 index` b. Unified soil GW, GP, SW, SP, CL (with P.I.' < 15) CL (with P.I! of 15 or OH, OL and Pt classes SM, GC and SC' and ML more), CH and MH f Susceptibility to Frost Low (Fl, F2) Moderate (F3) High (F4) Heave p Stoniness' Stones >2 m apart Stones m apart Stones m apart Stones <0.1 m apart (Class 0 to 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5) r Roctunese Rock exposures > 100 Rock exposures Rock exposures <30 m Rock exposures too m apart and cover m apart and cover 2- apart and cover > 10% frequent to permit <2% of the surface 10% of the surface of the surface location of roads and streets Rev These guidelines, with some adjustment of slope and rockiness limits, will also be useful for assessing soils for use as parking lots. Symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. For an explanation of stoniness, rockiness and soil drainage classes, see the Canada Soil Information System (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Rate one class better if the bedrock is soft enough so that it can be dug with light power equipment and is rippable by machinery. This item estimates the strength of soil materials as it applies to roadbeds. When available, AASHO Group Index Values from laboratory tests were used ; otherwise, the estimated Unified classes were used. The limitations were estimated assuming that the roads would be surfaced. On unsurfaced roads, rapidly drained, very sandy, poorly graded soils may cause washboard or rough roads. Group index values were estimated from information published by the Portland Cement Association (PCA, 1962) pp Downgrade to moderate if content of fines (less than 200 mesh) is greater than about 30 percent. P.I. means plasticity index. Frost heave is important where frost penetrates below the paved or hardened surface and moisture transportable by Capillary movement is sufficient to form ice lenses at the freezing point. The susceptibility classes are taken from the United States Army Corps of Engineers (1962) pp. 5-8.

88 Table 20. Guide for assessing soil suitability for trench-type sanitary landfills'. The trench-type sanitary landfill, in which dry garbage and trash is buried daily is an open trench and covered with a layer of soil material. Suitability of the site is dependent upon the potential for pollution of water sources through groundwater contact with the refuse, or leachate arising from the site. Those properties affecting ease of excavation of the site must be supplemented with geological and hydrological knowledge to provide subsurface soil and groundwater data to a depth of at least 3 to 4.5 m, a common depth of landfills. Symbol, Items Affecting Use Degree of Soil Suitability Good - G' Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V h Depth to Seasonal High Not class determining if mom than 180 cm cm < 100 cm Water Table w Wetness" Not class determining if better than imperfectly Imperfectly drained Poorly and very drained poorly drained or pcrmanenuy wet soils i Flooding None Rare Occasional Frequent k Permeability' <5 cm/hr <5 cm/hr 5-15 cm/hr > 15 cm/hr t Slope 0-15% 15-30% 30-45% >45% s Sod Texture'A SL, L, SiL, SCL SiCL', CL, SC, LS sic, C Muck, peat, gravel, (dominant to a depth of sand 150 cm) d Depth to Hard Bedrock > 150 cm > 150 cm cm < 100 cm Rippable > 150 cm cm cm < 100 cm p Stoniness' Stones > 10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones m apart Stones <:0.1 m apart (Class 0 and 1) (Class 2) (Clan 3 and 4) (Class 5) r Nature of Bedrock Impermeable Highly permeable, fractured, easily soluble. Rcv Based on soil depth (120 cm) commonly investigated in making soil surveys. The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. If probability is high that the soil material to a depth of 3 to 4.5 m will not alter a rating of good or fair, indicate this by an appropriate footnote, such as "Probably good to a depth of 3.5 m", or "Probably fair to a depth of 3.5 m". For an explanation of stoniness, texture and soil drainage classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Reflects ability of soil to retard movement of leachate from the landfills ; may not reflect a limitations in arid and semiarid areas. Reflects ease of digging and moving (workability) and trafficability in the immediate area of the trench where there may not be surfaced roads. Soil high is expansive clays may need to be given a suitability rating of poor.

89 Table 21. Guide for assessing soil suitability for area-type sanitary landfills. In the area-type sanitary landfill refuse is placed on the surface of the soil in successive layers. The daily and final cover material generally must be imported. A final cover of soil material at. least 60 cm thick is placed over the fill when it is completed. The soil under the proposed site should be investigated so as to determine the probability that leachates from the landfill can penetrate the soil and thereby pollute water supplies. 5 Symbol' Items Affetaing Use Degree of Soil Suitability Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V h Depth to Seasonal Water > 150 cm cm cm <50 cm Table w Wetness- Rapid to moderately Imperfectly drained Poorly drained Very poorly drained or well drained permanently wet soils i Flooding None Rare Occasional Frequent It Permeability~'s Not class determining if less than 5 cm/hr 5-15 cm/hr > 15 cm/hr t Slope 0-9% 9-15% 15-30% >30% Rev. 1 The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. Reflects influence of wetness on operation of equipment. For an explanation of drainage, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Reflects ability of the soil to retard movement of leachate from landfills ; may not reflect a limitation in arid and semiarid areas. Due to possible groundwater contamination, impermeable bedrock is considered poor and permeable bedrock is rated very poor. Table 22. Guide for assessing soil suitability as cover material for area-type sanitary landfills. The term cover material includes soil materials used to put a daily and final covering layer in area-type sanitary landfills. This cover material may be derived from the area of the landfill or may be brought in from surrounding areas. Symbols' Items Affecting Use Degree of Soil Suitability Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V u Moist Consistence' Very friable, friable Loose, firm Very firm Cemented s Texture" SL, L, SiL, SCL SiCL, CL, SC, LS sic, C Muck, peat, sand, gravel d Depth to bedrock' > 150 cm cm cm <50 cm c Coarse fragments' < 15% 15-35% >35% p Stoniness' Stones > 10 m apart (Class 0 and 1) t w Wetness' -T Stones 2-10 m apart (Class 2) Stones m apart (Class 3 and 4) Slope <9% 9-15% 15-30% >30% Not class determining ifbetter than poorly drained. Poorly drained Stones <0.1 m apart (Class 5) Very poorly drained or permanently wet soils. Rev The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. For an explanation of consistence, texture, coarse fragments, stoniness and soil drainage classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Soils having a high proportion of non-expansive clays may be given a suitability rating one class better than is shown them in this table. Thickness of material excluding topsoil, which will be stockpiled (see guide for topsoil). for 74

90 Table 23. Guide for assessing soil suitability for reservoirs and sewage lagoons. Factors affecting the ability of undisturbed soils to impound water or sewage and prevent seepage are considered for evaluating soils on their suitability for reservoir and lagoon areas. This evaluation considers soil both as a vessel for the impounded area and as material for the enclosing embankment. As the impounded liquids could be potential sources of contamination of nearby water supplies, e.g. sewage lagoons, the landscape position of the reservoir as it affects risk of flooding must also be considered. Symbol' Items Affecting Use Degree of Soil Suitability Good - G Fair - F Poor - P. Very Poor - V h Depth to Water Table > 150 cm cm cm <50 cal i Flooding' None None Subject to infrequent Subject to frequent flooding (once in 50 high level flooding years) k Soil Permeabffity cm/hr cm/hr 5-15 cm/hr > 15 cm/hr t Slope 0-2% 2-5% 5-9% >9% o Organic Matter <2% 2-10% 10-30% >30% c Coarse Fragments' <20% 20-35% >35% <25 cm in diameter, % by volume p Stoniness', >25 cm <3% 3-15% 15-50% >50% diameter, percent of surface area (Class 0, 1 and 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5) d Depth to Bedroclr' > 150 cm cm cm <50 cm j Thiclmess of Slowly > 100 cm cm cm <25 crn Permeable Layer a Subgrade Unified Soil GC, SC, CL, & CH GM, ML, SM & MH SW & SP OL, Off & Pt Classes GP, GW Rev. lm. 4 5 The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. If the floor of the lagoon has nearly impermeable material at least 50 cm thick, disregard depth to water table. Disregard flooding if it is not likely to enter or damage the lagoon (flood waters have low velocity and depth less than 150 cm). For an explanation of coarse fragments and stoniness classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Surface exposures of non rippable rock are rated poor. If underlying bedrock is impermeable, rating should be one class better.

