Low Impact Development in the Transportation Environment: Lessons Learned in North Carolina
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1 Low Impact Development in the Transportation Environment: Lessons Learned in North Carolina Ryan Winston, M.S., P.E. Extension Associate Biological and Agricultural Engineering North Carolina State University ODOT Stormwater Workshop Columbus, Ohio December 12, 2014
2 Appalachian State University
3 Presentation Outline Case Studies: Highway Runoff Treatment Bioretention Enhanced (bio)swales Check Dams Main Street SCMs Street retrofits Street tree stormwater filters Maintenance of Highway SCMs
4 NCDOT Bioretention Cells BR Cells with 3 ft+ deep ponding Grassed systems Plant health has Suffered 3.5 ft Benefit for peak flow reduction
5 Plant Health with Deep Ponding?
6 NCDOT Interchange Bioretention Cells
7 Carolina Stalite(Expanded Shale)
8 Stalite Expanded slate aggregate Fired in kiln at 2000 F, creates porous, lightweight, high strength material Used in ROW when structural support is needed (within clear recovery zone and in medians)
9 Other Swale Retrofits Check dams Wetland swales Underdrained or Bioswales Regenerative Stormwater Conveyance
10 Grassed vs. Wetland Swale Dry Swale Wetland Swale Grassy (sites A/D) Vegetated (sites B/C)
11 Study Site Locations
12 Swale TN Concentrations Winston et al. 2012, Journal of Environmental Engineering
13 Winston et al Effluent Type Comparing Dry and Wetland Swales Nitrogen Concentrations Wetland- Swale B Wetland Swale C Dry Swale A Dry Swale D TN TAN ON
14 Some Wet(land) Swale Guidance
15 Manning s Roughness Coefficient (n) Liner n Grass/ Turf Fully Vegetated Wetland Swale Moderately Veg. Wetland Swale uvial/arcement_wsp_2339_netvers.pdf
16 What Else Can We do to Improve Performance? Check Dams!
17 Lake Taupo New Zealand
18 Fancy Check Dam to Improve Hydrology
19 Check Dam Material Metal Wood Grass Concrete
20 Staggeet al. (2012) Water Research Highway runoff study looking at swale performance w/ & w/o filter strips and check dams No Filter Strip (No-FS) site
21 Staggeet al. (2012) Water Research Highway runoff study looking at swale performance w/ & w/o filter strips and check dams Filter Strip (FS) site
22 Check Dam Retrofit Swales monitored from Nov 2004-May 2006 for total of 18 events Retrofitted with 2 sets of 3 ft wide Panicum Virgatum check dams. Each check dam had three rows 1 ft apart ( , 27 storms) Designated FS-CD and No-FS-CD
23 TSS Performance No significant improvement in TSS concentration with check dam Similar results observed for heavy metals
24 Phosphorus Performance Swales in this study showed little capability for decreasing total phosphorus (TP) levels Inclusion of a check dam had negligible effect on TP concentrations
25 Check Dam Hydraulic Performance For smallest and largest events no impact of check dams
26 Performance of CDs Varies By storm event size: Complete capture (smallest events) Reducing runoff volume (mid-size events) Negligible volume attenuation (largest events) Complete Capture Runoff Reduced Flow Conveyance 1.3 +
27 Check Dam Studies for NCDOT Two studies are ongoing: Standard rock check composed of class B riprap and #57 stone (Mango Creek) Straw wattle check dams (I-40) Incorporated virophos-amended check dams into study
28 Mango Creek Swale Monitoring Schematic Rock Check Dam #1 Inlet Sampling Point Rock Check Dam #2 Outlet Sampling Point Forebay
29 Mango Creek: Installation Before Retrofit After Retrofit
30
31 I-40 Swale Monitoring Schematic Inlet Sampling Point Middle Sampling Point Standard Wattle Check Dam #1 Road Runoff Sampling Point Outlet Sampling Point P-Sorb Media Standard Wattle Check Dam #2 P-Sorb Media Standard Wattle Check Dam #3
32 I-40 Swale: Check Dam Photos CD #2 May 2014 CD #1 CD #3
33 Mango Creek Post-Retrofit Data Constituent Median Inlet Median Outlet % Reduction (mg/l) (mg/l) TKN NO 2,3 -N TN NH 3 -N TP TSS Extremely low influent nutrient concentrations affected swale performance TSS reduction did improve slightly from 45.7% to 57.4%. Median effluent concentration pre- vs. post-retroft (25.5 vs mg/l) also improved
34 Bioswales Typically have an underdrain and designer soil media mix
35 Introducing Bioswales Ingvertsen et al. (2012). Journal of Environmental Quality
36 Bioswalesin Charlotte, NC
37 ARC Guidance for Bio-Swale
38 Brunswick County Bioswale Lockwoods Folly River TMDL for Bacteria and closed shellfishing waters
39 Outlet Structure High Flow Media Bioswale Concrete Channel
40 Construction of Bioswale
41 Construction of Bioswale
42 Construction of Bioswale
43 Construction of Bioswale
44 Construction of Bioswale
45 Construction of Bioswale
46 Design Specifications Parameter Value Drainage Area 1.83 ac % Impervious 44% Surface Storage Volume 500 ft3 Media Void Storage 800 ft3 Media Infiltration Rate 100 in/hr Underdrain Diameter 8 in
47 Design Specifications Bacterra-type media
48 Data Collection Through the end of November (2014), ten storm event samples have been collected 5 of 10 storms produced overflow (>1.5 RF) Typically 1-2 log reductions in indicator bacteria (fecal coliform and enterococcus) Complete monitoring in April 2015, full data analysis & final report
49 Enterococci Probability Plot Most Probable Number Inlet Underdrain Overflow Cumulative Probability
50 Fecal coliform Probability Plot Most Probable Number Inlet Underdrain Overflow Cumulative Probability
51 Comparing Against Human Health Thresholds Geometric Mean Sampling Location enterococci (MPN/100 ml) fecal coliform (MPN/100 ml) IN UD OF Swimming Limit
52 Future Research on Bioswales Look at nutrient/sediment load reduction on DOT right-of-ways Studies needed in Piedmont (tight soils) Difficult to cite other SCMs in the typical section Source: CALTRANS
53 Conclusions Wetland swales perform better for nutrient removal than dry swales Maintenance is key to prevent swales from eroding and forming head cuts Water quality studies to be completed in 2015 on check dams and bioswalesin NC Additional design guidance is expected from these studies
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