Architectural Quality 3 Landscape, Site & Climate Change Adaptation

Transcription

1 1 Architectural Quality 3 Landscape, Site & Climate Change Adaptation Landscape & Site Climate Change Adaptation Architectural Quality 3: Landscape, Site & Climate Change Adaptation. Contributors: NTNU

2 2 Global Challenges Local Approach Source: NTNU-AG; pictures:???

3 3 The Sensory Environment NTNU-LF

4 4 The Sensory Environment NTNU-LF

5 5 The Sensory Environment NTNU-LF

6 6 Heat & the Thermal Dimension NTNU-LF

7 7 Air Flow NTNU-LF

8 8 Light & the Luminous Dimension NTNU-LF

9 9 Light & the Luminous Dimension NTNU-LF

10 10 Sound & the Sonic Dimension NTNU-LF

11 11 Comfort Strategies Site Resources NTNU-LF

12 12 Comfort/Climate Strategies NTNU-LF

13 13 Comfort/Climate Strategies NTNU-LF

14 14 The Psychrometric Chart NTNU-LF

15 15 The Comfort Zone NTNU-LF

16 16 Psychrometric Processes NTNU-LF

17 17 Temperature Heating NTNU-LF

18 18 Temperature Cooling NTNU-LF

19 19 Adiabatic Processes NTNU-LF

20 20 Humidification NTNU-LF

21 21 Adiabatic Dehumidification NTNU-LF

22 22 Environmental Control NTNU-LF

23 23 Using Landscape & Site Resources Landscape Vegetation Water Waste Soil Sun Temperature Wind

24 24 Landscape Avoid SLOAP: Space Left Over After Planning Include open spaces, water, movement corridors, parks, squares, streets etc Carefully design the interface / edge between landscape and buildings Long-term care & maintenance Value what is already present at the site Trees, lanes etc View corridors Skylines! Consider changing of hours, days & seasons

25 25 Landscape Work with Topography If possible, align building footprints, streets, sewers and other waterways to follow slope contours Provides views & skyline Minimises cut and fill in the soil Enables natural gravity-flow drainage

26 26 Landscape NTNU-LF

27 27 Landscape NTNU-LF

28 28 Topography NTNU-LF

29 29 Topography NTNU-LF

30 30 Topography NTNU-LF

31 31 Surface Properties. Urban Heat Island Effect NTNU-LF

32 32 Modifications around a Building NTNU-LF

33 33 Landscape Functional Landscapes Leisure playgrounds, parklands etc in close proximity to home & work Providing space in compact developments daylight, air & views Waterways & vegetation to accommodate drainage & stormwater management Biodiversity in fauna & flora limited access Diverse typologies: Public spaces Communal & private gardens Courtyards & atria

34 34 Landscape Functional Landscapes Accessibility for all: safe & useable spaces appropriate location Linkages to existing urban areas Positioning of entrances Avoid steep gradients (unless alternatives) High quality: well-cared for, appropriate scale Diverse functions

35 35 Landscape Legibility & Accessibility Make it easy for people to find their way around Orientation Views & skylines Landmarks Emphasise the hierarchy of a place Distinctive buildings Reference points

36 36 Vegetation Functional Greenspaces Leisure Water Management Air quality Views Solar shading Biodiversity

37 37 Vegetation Shading & Evaporative Cooling Increased comfort during warmer summer temperatures However, vegetation will become more vulnerable to water availability rising temperatures changing patterns of disease & pest

38 38 Vegetation NTNU-LF

39 39 Water Functional Landscapes Collect, store & recycle rainwater Stormwater management Attractive visual landscape features Valuable ecological habitats

40 40 Water Flooding & Stormwater Management Changing precipitation patterns Increased flood risk Decreased water resources & availability Decreased water quality Increased damage to buildings & open spaces Rising sea levels Risk exacerbated by high density Aiming to increase energy efficiency & reduce sprawl But giving less opportunity for water collection & drainage Source: Shaw et al, 2007

41 41 Water Flooding & Stormwater Management Retaining surface water reduces the need for drainage infrastructure Streams, rivers, ponds, canals & lakes Vegetation (parks, gardens, roofs, facades etc) Improving drainage Permeable materials & vegetation (also facilitating biodiversity) Green roofs & facades Source: Shaw et al 2007:9

42 42 Water NTNU-LF

43 43 Soil Soil as Site Resource Use as insulation Using underground energy sources for heating & cooling

44 44 Soil Risks due to climate change adaptation Increased subsidence & heave risks Higher temperatures, lower summer rainfall & increased evapotranspiration Impact on buildings & underground infrastructure Increased rate of erosion Coastal, due to sea level rise & storm surges Landslips on slopes & embankments Threatens buildings, land & infrastructure Source: Shaw et al 2007:9