91 Table 24. Guide for assessing soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields. This guide applies to soils to be used as an absorption and filtering medium for effluent from septic tank systems. A subsurface tile system laid in such a way that effluent from the septic tank is distributed reasonably uniformly into the natural soil is assumed when applying this guide. A rating of poor need not mean that a septic system should not be installed in the given soil, but rather, may suggest the difficulty, in terms of installation and maintenance, which can be expected. Symbol' Items Affecting Use Degree of Soil Suitability Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V h Permeabt'h'tyl Rapid to moderately Moderate Slow Very Slow rapid Percolation RaW About 8-18 min/cm' min/cm Slower than 24 min/cm (Auger hole method) h Depth to Seasonal Water > 150 cm' cm cm <50 cm Table i Flooding Not subject to flooding Not subject to flooding Subject to occasional Floods every year flooding (once in 5 years) t Slope 0-9% 9-15% 15-30% >30% d Depth to Hard Rock, > 150 cm cm cm <50 cm bedrock or other impervious materials The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. The suitability ratings should be related to the permeability of soil layers at and below depth of the tile line. Soils having a percolating rate less than about 8 min/cm are likely to present a pollution hazard to adjacent waters. This hazard must be noted, but the degree of hazard must, in each case, be assessed by examining the proximity of the proposed installation to water bodies, water table, and related features. The symbol g is used to indicate this condition. Refer to U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare (1969) for details of this procedure. Seasonal means for more than one month. It may, with caution, be possible to make some adjustment for the severity of a water table limitation in those cases where seasonal use of the facility does not coincide with the period of high water table. A seasonal water table should be at least 100 cm below the bottom of the trench at all times for soils rated Good (U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, 1969). The depths used to water table are based on an assumed tile depth of 50 cm. Where relief permits, the effective depth above a water table or rock can be increased by adding appropriate amounts of fill. Where the slope is greater than 9 %, a depth to bedrock of cm is assessed as poor. ev. 9

92 Table 25. Guide for assessing soil suitability for playgrounds. This guide applies to soils to be used intensively for playgrounds, football, badminton, and for other similar organized games. These areas are subject to intensive foot traffic. A nearly level surface, good drainage, and a soil texture and consistence that gives a firm surface generally are required. The most desirable soils are free of rock outcrops and coarse fragments. Soil suitability for growing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, except as influenced by moisture, but is an important item to consider in the final evaluation of site. Degree of Soil Suitability w Wetneas' Rapidly, well and moderately well drained soils with no ponding or seepage. Water table below 75 cm during season of use k Flooding Permeability None during season of use. Fair - F Moderately well drained soils subject to occasional seepage or ponding of short duration and imperfectly drained soils. Water table below 50 cm during season use. Occasional flooding. May flood once every 2-3 years during season ofuse. Moderately slow and slow Poor - P Imperfectly drained soils subject to seepage or ponding, and poorly drained soils. Water table above 50 cm during season of use. and pernuinently wet soils. c p r Stones 2-10 rn apart (Class 2) Rock exposures m apart and cover about of the surface Stones <0.1 m apart (Class 5) Rock ouu:rops too frequent to permit playground location s In Water storage capacity' > 15.0 cm and/or adequate rainfall and/or low evapotranspiration Water storage capacity' cm and/or moderate rainfall and/or moderate evapotranspiration Water storage capacity' <7.5 cm and/or low rainfall and/or high evapotranspiration s a The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation. See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 19'78). Downgrade to a very poor suitability rating if the slope is greater than Surface soil texture influences soil ratings as it affects foot trafficability, surface wetness, dust, and maintenance. Adverse soil textures may be partially or completely overcome with the addition of topsoil. Moderately well and well drained SC, SiC and C soils may be rated fair. Depth to sand or gravel is considered a limitation in the levelling operations may expose sand or gravel, thereby bringing about adverse surface textures and undesirable amounts of coarse fragments. The addition of topsoil after the levelling process would overcome this limitation. This item attempts to evaluate the adequacy of moisture for vegetative growth. It incorporates the concept of supply through rainfall, loss through evapotranspiration, and storage within the rooting zone. In soils where the water table is within rooting depth for a significant portion of the year, water storage capacity may not significantly influence vegetation growth. Consult glossary for definitions of terms used. 77

93 Table 26. Guide for assessing soil suitability ~ for picnic areas. This guide applies to soils considered for intensive use as park-type picnic areas. It is assumed that most vehicular traffic will confined to the access roads. Soil suitability for growing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, except as influenced by moisture, but is an important item to consider in the final evaluation of site. Symbols' Property affecting use Degree of Soil Suitability Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V Very rapidly, rapidly, Moderately well drained Imperfectly drained Very poorly drained well and moderately soils subject to soils subject to seepage and permanently wet well drained soils not occasional seepage or or ponding. Poorly soils. subject to seepage or ponding and imperfectly drained soil. Water ponding. Water table drained toils not subject table above 50 cm and below 50 cm during to ponding or seepage. often near surface for a season of use. Water Table above 50 month or more during cm for short periods season of use. during season of use i Flooding None during season of May flood 1 or 2 times Floods more than 2 Prolonged flooding use. per year for short times during season of during season of use. periods during season of use. use. t Slope 0-9% 9-15% 15-30% >30% S Surface Soil TeXture7-' SL, FSL, VFSL, L SiL, CL, SCL, SiCL, SC, SiC,C ", Si Peaty soils; loose sand LS, and sand other than subject to blowing. loose sand. c Coarse Fragments on 0-20% 20-50% >50% Surface p Stoniness' Stones >2 m apart Stones 1-2 m apart Stones m apart Stones <0.1 m apart (Class 0 to 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5) r Rockiness'" Rock exposure roughly Rock exposure roughly Rock exposure < 10 m Rock exposure too m or more apart mapart and cover apart and cover > 25 % frequent to permit and cover < 10% of the % of the surface. of the surface. location of picnic areas. surface. In Useful Moisture Water storage capacity' Water storage capacity' Water storage capacity` > 15 cm and/or cm and/or <7.5 cm and/or low adequate rainfall and/or moderate rainfall and/or rainfall and/or high low evapotranspiration. moderate evapotranspiration. evapotranspiration. Rev. 199 i 2 The symbols are used to indicate the property affecting use. See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table, include gravel and cobbles. Some gravelly soils may be rated as having a slight limitation if the content of gravel exceeds 20% by only a small margin providing (a) the gravel is embedded in the soil matrix, or (b) the fragments are less than 2 cm in size. Surface soil texture influences soil ratings as it affects foot trafficability, dust and soil permeability. Moderately well and well drained SC, SiC and C soils may be rated fair. Very shallow soils are rated as having severe or very severe limitations for stoniness or rockiness. The nature and topography of the bedrock exposures may significantly alter these ratings. As such, on-site investigations will be necessary in map units containing bedrock when these are considered as possible sites. This property attempts to evaluate the adequacy of moisture for vegetative growth. It incorporates the concept of supply through rainfall, loss through evapotranspiration, and storage within the rooting zone. In soils where the water table is within rooting depth for a significant portion of the year, water storage capacity may not significantly influence vegetation growth. Consult glossary for definitions of terms used.

