Bioretention Designs to Meet Different Goals. Jay Dorsey & John Mathews ODNR-DSWR June 18, 2014
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1 Bioretention Designs to Meet Different Goals Jay Dorsey & John Mathews ODNR-DSWR June 18, 2014
2 Goals for Presentation Sizing Requirements for WQv New Development Redevelopment Base Design Design Modifications to Address Location Specific Conditions/Limitations or Meet Watershed Specific Goals Basic Design Example
3 Sizing Requirements for WQv - New Development - From NPDES Construction Stormwater Permit
4 Sizing Requirements for WQv - New Development - Target Drawdown Time, T d = 24 hr
5 Design Drawdown Assumption - K fs of settled filter bed media (planting soil) is between 0.5 to 2.0 in/hr [Maintenance required when K fs < 0.5/in/hr] Td = d WQv /K fs = (12 in)/(0.5 in/hr) = 24 hr Where: T d drawdown time d WQv equivalent depth of WQv K fs saturated hydraulic conductivity
6 Filter Bed Sizing Requirement If impervious area exceeds 25% of contributing drainage area, filter bed area shall be a minimum 5% of contributing impervious area.
7 Filter Bed Sizing Requirement Example 1 Total contributing drainage area = 0.82 Ac Impervious percent = 45% (>25%) Contributing impervious area = (0.82 Ac)(0.45) = 0.37 Ac = 16,073 ft 2 Minimum filter bed area = (16,073 ft 2 )(0.05) = 803 ft 2
8 Filter Bed Sizing Requirement If impervious area exceeds 25% of contributing drainage area, filter bed area shall be a minimum 5% of contributing impervious area. If impervious area makes up less than 25% of contributing drainage area, filter bed area shall be at least equal to the WQv divided by the one foot maximum ponding depth.
9 Filter Bed Sizing Requirement Example 2 Total contributing drainage area = 0.82 Ac Impervious percent = 15% (<25%) For 15% impervious, C = (0.858)(0.15) 3 (0.78)(0.15) 2 + (0.774)(0.15) = WQv = C*P*A = (0.141)(0.75 in)(0.82 Ac)(1 ft/12 in) = Ac-ft = 315 ft 3 Minimum filter bed area = (315 ft 3 )(1 ft) = 315 ft 2
10 Filter Bed Sizing Requirement If impervious area exceeds 25% of contributing drainage area, filter bed area shall be a minimum 5% of contributing impervious area. If impervious area makes up less than 25% of contributing drainage area, filter bed area shall be at least equal to the WQv divided by the one foot maximum ponding depth. Assumption - sediment storage requirement (20% of WQv) will be met with excess bowl volume
11 (%) Filter Bed Area
12 What about Redevelopment? For redevelopment projects, the full WQv must be captured for all new/additional impervious area, but for existing impervious area the volume that must be captured is 20% of the WQv.
13 What about Redevelopment? A rule of thumb based on research shows an optimal 10:1 to 20:1 ratio for contributing impervious drainage area to bioretention filter bed area (i.e. hydrologic loading ratio). If all best practices are used (pretreatment, energy dissipation, construction, etc.) a hydrologic loading ratio of 25:1 is probably okay for most sites. The filter bed area of the bioretention cell should not be less than 4% of the contributing impervious area.