45 45 Waste (do more with less) Landscape: Natural drainage & Recycling Solutions Vegetation, green roofs & facades to retain rainwater Waterways: brooks, ponds, lakes, rivers, canals, streams etc Use of rainwater for toilets etc Reed bed filtration systems Composting organic materials

46 46 Waste (do more with less) Buildings Reduce on-site demand for Space and water heating Electricity Water Construction materials Recycle & re-use building materials On-site use of excavated material reduces transport off-site Use of prefabricated elements reduces construction waste

47 47 Waste (do more with less) Infrastructure Reducing on-site demand for energy, water, drainage pipes etc Design the development for efficient and compact infrastructure layout On-site renewable energy production CHP Combined Heat and Power Plant BIPV Building Integrated Photovoltaics District heating based on biomass or waste Micro-scale wind turbines

48 48 Sun Sun as Site Resource Daylighting Passive solar gain Building-Integrated photovoltaic modules (BIPV) Active solar panels

49 49 Sun, Daylight & View NTNU-AW

50 50 Sun, Daylight & View NTNU-AW

51 51 Sun, Daylight & View NTNU-AW

52 52 Biophilia Hypothesis NTNU-AW

53 53 Biophilia Hypothesis Photo (left) Øyvind Aschehoug; (right) Ingulv Wollan; NTNU-AW

54 54 Biophilia Hypothesis Matzdorf House, London (Architects: Architype) Photo: Annemie Wyckmans; NTNU-AW

55 55 Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Gøteborg in March, middle of day; photo AW; NTNU-AW

56 56 Importance of Daylighting Source: Küller & Lindsten 1992; NTNU-AW

57 57 Importance of Daylighting Library at the University of East London Campus, photo AW; NTNU-AW

58 58 Importance of Daylighting Library at the University of East London Campus, photo AW; NTNU-AW

59 59 Importance of Daylighting Library at the University of East London Campus, photo AW; NTNU-AW

60 60 Sun Optimising Solar Design Optimising solar potential of site by orientating buildings broadly to the south (+/- 30 o ) Easiest to achieve in an East-West street pattern Can also be combined with tight urban form Balancing new development with constraints imposed by local site & building structures

61 61 Sun Optimising Solar Design Shading Courtyards, overhangs etc for shading of high solar angles while allowing access for lower angles Vegetation Use deciduous trees to provide shade in summer and allow for sunlight to filter through in winter Make sure trees do not overshadow solar panels! Thermal mass Stone, brick, water Avoid excessive overshadowing of buildings by vegetation, walls and other structures (unless part of solar shading strategy)

62 62 Temperature Higher summer temperatures Serious implications for human comfort, overheating & heat stress Increased demand for cooling in buildings, particularly in high-density areas where the urban heat island effect is most pronounced (natural or mechanical) Greater demand for urban greenspace, blue (water) infrastructures, open spaces & shading Higher winter temperatures Decrease winter energy consumption Source: Shaw et al 2007:8

63 63 Temperature Urban Heat Island Effect Exacerbated by high density aiming to increase energy efficiency & reduce sprawl Exacerbated by impervious materials aiming to reduce costs & maintenance, or increase accessibility

64 64 Wind Wind as Site Resource Natural ventilation Heat loss Outdoor comfort Provide shelter from uncomfortable cold draughts also contributes to reduce building heat loss E.g., hedges and trees as windbreaks Electricity generation E.g., on-site micro wind turbines

65 65 Criteria of Site Selection NTNU-LF

66 66 Desirable Site Locations NTNU-LF

67 67 Sol-Air Approach NTNU-LF

68 68 Air-Winds NTNU-LF

69 69 Sol-Air Approach NTNU-LF

70 70 Optimal Orientation NTNU-LF

71 71 Optimal Orientation - Exposure Types NTNU-LF

72 72 Optimal Orientation - Exposure Types NTNU-LF

73 73 Reference Literature Brophy, V. & Lewis, J.O. (2011). A green Vitruvius, principles and practice of sustainable architectural design. Earthscan, London (2nd edition). ISBN Olgyay, V. (1963). Design with climate, bioclimatic approach to architectural regionalism. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Shaw, R.; Colley, M.; Connell, R. (2007). Climate Change Adaptation by Design. A guide for sustainable communities. London: TCPA Town and Country Planning Association. Pdf available at Szokolay, S.V. (2010). Introduction to architectural science, the basis of sustainable design. Architectural Press, USA. ISBN Walton D. et al (eds) (2007) Urban Design Compendium. London: English Partnerships. 2nd Edition (1st Edition in 2000) pp

74 74 Contributors NTNU Luca Finocchiaro, Researcher, Faculty of Architecture & Fine Art Arild Gustavsen, Professor, Faculty of Architecture & Fine Art Annemie Wyckmans, Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture & Fine Art