94 Table 27. Guide for assessing soil suitability for camp areas. This guide applies to soils to be used intensively for tents and camp trailers and the accompanying activities of outdoor living. It is assumed that little site preparation will be done other than shaping and levelling for campsites and parking areas. The soil should be suitable for heavy foot traffic by humans and limited vehicular traffic. Soil suitability for growing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, but is an important item to consider in the final evaluation of site. Back country campsites differ in design, setting and management but require similar soil attributes. These guidts should apply to evaluations for back country campsites but depending on the nature of the facility the interpreter may Wish to adjust the criteria defining a given degree of limitation to reflect the changed requirement. For example, small tent sites may allow rock exposures greater than 10 m apart to be considered a slight limitations. Symbol' w k t s Items Affecting Use Wetness' Flooding Permeability Slope Surface Soil Texture" Coarse Fragments on Surface" P I Stoninessx` r I Rockiness'" Good - G Very rapidly, rapidly, well and moderately well drained soils with no seepage or ponding. Water table below 75 cm during season of use. None Very rapid to moderate inclusive. 0-9% SL, FSL, VFSL, L 0-20% Stones > 10 m apart (Class 0 and 1) No rock exposures Degree of Soil Suitability Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V Moderately well drained soils subject to occasional seepage or ponding and imperfectly drained soils with no seepage or ponding. Water table below 50 cm during season of use Very occasional flooding during season of use. Once in 5-10 years. Moderately slow and slow. 9-15% SiL, SCL, CL, SiCL, LS, and sand other than loose sand % Stones 2-10 m apart (Class 2) Rock exposures > 10 m apart and cover <25% of the area. Imperfectly drained soils subject to seepage or ponding and poorly drained soils. Water table above 50 cm during season of use. Occasional flooding during season of use. Once in 2-4 years. Very slow % SC, sic, C' ; Si >50% Stones m apart (Class 3 and 4) Rock exposures < 10 m apart and cover >25% of the area. Very poorly drained and permanently wet soils. Flooding during every season of use. >30% Peaty soils : loose sand subject to blowing. Stones <0.1 m apart (Class 5) Rock exposures too frequent to permit campground location. ev7. ~ The symbol are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Surface soil texture influences soil rating as it affects foot trafficability, dust, and soil permeability. Moderately well and well drained SC, SiC and C soils may be rated fair. Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table include gravels and cobbles. Some gravelly soils may be rated as having slight: limitations if the content of gravel exceeds 2096 by only a small margin, providing (a) the gravel is embedded in the soil matrix, or (b) the fragments are less than 2 cm in size. Very shallow soils are rated as having a limitation for rockiness and/or stoniness.

95 I Table 28. Guide for assessing soil suitability for paths and trails. It is assumed that the trails will be built at least 45 cm wide and that obstructions such as cobbles and stones will be removed during construction. It is also assumed that a dry, stable tread is desirable and that muddy, dusty, wom or eroded trail treads are undesirable. Hiking and riding trails are not treated separately, but as the design requirements for riding trails are more stringent, a given limitation will be more difficult to overcome. Poor or very poor suitability does not indicate that a trail cannot or should not be built. It does, however, suggest higher design requirements and maintenance to overcome the limitations. Symbol' Items' Affecting Use Degree of Soil Suitability Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V s Texture'-' SL, FSL, VFSL, LS, L SiL, CL, SiCL, SCL SC, SiC, C' ; Sand, Si Peaty soils ; loose sand subject to blowing 'I c Coarse Fragment 0-20% 20-50% >50% Content" p Stoniness' Stones >2 mapart - Stones 1-2 mapart Stones m apart Stones <0.1 m apart (Class 0 to 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5) w Wetness' Very rapidly, rapidly Moderately well drained Poorly and very poorly Permanently wet soils. well, and moderately soils subject to drained soils. Water well drained soils. occasional seepage and table above 50 cm and Water table below 50 cm ponding and imperfectly often near surface for a during season of use. drained soils. Water month or more during table cnay be above 50 season of use. cm for short periods during season of use. r Rockiness-' Rock exposures >30 m Rock exposures m Rock exposures < 10 m Rock exposures too apart and cover < 10% apart and cover 10-25% apart and cover > 25 % frequent to permit of the surface. of the surface. of the surface. location of paths and trials. t Slopes 0-15% 15-30% 30-60% >60% I I i Flooding Not subject to flooding Floods 1 or 2 times Floods more than 2 times Subject to prolonged during season of use. during season of use. during season of use. flooding during season of use. Rev. 99 The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. The items affecting use listed in this table are those which have been shown to cause significant differences in trail response. Elevation, aspect, position on slope, and snow avalanching may have slight affects or influence trail management and should be considered in the final site evaluation. Items such as vegetation, fauna, and scenic value are not considered in the guidelines (Epp, 1977). Texture refers to the soil texture which will form the tread texture. This is the surface texture on level areas but may be a subsurface texture on slopes. Textural classes are based on the less than 2 mm soil fraction. Texture influences soil ratings as it influences foot trafficability, dust, design or maintenance of trails, and erosion hazards. See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Moderately well and well drained SC, SiC and C soils may be rated fair. Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table, include gravels and cobbles. Gravels tend to cause unstable footing when present in high amounts, and are also associated with increased erosion. Cobbles (and stones) must be removed from the trail tread, increasing construction and maintenance difficulties. Some gravelly soils may be rated as having a slight limitation if the content of gravel exceeds 20 % by only a small margin providing (a) the gravel is embedded in the soil matrix or (b) the fragments are less than 2 cm in size. The type of rock outcrop (flat lying vs cliffs), and the orientation of the structure (linear cliffs vs massive blocks) can greatly alter the degree of the limitation. Each site with a Rockiness limitation based on the percent rock outcrop above should be evaluated on its own merits and the degree of limitation should then be modified appropriately if necessary. Slope in this context refers to the slope of the ground surface, not the slope of the tread.

96 APPIENDI GLOSSARY AASHO classification (soil engineering) - The official classification of soil materials and soil aggregate mixtures for highway construction used by the American Association of State Highway Officials. Acid soil - A soil having a ph less than 7. See ph and Reaction, soil. Alkaline soil - A soil having a ph greater than 7. See Reaction, soil. Alluvium - A general term for all deposits of rivers and streams. Arable soil - Soil suitable for plowing and cultivation. Association - A sequence of soils of about the same age, derived from similar parent material, and occurring under similar climatic conditions but showing different characteristics due to variations in relief and in drainage. 1/3 Atmosphere Moisture - The moisture percentage on dry weight basis of a soil sample that has been air dried, screened, saturated and subjected to a soil moisture tension of 345 cm of water through a permeable membrane for a period of 48 hours. It approximates the soil moisture retention capacity. Available nutrient - That portion of any element or compound in the soil that can be readily absorbed and assimilated by growing plants. Available soil moisture - The portion of water in a soil that can be readily absorbed by plant roots : generally considered to be that water held in the soil up to approximately 15 atmospheres pressure. Bearing_capacitv - Capacity of soil (in moist to wet conditions) to support loads such as buildings, people, vehicles, and animals. Bedrock - The solid rock that underlies soil and regolith or that is exposed at the surface. Boulders - Stones which are larger than 60 cm in diameter. Bulk density - The weight of oven dry soil (105 degrees C) divided by its volume at field moisture conditions, expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. Buried soil - Soil covered by an alluvial, loessial, or other deposit, usually to a depth greater than the thickness of the solum. Calcareous soil - Soil containing sufficient calcium carbonate (often with magnesium carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with hydrochloric acid. Calcium Carbonate Equivalent - Refers to the percent of carbonates in the soil expressed on the basis of calcium carbonate. Terms used to express the carbonate contents of soils are : noncalcareous <:1% weakly calcareous ~'a moderately calcareous % strongly calcareous '0 v. strongly calcareous % extremely calcareous >40% Capillaa fringe - A zone of essentially saturated soil just above the water table. The size distribution of the pores determines the extent and degree of the capillary fringe. Carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) -The ratio of the weight of organic carbon to the weight : of total nitrogen in a soil or in an organic material. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) - A measure of the total amount of exchangeable cations that can be held by a soil. Expressed in milliequivalents per 100g of soil. la - As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less than mm in diameter : usually consisting largely of clay minerals. As a soil textural class, soil materials that contain 40 or more percent clay, less than 45 percent sand and less than 40 percent silt. Cobb les - Rock fragments 8 to 25 cm in diameter. Color - Soil colors are compared with a Munsell color chart. The Munsell system specifies the 81