14 Redevelopment BRC Options For straight redevelopment (no new impervious), capture and treat the full WQv from 20% of the site For mixed redevelopment and new development, match the size of your bioretention cell to your contributing impervious area Build a bioretention practice capable of capturing the full WQv from the entire site, and use the rest as credit toward reduction of stormwater fees or as mitigation
15
16 Bioretention Cell Components
17 Bioretention Decisions Base Design depth; IWS Layer HSG A Soils Temperature Nitrogen Treatment Depth Limitations (e.g., Shallow Outlet, High Water Table) HSG D Soils (depending on limitations) If Kfs > 1 in/hr, may not require underdrain, aggregate, filter 36+ media depth; IWS Layer (>18 ); 48 depth to drain 36 media depth; IWS layer (>18 ), outlet raised >6 into planting media 24 media depth Underdrain w/ 3 of cover & 3 of bedding High Water Table, Karst, Shallow Bedrock or High Pollution Loads Impermeable liner
18 Base Bioretention Configuration
19 Base Bioretention Configuration Planting Soil 6 Filter 12 Aggregate
20 Base Bioretention Configuration 24 Planting Soil above Invert 6 (min) Planting Soil in IWS
21 Special Designs Pollutant Load Reduction Goals Temperature Mitigation Nitrogen Removal Phosphorus Mitigation Site Conditions or Limitations High Permeability Soils (> 1 in/hr) Very Low Permeability Soils (<0.05 in/hr) Depth Limitations Groundwater Pollution Potential
22 Bioretention Decisions Base Design depth; IWS Layer HSG A Soils Temperature Nitrogen Treatment Depth Limitations (e.g., Shallow Outlet, High Water Table) HSG D Soils (depending on limitations) If Kfs > 1 in/hr, may not require underdrain, aggregate, filter 36+ media depth; IWS Layer (>18 ); 48 depth to drain 36 media depth; IWS layer (>18 ), outlet raised >6 into planting media 24 media depth Underdrain w/ 3 of cover & 3 of bedding High Water Table, Karst, Shallow Bedrock or High Pollution Loads Impermeable liner
23 Bioretention Decisions Base Design depth; IWS Layer HSG A Soils Temperature Nitrogen Treatment Depth Limitations (e.g., Shallow Outlet, High Water Table) HSG D Soils (depending on limitations) If Kfs > 1 in/hr, may not require underdrain, aggregate, filter 36+ media depth; IWS Layer (>18 ); 48 depth to drain 36 media depth; IWS layer (>18 ), outlet raised >6 into planting media 24 media depth Underdrain w/ 3 of cover & 3 of bedding High Water Table, Karst, Shallow Bedrock or High Pollution Loads Impermeable liner
24 High Permeability Soils If measured subgrade infiltration rate exceeds 1.0 in/hr, the underdrain, and aggregate and filter layers, can be eliminated
25 High Permeability Soils
26 Bioretention Decisions Base Design depth; IWS Layer HSG A Soils Temperature Nitrogen Treatment Depth Limitations (e.g., Shallow Outlet, High Water Table) HSG D Soils (depending on limitations) If Kfs > 1 in/hr, may not require underdrain, aggregate, filter 36+ media depth; IWS Layer (>18 ); 48 depth to drain 36 media depth; IWS layer (>18 ), outlet raised >6 into planting media 24 media depth Underdrain w/ 3 of cover & 3 of bedding High Water Table, Karst, Shallow Bedrock or High Pollution Loads Impermeable liner
27 Source: Bill Hunt, NCSU-BAE
28 Temperature Mitigation Planting soil media depth - minimum 36 Underdrain/outlet configuration minimum 48 depth to drain; more is better upturned elbow with internal water storage (IWS) layer, minimum 18 sump
29 Temperature Mitigation Planting Soil 36 Minimum 48 Drain Depth Min. 18 IWS Min.
30 Bioretention Decisions Base Design depth; IWS Layer HSG A Soils Temperature Nitrogen Treatment Depth Limitations (e.g., Shallow Outlet, High Water Table) HSG D Soils (depending on limitations) If Kfs > 1 in/hr, may not require underdrain, aggregate, filter 36+ media depth; IWS Layer (>18 ); 48 depth to drain 36 media depth; IWS layer (>18 ), outlet raised >6 into planting media 24 media depth Underdrain w/ 3 of cover & 3 of bedding High Water Table, Karst, Shallow Bedrock or High Pollution Loads Impermeable liner
31 Nitrogen Removal Planting soil media depth - minimum 36 Underdrain/outlet configuration upturned elbow with internal water storage (IWS) layer, minimum 18 sump with at least 6 IWS in planting media if necessary, orifice on drain outlet to control discharge rate