97 relative degrees of the three simple variables of color : hue, value and chroma. For example : loyr 6/4 means a hue of loyr, a value of 6, and a chroma of 4. Complex (soil) - A mapping unit used in detailed and reconnaissance soil surveys where two or more soil series that are so intimately intermixed in an area that it is impractical to separate them at the scale of mapping used. Concretions - Hard grains, pellets or nodules from concentration of compounds in the soil that cement soil grains together. Conductivity, electrical - A physical quantity that measures the readiness with which a medium (irrigation water and soil extracts) transmits electricity. It ex-presses the concentration of salt in terms of the conductance (reciprocal of the electric resistance in ohms) in millisiemens per cm (or expressed as decisiemens per meter - ds/m). Consistence (soil) - The mutual attraction of the particles in a soil mass, or their resistance to separation or deformation. It is described in terms such as loose, soft, friable, firm, hard, sticky, plastic or cemented. Consumptive use factor (CU) - The ratio of consumptive use of water by a crop to potential evapotranspiration and transpiration. An actively growing crop that completely covers the soil over a large area and that has an ample supply of readily available soil water has a consumptive use factor of 1.0. Consumptive use of water - The sum of the depths of water transpired by the plants and evaporated from the soil surface and from intercepted precipitation. It may be less or greater than potential evapotranspiration. Contour - An imaginary line connecting points of equal elevation on the surface of the soil. Cover - This term generally has one of the following meanings : 1. Vegetation or other material providing protection 2. In forestry, low growing shrubs and herbaceous plants under trees (i.e., ground cover vs. tree cover) 3. Any vegetation producing a protective mat on or just above the soil surface. Creep (soil) - Slow mass movement of soil and soil material down rather steep slopes primarily under the influence of gravity, but aided by saturation with water and by alternate freezing and thawing. Decile portion - A one-tenth portion. As used in the soil map symbol A7-B3 means that the A soils cover seven tenths and the B soils cover three tenths of the map unit. Delta - A fluvial or glaciofluvial fan shaped deposit at the mouth of a river that empties into a lake or sea. Deflocculate - To separate or to break up soil aggregates into individual particles by chemical or physical means or both. Degradation (of soils) - The changing of a soil to a more highly leached and more highly weathered condition, usually accompanied by morphological changes such as the development of an eluviated light colored (Ae) horizon. DisQersion - Is rated high, moderate or low depending on how readily the soil structure breaks down or slakes because of excess moisture. A rating of high indicates that soil aggregates slake readily ; a rating of low indicates that aggregates are resistant to dispersion and remain clumped together. Drainage (soil) - (1) The rapidity and extent of the removal of water from the soil by runoff and flow through the soil to underground spaces. (2) As a condition of the soil, it refers to the frequency and duration of periods when the soil is free of saturation. Drainage in soil reports is described on the basis of actual moisture content in excess of field capacity and length of the saturation period within the plant root zone. The terms are as follows : Very rapidly drained - Water is removed from the soil very rapidly in relation to supply. Excess water flows downward very rapidly if underlying material is pervious. There may be very rapid subsurface flow during heavy rainfall provided there is a steep gradient. Soils

98 have very low available water storage capacity (usually less than 2.5 cm) within the control section and are usually coarse in texture, or shallow, or both. Water source is precipitation. Rjpidly drained - Water is removed from the soil rapidly in relation to supply. Excess water flows downward if underlying material is pervious. Subsurface flow may occur on steep gradients during heavy rainfall. Soils have low available water storage capacity (2.5-4 cm) within the control section, and are usually coarse in texture, or shallow, or both. Water source is precipitation. Well drained - Water is removed from the soil readily but not rapidly. Excess water flows downward readily into underlying pervious material or laterally as subsurface flow. Soils have intermediate available water storage capacity (4-5 cm) within the control section, and are generally intermediate in texture and depth. Water source is precipitation. On slopes subsurface flow may occur for short durations but additions are equalled by losses. These soils are usually free of mottles within 100 cm of the surface but may be mottled below this depth. Soil horizons are usually bright colored. Moderately well drained - Water is removed from the soil somewhat slowly in relation to supply. Excess water is removed somewhat slowly due to low perviousness, shallow water table, lack of gradient, or some combination of these. Soils have intermediate to high water storage capacity (5-6cm) within the control section and are usually medium to fine in texture. Soils are commonly mottled in the 50 to 100 cm depth. Colors are dull brown in the subsoil with stains and mottles. Imperfectly drained - Water is removed from the soil sufficiently slowly in relation to supply to keep the soil wet for a significant part of the growing season. Excess water moves slowly downward if precipitation is major supply. If subsurface water or groundwater, or both, is the main source, flow rate may vary but the soil remains wet for a significant part of the growing season. Precipitation is the main source if available water storage capacity is high ; contribution by subsurface flow or groundwater flow, or both, increases as available water storage capacity decreases. Soils have a wide range in available water supply, texture, and depth, and are gleyed phases of well drained subgroups. These soils generally have mottling below the surface layers and generally have duller colors with depth, generally brownish gray with mottles of yellow and gray. Poorly drained - Water is removed so slowly in relation to supply that the soil remains wet for a comparatively large part of the time the soil is not frozen. Excess water is evident in the soil for a large part of the time. Subsurface flow or groundwater flow, or both, in addition to precipitation are main water sources ; there may also be a perched water table, with precipitation exceeding evapotranspiration. Poorly drained soils have a wide range in available water storage capacity, texture, and depth, and are gleyed subgroups, Gleysols, and Organic soils. Very Doorly drained - Water is removed from the soil so slowly that the water table remains at or on the surface for the greater part of the time the soil is not frozen. Excess water is present in the soil for the greater part of the time. Groundwater flow and subsurface flow are major water sources. Precipitation is less important except where there is a perched water table with precipitation exceeding evapotranspiration. These soils have a wide range in available water storage capacity, texture, and depth, and are either Gleysolic or Organic. Dryland farming - The practice of crop production in low rainfall areas without irrigation. Eluvial horizon - A horizon from which material has been removed in solution or in water suspension. Eolian - Soil material action. accumulated through wind Erosion - The wearing away of the land surface by detachment and transport of soil and rock material through the action of moving water, wind or other geological processes. The ratings of erosion are : Erosion 1 slightly eroded - soil with a sufficient amount of the A horizon removed that ordinary tillage will bring up and mix the B horizon or other lower lying 83

99 horizons with surface soil in the plow layer. Erosion 2 moderately eroded - soil with all of the A horizon and a part of the B or other lower lying horizons removed. The plow layer consists mainly of the original horizons below the A or below the original plow layer. Erosion 3 severely eroded - soils have practically all of the original surface soil removed. The plow layer consists mainly of C horizon material, especially on knolls and steep upper slope positions. Evapotranspiration - The combined loss of water from a given area, and during a specific period of time, by evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration from plants. Field Moisture Equivalent - The minimum moisture content at which a drop of water placed on a smoothed surface of the soil will not be absorbed immediately by the soil, but will spread out over the surface and give it a shiny appearance. Flood plain - The land bordering a stream, built up of sediments from overflow of the stream and subject to inundation when the stream is at flood stage. Fluvial deposits - All sediments past and present, deposited by flowing water, including glaciofluvial deposits. Frost heave - The raising of the surface caused by ice in the subsoil. Friable - Soil aggregates that are soft and easily crushed between thumb and forefinger. Glaciofluvial deposits - Material moved by glaciers and subsequently sorted and deposited by streams flowing from the melting ice. These deposits are stratified and may occur in the form of outwash plains, deltas, kames, eskers and kame terraces. Gleved soil - An imperfectly or poorly drained soil in which the material has been modified by reduction or alternating reduction and oxidation. These soils have lower chromas or more prominent mottling or both in some horizons than the associated well-drained soil. 1 olic - An order of soils developed under wet conditions and permanent or periodic reduction. These soils have low chromas or prominent mottling or both, in some horizons. Gravel - Rock fragments 2 mm to 7.5 cm in diameter. Ground Moraine - An unsorted mixture of rocks, boulders, sand, silt and clay deposited by glacial ice. The predominant material is till ; most till is thought to have accumulated under the ice by lodgment, but some till has been let down from the upper surface of the ice by ablation. Resorting and modification may have taken place to some extent by wave-action of glacial melt waters. The topography is most commonly in the form ofundulating plains with gently sloping hills and enclosed depressions. Groundwater - Water beneath the soil surface, usually under conditions where the voids are completely filled with water (saturation). Halophytic vegetation - Vegetation that grows naturally in soils having a high content of various salts. It usually has fleshy leaves or thorns and resembles desert vegetation. Horizon (soil) - A layer in the soil profile approximately parallel to the land surface with more or less well-defined characteristics that have been produced through the operation of soil forming processes. Horizon boundarv - The lower boundary of each horizon is described by indicating its distinctness and form. The distinctness depends on the abruptness of vertical change (thickness). The form refers to the variation of the boundary plane. Distinctness - abrupt - less than 2 cm clear - 2 to 5 cm gradual - 5 to 15 cm diffuse - more than 15 cm Form - smooth - wavy - nearly plain pockets are wider than deep

100 irregular - broken - pockets are deeper than wide parts of the horizon are unconnected with other parts Humic layer- - A layer of highly decomposed organic soil material containing little fibre. Hydraulic Conductivity - Refers to the effective flow velocity or discharge velocity in soil at unit hydraulic gradient. It is an approximation of the permeability of the soil and is expressed in cm per hour. The classes are described in general or specific terms as : High > 15 Very rapid > 50 Rapid Medium Mod. rapid Moderate Mod. slow Low < 0.5 Slow Very slow Extremely slow <.015 Hydrologic cycle - The conditions through which water naturally passes from the time of precipitation until it is returned to the atmosphere by evaporation and is again ready to be precipitated. Hvdrophvte - Plants growing in water or dependent upon wet or saturated soil conditions for growth. Illuvial horizon - A soil horizon in which material carried from an overlying layer has been precipitated from solution or deposited from suspension. The layer of accumulation. Impeded drainage - A condition that hinders the movement of water by gravity through the soils. Inclusion - Soil type found within a mapping unit that is not extensive enough to be mapped separately or as part of a complex. Infiltration - soil The downward entry of water into the Irrigation - The artificial application of water to the soil for the benefit of growing crops. Irrigation requirement (IR) - Refers to the amount of water exclusive of effective precipitation that is required for crop production. Lacustrine deposits - Material deposited by or settled out of lake waters and exposed by lowering of the water levels or elevation of the land. These sediments range in texture from sand to clay and are usually, varved (layered annual deposits). Landforms - See Description of Landforms Landscane - All the natural features such as fields, hills, forest, water, etc., which distinguish one part of the earth's surface from another part. Leaching - The removal from the soil of materials in solution. Liquid limit (upper plastic limit) -The water content corresponding to an arbitrary limit between the liquid and plastic states of consistency of a soil. The water content at this boundary is defined as that at which a pat of soil cut by a groove of standard dimensions will flow together for a distance of 1.25 cm under the impact of 25 blows in a standard liquid limit apparatus. Lineal shrinkage - This is the decrease in one dimension expressed as a percentage of the original dimension of the soil mass when the moisture content is reduced from a stipulated percentage (usually field moisture equivalent) to the shrinkage limit. Mapping Unit - Any delineated area shown on a soil map that is identified by a symbol. A mapping unit may be a soil unit, a miscellaneous land type, or a soil complex. Marsh - Periodically flooded or continually wet areas having the surface not deeply submerged. It is covered dominantly with sedges, cattails, rushes or other hydrophytic plants. Mature soil - A soil having well-developed soil horizons produced by the natural processes of soil formation. Mesophvte - Plants requiring intermediate moisture conditions and are not very resistant to drought. Microrelief - Small-scale, local differences in relief including mounds, swales or hollows. Milliequivalent (me,) - One-thousandth of an equivalent. An equivalent is the weight in grains of an ion or compound that combines with or replaces one gram of hydrogen. The atomic or 85

101 formula weight divided by valence. Mottles - Irregularly marked spots or streaks, usually yellow or orange but sometimes blue. They are described in order of abundance (few, common, many), size (fine, medium, coarse) and contrast (faint, distinct, prominent). Mottles in soils indicate poor aeration and lack of good drainage. Organic carbon - Carbon derived from plant and animal residues. Organic matter - The fraction of the soil which consists of plant and animal residues at various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil organisms and substances synthesized by the soil population. It is determined on soils that have been sieved through a 2.0 mm sieve. It is estimated by multiplying the organic carbon by a factor of Outwash - Sediments "washed out" beyond the glacier by flowing water and laid down in thin beds or strata. Particle size may range from boulders to silt. Ovendrv soil - Soil that has been dried at 105 degrees C until it has reached constant weight. Parent material - The unaltered or essentially unaltered mineral or organic material from which the soil profile develops by pedogenic processes. Particle size, soil - The grain size distribution of the whole soil including the coarse fraction. It differs from texture, which refers to the fine earth (less than 2mm) fraction only. In addition, textural classes are usually assigned to specific horizons whereas soil family particle-size classes indicate a composite particle size of a part of the control section that may include several horizons. See Textural Triangle at end of Glossary. The particle-size classes for family groupings are as follows : Fragmental - Stones, cobbles and gravel, with too little fine earth to fill interstices larger than 1 mm. Sandy-skeletal - Particles coarser than 2 mm occupy 35% or more by volume with enough fine earth to fill interstices larger than 1 mm ; the fraction finer than 2 mm is that defined for the sandy particle size class. Loamy-skeletal - Particles 2 mm-25 cm occupy 35% or more by volume with enough fine earth to fill interstices larger than 1 mm; the fraction finer than 2 mm is that defined for the loamy particle-size class. Clayey-skeletal - Particles 2 mm-25 cm occupy 35% or more by volume with enough fine earth to fill interstices larger than 1 mm; the fraction finer than 2 mm is that defined for the clayey particle size class.. Sandy - The texture of the fine earth includes sands and loamy sands, exclusive of loamy very fine sand and very fine sand textures ; particles 2 mm- 25 cm occupy less than 35% by volume. Loamy - The texture of the fine earth includes loamy very fine sand, very fine sand, and finer textures with less than 35% clay ; particles 2 mm-25 cm occupy less than 35% by volume. Coarse-loamy A loamy particle size that has 15% or more by weight of fine sand ( mm) or coarser particles, including fragments up to 7.5 cm, and has less than 18% clay in the fine earth fraction. Fine-loamy - A loamy particle size that has 15% or more by weight of fine sand ( mm) or coarser particles, including fragments up to 7.5 cm, and has 18-35% clay in the fine earth fraction. Coarse-silty - A loamy particle size that has less than 15% of fine sand ( mm) or coarser particles, including fragments up to 7.5 cm, and has less than 18% clay in the fine earth fraction. Fine-silty - A loamy particle size that has less than 15% of fine sand ( mm) or coarser particles, including fragments up to 7.5 cm, and has 18-35% clay in the fine earth fraction. Clayey - The fine earth contains 35% or more clay by weight and particles 2mm-25 cm occupy less than 35% by volume. Fine-clayey - A clayey particle size that has 35-60% clay in the fine earth fraction. 86