32 Nitrogen Removal Planting Soil 36 Minimum 6 Min. in Planting Soil 18 IWS Min.
33 Phosphorus Removal Planting soil media depth - minimum 36 Planting soil phosphorus content mg/kg P by Mehlich3 Recommend adding water treatment residuals (WTR) or other iron or aluminum rich amendment
34 Source: Bill Hunt, NCSU-BAE
35 Bioretention Decisions Base Design depth; IWS Layer HSG A Soils Temperature Nitrogen Treatment Depth Limitations (e.g., Shallow Outlet, High Water Table) HSG D Soils (depending on limitations) If Kfs > 1 in/hr, may not require underdrain, aggregate, filter 36+ media depth; IWS Layer (>18 ); 48 depth to drain 36 media depth; IWS layer (>18 ), outlet raised >6 into planting media 24 media depth Underdrain w/ 3 of cover & 3 of bedding High Water Table, Karst, Shallow Bedrock or High Pollution Loads Impermeable liner
36 Depth Limitations
37 Bioretention Decisions Base Design depth; IWS Layer HSG A Soils Temperature Nitrogen Treatment Depth Limitations (e.g., Shallow Outlet, High Water Table) HSG D Soils (depending on limitations) If Kfs > 1 in/hr, may not require underdrain, aggregate, filter 36+ media depth; IWS Layer (>18 ); 48 depth to drain 36 media depth; IWS layer (>18 ), outlet raised >6 into planting media 24 media depth Underdrain w/ 3 of cover & 3 of bedding High Water Table, Karst, Shallow Bedrock or High Pollution Loads Impermeable liner
38 Low Permeability Soils or Impediments to Infiltration If subgrade infiltration rate is less than 0.05 in/hr, or if shallow bedrock or seasonal high water table is present, there may be limited benefits and potential issues from the IWS; a level drain with 3 sump allows limited exfiltration
39 Low Permeability Soils or Impediments to Infiltration
40 Bioretention Decisions Base Design depth; IWS Layer HSG A Soils Temperature Nitrogen Treatment Depth Limitations (e.g., Shallow Outlet, High Water Table) HSG D Soils (depending on limitations) If Kfs > 1 in/hr, may not require underdrain, aggregate, filter 36+ media depth; IWS Layer (>18 ); 48 depth to drain 36 media depth; IWS layer (>18 ), outlet raised >6 into planting media 24 media depth Underdrain w/ 3 of cover & 3 of bedding High Water Table, Karst, Shallow Bedrock or High Pollution Loads Impermeable liner
41 High Groundwater Pollution Potential In Karst areas or areas with shallow groundwater aquifers, water supplies are susceptible to contamination use an impermeable liner In sites with contaminated soils or pollution hot spots, bioretention cells should use an impermeable liner Alternative configurations can still be used to mitigate temperature and nutrient impacts
42 GW Pollution Potential Add Liner
43
44 Bioretention Decisions Base Design depth; IWS Layer HSG A Soils Temperature Nitrogen Treatment Depth Limitations (e.g., Shallow Outlet, High Water Table) HSG D Soils (depending on limitations) If Kfs > 1 in/hr, may not require underdrain, aggregate, filter 36+ media depth; IWS Layer (>18 ); 48 depth to drain 36 media depth; IWS layer (>18 ), outlet raised >6 into planting media 24 media depth Underdrain w/ 3 of cover & 3 of bedding High Water Table, Karst, Shallow Bedrock or High Pollution Loads Impermeable liner
45 Base Bioretention Configuration
46 Design Example Holden Arboretum
47 Watersheds North Wshed DA = 0.67 Ac %Imp (est) = 58% ImpArea = 0.39 Ac ABRC = Ac = 850 sq ft ~ 23 x 40 ft South Wshed DA = 0.48 Ac %Imp (est) = 59% ImpArea = 0.28 Ac ABRC = Ac = 610 sq ft ~ 20 x 30 ft
48 Watersheds North Wshed DA = 0.67 Ac %Imp (est) = 58% ImpArea = 0.39 Ac ABRC = Ac = 850 sq ft ~ 23 x 40 ft proposed bioretention locations South Wshed DA = 0.48 Ac %Imp (est) = 59% ImpArea = 0.28 Ac ABRC = Ac = 610 sq ft ~ 20 x 30 ft