102 Very-fine-clayey - A clayey particle size that has 60% or more clay in the fine earth fraction. Ped - An individual soil aggregate such as granule, prism or block formed by natural processes (in contrast with a clod which is formed artificially). PedoloQV - Those aspects of soil science involving constitution, distribution, genesis and classification of soils. Percolation - The downward movement of water through soil ; specifically, the downward flow of water in saturated or nearly saturated soil at hydraulic gradients of 1.0 or less. Permafrost - 1. Perennially frozen material underlying the solum. 2. A perennially frozen soil horizon. Permafrost table - The upper boundary of permafrost, usually coincident with the lower limit of seasonal thaw (active layer). Permeability - The ease with which water and air pass through the soil to all parts of the profile. See hydraulic conductivity. Phase, soil - A soil phase is used to characterize soil and landscape properties that are not used as criteria in soil taxonomy. The major phase differentiae are : slope, erosion, deposition, stoniness, texture, salinity, and calcareousness. Plastic Limit - The water content corresponding to an arbitrary limit between the plastic and the semisolid states of consistency of a soil. Plasticity Index - The numerical difference between the liquid and the plastic limit. The plasticity index gives the range of moisture contents within which a soil exhibits plastic properties. Potential evapotranspiration (PE) - The maximum quantity of water capable of being lost as water vapor, in a given climate, by a continuous stretch of vegetation covering the whole ground and well supplied with water. Profile, soil - A vertical section of the soil through all its horizons and extending into the parent material. Reaction, soil - The acidity or alkalinity of a soil. Soil reaction classes are characterized as follows : extremely acid ph < 4.5 very strongly acid 4.5 to 5.0 strongly acid 5.1 to 5.5 medium acid 5.6 to 6.0 slightly acid 6.1 to 6.5 neutral 6.6 to 7.3 mildly alkaline 7.4 to 7.8 mod. alkaline 7.9 to 8.4 strongly alkaline 8.5 to 9.0 very strongly alkaline > 9.0 Regolith - The unconsolidated mantle of weathered rock and soil material on the earth's surface. Relief - The elevation of inequalities of 'the land surface when considered collectively. ph - The intensity of acidity and alkalinity, expressed as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. A ph of 7 is neutral, lower values indicate acidity and higher values alkalinity (see Reaction, soil). Runoff - The portion of the total precipitation on an area that flows away through stream channels. Surface runoff does not enter the soil. Groundwater runoff or seepage flow from groundwater enters the soil before reaching the stre;am. Saline Soil - A nonalkali soil containing soluble salts in such quantities that they interfere with the growth of most crop plants. The conductivity of the saturation extract is greater than 4 millisiemens/cm (ms/cm), the exchangeable-sodium percentage is less than 15, and die ph is usually less than 8.5. Approximate limits of salinity classes are : non-saline weakly saline mod. saline strongly saline 0 to 4 ms/cm 4 to 8 ms/cm 8 to 15 MS/cm > 15 ms/cm Salinization - The process of accumulation of salts in the soil. Salt-Affected Soil - Soil that. has been adversely modified for the growth of most crop plants by the presence of certaia types of exchangeable ions or of soluble salts. It includes soils having an excess of salts, or an excess of exchangeable sodium or both. 87

103 Sand - A soil particle between 0.05 and 2.0 mm in diameter. The textural class name for any soil containing 85 percent or more of sand and not more than 10 percent of clay. Saturation Percentage - The moisture percentage of a saturated soil paste, expressed on an oven dry weight basis. Seena~e - l. The escape of water downward through the soil. 2. The emergence of water from the soil along an extensive line of surface in contrast to a spring where water emerges from a local spot. Series, soil - A category in the Canadian System of Soil Classification. It consists of soils that have soil horizons similar in their differentiating characteristics and arrangement in the profile, except for surface texture and are formed from a particular type of parent material. Shrinkage limit - This is the moisture content at which an equilibrium condition of volume change is reached and further reduction in moisture content will not cause a decrease in the volume of the soil mass. Shrinkage ratio - This is the ratio between the volume change and a corresponding change in moisture content. It equals the apparent specific gravity of the dried soil. Silt - (a) Individual mineral particles of soil that range in diameter between 0.05 to.002 mm. (b) Soil of the textural class silt contains greater than 80 percent silt and less than 12 percent clay. Slickenside - Smoothed surfaces along planes of weakness resulting from the movement of one mass of soil against another in soils dominated by swelling clays. Sodium-Adsorption Ratio (S.A.R.) - A ratio for soil extracts and irrigation waters used to express the relative activity of sodium ions in exchange reactions with other cations in the soil SAR = Na/((Ca + Mg)/2)'/Z where the cation concentrations are expressed as milliequivalents per litre. Soil - The unconsolidated mineral material on the immediate surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants. Soil has been subjected to and influenced by genetic and environmental factors of: parent material, climate (including moisture and temperature effects), macro- and microorganisms, and topography, all acting over a period of time. Solum - The upper horizons of a soil above the parent material and in which the processes of soil formation are active. It usually comprises the A and B horizons. Stones - Rock fragments greater than 25 cm in diameter. niness - The percentage of land surface occupied by stones. The classes of stoniness are defined as follows : Stones O. Nonstonv -- Land having less than 0.01% of surface occupied by stones. Stones 1. Slightly stony -- Land having % of surface occupied by stones. Stones cm in diameter, in. apart. The stones offer only slight to no hindrance to cultivation. Stones 2. Moderately stony - Land having % of surface occupied by stones. Stones cm in diameter, 2-10 m apart. Stones cause some interference with cultivation. Stones 3. Very stony -- Land having 3-15% of surface occupied by stones. Stones cm in diameter, 1-2 m apart. There are sufficient stones to constitute a serious handicap to cultivation. Stones 4. Exceedingly stony - Land having 15-50% of surface occupied by stones. Stones cm in diameter, m apart. There are sufficient stones to prevent cultivation until considerable clearing has been done. Stones 5. Excessively stony -- Land having more than 50% of surface occupied by stones. Stones cm in diameter, less than 0.7 m apart. The land is too stony to permit cultivation. Storage Capacity - Refers to the maximum amount of readily available water that can be stored within the rooting zone of a crop in a given 88

104 soil. For practical irrigation purposes, 50 percent of the total soil water between field capacity and wilting point may be considered as readily available. Stratified materials - Unconsolidated sand, silt and clay arranged in strata or layers. In stratified materials, a bed is a unit layer distinctly separable from other layers and is one or more cm thick but a lamina is a similar layer less than 1 cm thick. Structure - The combination or arrangement of primary soil particles into aggregates of secondary soil particles, units or peds, which are separated from each other by surfaces of weakness. Structure is expressed in terms of grade, size class and shape Lype. Grade refers to the distinctness of aggregate development, and is described as structureless, weak, moderate or strong. Structureless refers to the absence of observable aggregation of definite orderly arrangement ; the term amorphous is used if soil is massive or coherent, single-grained if noncoherent. The weak to strong aggregates vary in size and are described by class as fine, medium, coarse, and very coarse depending on the shape types. The shape types refers to the dominant configuration of the aggregates and the way they are accommodated. The general shape types are plate-like, block-like and prism-like. The terms are : Platy - Having thin, plate-like aggregates with faces mostly horizontal. Prismatic - Having prism-like aggregates with tops and edges, appear plane, level and somewhat angular. Columnar - Having prism-like aggregates with vertical edges near the top of columns, not sharp. Granular - Having block-like aggregates that appear as spheroids or polyhedrons having plane or curved surfaces which have slight or no accommodation to the faces of the surrounding peds. Blocky - Having block-like aggregates with sharp, angular corners. Subangular blocky - Having block-like aggregates with rounded and flattened faces and rounded corners. By convention an aggregate is described in the order of grade, class and type, e.g. strong, medium, blocky. In the parent material of soils the material with structural shapes may be designated as pseudo-blocky, pseudo-platy, etc. Soil Survey - The systematic examination, description, classification, and mapping of soil in an area. Sulfate Hazard - Refers to the relative degree of attack on concrete by soil and water containing various amounts of sulfate ions. It is estimated from electrolyte measurements and salt analysis on selected profiles and soil samples, and by visual examination of free gypsum within the profile during the course of soil investigation. Swamp - See Description of Landforms Texture. soil - The relative proportions of the fine earth (less than 2 mm.) fraction of a soil. Textural classes are usually assigned to specific horizons whereas family particle size classes indicate a composite particle size of a portion of the control section that may include several horizons. See Texture Triangle at end of Glossary. The size range of the constituent primary particles are as follows : Diameter (mm) Very coarse sand Coarse sand Medium sand Fine sand Very fine sand Silt Clay < Fine clay < Till, glacial - Unstratified glacial deposits consisting of clay, sand, gravel, and boulders intermingled in any proportion. Tilth - The physical condition of soil as related to its ease of tillage, fitness as a seedbed ;, and its impedance to seedling emergency and root penetration. Topography - Refers to the percent slope and the pattern or frequency of slopes in different directions. A set of 10 slope classes are used to denote the dominant but not necessarily most abundant slopes within a mapping unit. 89

105 Slope Class Slope Name Percent slope Approx. degrees Water table depths - (cm) Generally High < level Very High nearly level Moderately High very gentle Medium High gentle Generally Low > moderate Medium Low strong Low > very strong Moderately Low extreme Very Low >300 9 steep very steep > 100 > 45 Water-holding capacity - The ability of a soil to Underground runoff - (or seepage) Water flowing towards stream channels after infiltration into the ground. Unified Soil Classification System ; (engineering) - A classification system based on the identification of soils according to their particle size, gradation, plasticity index and liquid limit. Urban Land - Areas so altered or obstructed by urban works or structures that identification of soils is not feasible : Variant. soil - A soil whose properties are believed to be sufficiently different from other known soils to justify a new series name; but comprising such a limited geographic area that creation of a new series is not justified. Varve - A distinct band representing the annual deposit in sedimentary materials regardless of origin and usually consisting of two layers, one thick light colored layer of silt and fine sand laid down in the spring and summer, and the other a thin, dark colored layer of clay laid down in the fall and winter. Water balance, soil - Is the daily amount of readily available water retained by the soil. The daily soil-water balance is decreased by the amount that the daily consumptive use exceeds the daily rainfall. When daily rainfall exceeds the consumptive use, the daily balance increases by the amount of the difference unless the soil-water balance is at storage capacity, in which case the excess is assumed to be lost by runoff or deep percolation. Water table - (groundwater surface ; free water surface ; groundwater elevation) Elevation at which the pressure in the water is zero with respect to the atmospheric pressure. hold water against the force of gravity in a freely drained soil. Weathering - The physical and chemical disintegration, alteration and decomposition of rocks and minerals at or near the earth's surface by atmospheric agents. Xerophvte - Plants capable of surviving extended periods of soil drought.

106 I Figure 7. Family Particle-Size Figure 8. Soil Textural Classes Classes - FT~e_ LS ilty-1 _1_L ~ Koorse ~ Coorse Loam y Silty ~ i I A0 50 PER CENT SAND Textural Class Class Group Symbol Name Coarse S sand LS loamy sand Moderately SL sandy loam Coarse LVFS loamy very fine sand VFS very fine sand Medium Si silt SiL silt loam L loam VFSL very fine sandy loam Moderately SCL sandy clay loam Fine CL clay loam SiCL silty, clay loam Fine SC sandy clay C clay sic silty clay Very Fine HC heavy clay

107 APPENDIX D SOIL HORIZON DESIGNATIONS ORGANIC HORIZONS Organic horizons are found in Organic soils, and commonly at the surface of mineral soils. They may occur at any depth beneath the surface in buried soils, or overlying geologic deposits. They contain more than 1790 organic carbon (approximately 30% organic matter) by weight. Two groups of these horizons are recognized, O horizons and the L, F, and H horizons. O This is an organic horizon developed mainly from mosses, rushes, and woody materials. Of Om The fibric horizon is the least decomposed of all the organic soil materials. It has large amounts of well- preserved fiber that are readily identifiable as to botanical origin. A fibric horizon has 40% or more of rubbed fiber by volume and a pyrophosphate index of 5 or more. If the rubbed fiber volume is 75% or more, the pyrophosphate criterion does not apply. The mesic horizon is the intermediate stage of decomposition with intermediate amounts of fiber, bulk density and water-- holding capacity. The material is partly altered both physically and biochemically. A mesic horizon is one that fails to meet the requirements of fibric or humic. Oh The humic horizon is the most highly decomposed of the organic soil materials. It has the least amount of fiber, the highest bulk density, and the lowest saturated water-holding capacity. It is very stable and changes very little physically or chemically with time unless it is drained. The humic horizon has less than 10% rubbed fiber by volume and a pyrophosphate index of 3 or less. LFH These organic horizons developed primarily from leaves, twigs, woody materials and a minor component of mosses under imperfectly to well drained forest conditions. L This is an organic horizon characterized by an accumulation of organic matter in which the original structures are easily discernible. F This is an organic horizon characterized by an accumulation of partly decomposed organic matter. The original structures in part are difficult to recognize. The horizon may be partly comminutetl by soil fauna as in moder, or it may be a partly decomposed mat permeated by fungal hyphae as in mor. H This is an organic horizon characterized by an accumulation of decomposed organic matter in which the original structures are indiscernible. This material differs from the F horizon by its greater humification chiefly through the action of organisms. It is frequently intermixed with mineral grains, especially near the junction with the mineral horizon. MASTER MINERAL HORIZONS Mineral horizons are those that contain less than 30% organic matter by weight as specified for organic horizon. A This is a mineral horizon or horizons formed at or near the surface in the zone of leaching or removal of materials in solution and suspension or of maximum in situ accumulation of organic matter, or both. Included are : 1. horizons in which organic matter has accumulated as a result of biological activity (Ah) ; 2. horizons that have been eluviated of clay, iron, aluminum, or organic matter, or all of them (Ae) ; 3. horizons having characteristics of 1) and 2) above but transitional to underlying B or C (AB or A and B); 4. horizons markedly disturbed by cultivation or pasture (Ap).

108 B This is a mineral horizon or horizons characterized by one or more of the following : 1. an enrichment in silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or humus, alone or in combination (Bt,Bf,Bfh,Bhf, and Bh) ; 2. a prismatic or columnar structure that exhibits pronounced coatings or stainings and significant amount of exchangeable Na (Bn) ; 3. an alteration by hydrolysis, reduction, or oxidation to give a change in color or structure from horizons above or below, or both, and does not meet the requirements of 1) and 2) above (Bm,Bg). C This is a mineral horizon or horizons comparatively unaffected by the pedogenic processes operative in A and B, excepting (i) the process of gleying, and (ii) the accumulation of calcium and magnesium carbonates and more soluble salts (Cca,Csa,Cg, and C). Marl and diatomaceous earth are considered to be C horizons. R This is consolidated bedrock that is too hard to break with the hands or to dig with a spade when moist and that does not meet he requirement of a C horizon. The boundary between the R layer and overlying unconsolidated material is called a lithic contact. W This is a layer of water in Gleysolic, Organic, or Cryosolic soils. It is called a hydric layer in Organic soils. LOWER-CASE SUFFIXES b Buried soil horizon. c A cemented (irreversible) pedogenic horizon. The ortstein of a Podzol, and a layer cemented by calcium carbonate and a duripan are examples. ca A horizon with secondary carbonate enrichment where the concentration of lime exceeds that present in the unenriched parent material. It is more than 10 cm thick, and if it has a CaC03 e- quivalent of less than 15 percent it should have at least 5 percent more CaC03 equivalent than the parent material (IC). If it has more than 15 percent CaC03 equivalent it should have 1/3 more CaC03 equivalent than the IC. If no IC is present, this horizon is more than 10 cm thick and contains more than 5 percent by volume of secondary carbonates in concretions or soft, powdery forms. cc Cemented (irreversible) pedogenic concretions. e A horizon characterized by the eluviation of clay, iron, aluminum, or organic matter alone or in combination. When dry, it is usually higher in color value by 1 or more units than an underlying B horizon. It is used with A (Ae). f A horizon enriched with amorphous material, principally A1 and Fe combined with organic matter. It usually has a hue of 7.5YR or redder or its hue is l0yr near the upper boundary and becomes yellower with depth. When moist, the chroma is higher than 3 or the value is 3 or less. It contains 0.6% or more pyrophosphate-extractable A1+Fe in textures finer than sand and 0.43'0 or more in sands (coarse sand, sand, fine sand, and very fine sand). The ratio of pyrophosphate-extractable AI+Fe to clay (less than 0.002mm) is more than 0.05 and organic C exceeds 0.5%. Pyrophosphate-extractable Fe is at least 0.3%, or the ratio of organic C to pyrophosphate-extractable Fe is less than 20, or both are true. It is used with B alone (Bf), with B and h (Bhf), with B and g (Bfg), and with other suffixes. The criteria for "f" do not apply to Bgf horizons. The following horit;ons are differentiated on the basis of organic carbon content : Bf - 0.5% to 53'0 organic carbon. Bhf-more than 5% organic carbon. g A horizon characterized by gray colors, or prominent mottling, or both, indicative ofpermanent or periodic intense reduction. Chromas of the matrix are generally 1 or less. It is used with A and e (Aeg) ; with B alone (Bg) ; with B and f (Bfg) ; with B, h, and f (Bhfg) ; with B and t (Btg) ; with C alone (Cg) ; with C and k (Ckg) ; and several others. In some reddish parent materials, matrix colors of reddish hues and high chromas may persist despite long periods of reduction. In these soils, horizons are designated as g if there is gray mottling or if there is marked bleaching on ped faces or along cracks. Aeg Bg This horizon must meet the definitions of A,e, and g. These horizons are analogous to Bm horizons but they have colors indicative of poor drainage and periodic reduction. They include horizons occurring between A and C horizons in which the main fea- 93