49 Design Example Holden Arboretum North Bioretention Cell Drainage Area = 0.67 Ac Imperviousness = 58% Impervious Area = 0.39 Ac ABRC = 0.05*0.39 Ac = Ac = 850 sq ft C = WQv = C*P*A = 0.394*(0.75 in)*(0.39 Ac) = Ac-ft = 719 ft 3
50 Platea HSG-D Pierpont HSG-C Soil Map
51 proposed bioretention locations measure infiltration rate at proposed depth of excavation ~48-54 other potential sampling locations sample at ground surface
52 Infiltration Tests Measured Kfs (in/hr) BRC1(N): 0.02, 0.02 BRC2(S): 0.02, 0.08
53 Target Bioretention Configuration 36 Planting Soil 6 Filter 12 Aggregate
54 Bioretention Cell 1(N) - Section Lowest Pavement = 99.3 existing pavement existing 15 outlet Outlet Invert = 94.0 All Elevations are Relative, Not MSL Not to Scale
55 Bioretention Cell 1(N) - Section Lowest Pavement = 99.3 freeboard = 0.5 max ponding depth = 1.0 existing pavement drain outfall ~36 bioretention soil Outlet Invert = 94.0 All Elevations are Relative, Not MSL existing 15 outlet drain 3 filter clean concrete sand 3 filter - clean gravel (#8) 12 clean gravel (#57) Not to Scale
56 Bioretention Cell 1(N) - Section Lowest Pavement = 99.3 Proposed Overflow = 98.8 Filter Bed Surface = 97.8 freeboard = 0.5 max ponding depth = 1.0 existing pavement drain outfall ~36 bioretention soil Drain Outfall = 95.1 Filter Bed Bottom = 94.8 Sand/Gravel Filter = 94.3 Outlet Invert = 94.0 Bottom of Excavation = 93.3 All Elevations are Relative, Not MSL existing 15 outlet drain 3 filter clean concrete sand 3 filter - clean gravel (#8) 12 clean gravel (#57) Not to Scale
57
58
59 Scarifying Bottom of Cell
60
61 Underdrain w/upturned Elbow Creating 21 Internal Water Storage (IWS) Zone or Sump
62 Waterproof Connection Hydraulic Cement
63 12 #57 gravel Water Table Monitoring Well
64 3 #8 gravel filter
65 3 clean C-33 sand filter
66 36 bioretention planting soil
67
68
69 Holden Bioretention Configuration 36 Planting Soil 6 Filter 12 Aggregate
70 Holden North Cell Drawdown Data North Cell Well Drawdown Rates Drawdown Begin Date/Time Drawdown End Date/Time Beginning Stage (ft) Ending Stage (ft) Delta Stage (ft) Delta time (days) Drawdown Rate (ft/day) Drawdown Rate (in/hr) Infiltrated Volume (ft3) 10/7/ :22 10/16/2013 0: /17/2013 6:42 10/17/ : /18/2013 2:48 10/19/ : /20/ :12 10/21/ : /22/ :16 10/23/2013 7: /26/ :36 10/26/ : /27/ :56 10/31/2013 4: /2/2013 3:48 11/2/2013 9: /4/2013 1:30 11/6/ : /9/ :00 11/11/ : /15/2013 7:16 11/17/ : /19/2013 4:14 11/21/ : /23/ :28 12/9/2013 9: Avg drawdown rate: ft/day TotalExfiltrated Volume: 1463 Avg drawdown rate: in/hr Standard Deviation:
71 Holden North Cell Drawdown Data North Cell Well Drawdown Rates Drawdown Begin Date/Time Drawdown End Date/Time Beginning Stage (ft) Ending Stage (ft) Delta Stage (ft) Delta time (days) Drawdown Rate (ft/day) Drawdown Rate (in/hr) Infiltrated Volume (ft3) 10/7/ :22 10/16/2013 0: /17/2013 6:42 10/17/ : /18/2013 2:48 10/19/ : /20/ :12 10/21/ : /22/ :16 10/23/2013 7: /26/ :36 10/26/ : /27/ :56 10/31/2013 4: /2/2013 3:48 11/2/2013 9: /4/2013 1:30 11/6/ : /9/ :00 11/11/ : /15/2013 7:16 11/17/ : /19/2013 4:14 11/21/ : /23/ :28 12/9/2013 9: Avg drawdown rate: ft/day TotalExfiltrated Volume: 1463 Avg drawdown rate: in/hr Standard Deviation:
72 Holden North Cell Drawdown Data
73 References ODNR. Rainwater and Land Development Manual. NCDENR Stormwater Manual Hunt, Davis, and Traver Meeting Hydrologic and Water Quality Goals through Targeted Bioretention Design. J. Env. Eng. 138(6): Wardynski and Hunt Are Bioretention Cells Being Installed per Design Standards in North Carolina? A Field Assessment. J. Env. Eng. 138(12): Brown, Hunt, and Kennedy Designing Bioretention with an Internal Water Storage (IWS) Layer. NCSU-CE. CWP West Virginia Stormwater Management and Design Guidance Manual.
74 Questions: Jay Dorsey Water Resources Engineer ODNR, Soil & Water Resources (614)
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