109 tures are (i) colors of low chroma, that is : chromas of 1 or less, without mottles on ped surfaces or in the matrix if peds are lacking ; or chromas of 2 or less in hues of loyr or redder, on ped surfaces or in the matrix ifpeds are lacking, accompanied by more prominent mottles than those in the C horizon ; or hues bluer than 10Y, with or without mottles on ped surfaces or in the matrix if peds are lacking. (ii) colors indicated in (i) and a change in structure from that of the C horizons. (iii) color indicated in (i) and illuviation of clay too slight to meet the requirements of Bt; or accumulation or iron oxide too slight to meet the limits of Bgf. (iv) colors indicated in (i) and removal of carbonates. Bg horizons occur in some Orthic Humic Gleysols and some Orthic Gleysols. Bfg, Bhfg, Btg, and others. When used in any of these combinations the limits set for f, hf, t, and others must be met. Bgf The dithionite-extractable Fe of this horizon exceeds that of the IC by 1 % or more. Pyrophosphate-extractable Al + Fe is less than the minimum limit specified for 'f' horizons. This horizon occurs in Fera Gleysols and Fera Humic Gleysols, and possibly below the Bfg of gleyed Podzols. It is distinguished from the Bfg of gleyed Podzols on the basis of the extractability of the Fe and Al. The Fe in the Bgf horizon is thought to have accumulated as a result of the oxidation of ferrous iron. The iron oxide formed is not associated intimately with organic matter or with Al, and it is sometimes crystalline. The Bgf horizons are usually prominently mottled, with more than half of the soil material occurring as mottles of high chroma. Cg, Ckg, Ccag, Csg, Csag. When g is used with C alone, or with C and one of the lower-case suffixes k, ca, s, or sa, it must meet the definition for C and for.the particular suffix. h A horizon enriched with organic matter. It is used with A alone (Ah) ; or with A and e (Ahe) ; or with B alone (Bh) ; or with B and f (Bhf). Ah A horizon enriched with organic matter that either has a color value at least one unit lower than the underlying horizon or contains 0.5% more organic carbon than the IC, or both. It contains less than 17% organic carbon by weight. Ahe An Ah horizon that has undergone eluviation as evidenced, under natural conditions, by streaks and splotches of differing shades of gray and often by platy structure. It may be overlain by a darker-colored Ah and underlain by a lighter colored Ae. Bh This horizon contains more than 1 % organic carbon, less than 0.3% pyrophosphate-extractable Fe, and has a ratio of organic carbon to pyrophosphate= extractable of 20 or more. Generally the color value and chroma are less than 3 when moist. Bhf Defined under 'f. j Used as a modifier of the suffixes e, f, g, n, and t to denote an expression of, but failure to meet, the specified limits of the suffix it modifies. It must be placed to the right and adjacent to the suffix it modifies. For example Bfgj means a Bf horizon with weak expression of gleying ; Bfjgj means a B horizon with weak expression of both 'fand 'g' features. Aej It denotes an eluvial horizon that is thin, discontinuous or slightly discernible. Btj It is a horizon with some illuviation of clay, but not enough to meet the limits of Bt. Btgj, Bmgj. Horizons that are mottled but do not meet the criteria of Bg. Bfj It is a horizon with some accumulation of pyrophosphate-extractable A1 and Fe but not enough to meet the limits of Bf. Bntj or Bnj. Horizons in which development of solonetzic B properties is evident but insufficient to meet the limits for Bn or Bnt. k Denotes the presence of carbonate, as indicated by visible effervescence when dilute HCl is added. Most often it is used with B and m (Bmk) or C (Ck), and occasionally with Ah or Ap (Ahk, Apk), or organic horizons (Ofk, Omk).

110 m A horizon slightly altered by hydrolysis, oxidation, or solution, or all three, to give a change in color or structure, or both. It has : n p 1. Evidence of alteration in one of the following forms : a) Higher chromas and redder hues than the underlying horizons. b) Removal of carbonates, either partially (Bmk) or completely (Bm). 2. Illuviation, if evident, too slight to meet the requirements of a Bt or a podzolic B. 3. Some weatherable minerals. 4. No cementation or induration and lacks a brittle consistence when moist. This suffix can be used as Bm, Bmgj, Bmk, and Bms. A horizon in which the ratio of exchangeable Ca to exchangeable Na is 10 or less. It must also have the following distinctive morphological characteristics : prismatic or columnar structure ; dark coatings on ped surfaces, and hard to very hard consistence when dry. It is used with B, as Bn or Bnt. A horizon disturbed by man's activities, such as cultivation, logging, habitation, etc. It is used with A and O. s A horizon with salts, including gypsum, which may be detected as crystals or veins, as surface crusts of salt crystals, by depressed crop growth, or by the presence of salt-tolerant plants. It is commonly used with C and k (Csk), but can be used with any horizon or combination of horizon and lower-case suffix. sa A horizon with secondary enrichment of salts more soluble than calcium and magnesium carbonates, in which the concentration of salts exceeds that present in the unenriched parent material. The horizon is 10 cm or more thick. The conductivity of the saturation extract must be at least 4 ms/cm and must exceed that of the C horizon by at least one-third.. t An illuvial horizon enriched with silicate clay. It is used with B alone (Bt), with B and g (Btg), with B and n (Bnt), etc. Bt A Bt horizon is one that contains illuvial layer lattice clays. It forms below an eluvial horizon, but may occur at the surface of a soil that has been partially truncated. It usually has a higher ratio of fine clay to total clay than IC. It has the following properties : 1. If any part of an eluvial horizon remains and there is no lithologic discontinuity between it and the Bt horizon, the Bt horizon contains more total and fine clay than the eluvial horizons, as follows : a) If any part of the eluvial horizon has less than 153'o total clay in the fine earth fraction (2mm) the Bt horizon must contain at least 3% more clay, e.g., Ae 10% clay Bt minimum 13% clay. b) If the eluvial horizon has more than 15% and less than 40% total clay in the fine earth fraction, the ratio of the clay in the Bt horizon to that in the: eluvial horizon must be 1.2 or more, e.g., 20% clay increase in the Bt over Ae. c) If the eluvial horizon has more than 40% total clay in the fine earth fraction, the Bt horizon must contain at least 8 % more clay than the eluvial horizon, e.g. Ae 50% clay ; Bt at least 58% clay. 2. A Bt horizon must be at least 5 cm thick. In some sandy soils where clay accumulation occurs in the lamellae, the total thickness of the lamellae should be more than 10 cm in the upper 150 cm of the profile. 3. In massive soils the Bt horizon should have oriented clays in some pores and also as bridges between the sand grains. 4. If peds are present, a Bt horizon shows clay skins on some of the vertical and horizontal ped surfaces and in the fine pores, or shows oriented clays in. 1 % or more of the cross section, as viewed in thin section. 5. If a soil shows a lithologic discontinuity between the eluvial horizon and the! Bt horizon, or if only a plow layer overlies the Bt horizon, the Bt horizon need show only clay skins in some part, either in some fine 95