State Machine Modeling of TPED and TPPU. Mr. Ron Funk (DRDC) Mr. Rick Sorensen (Vitech Corp.) NDIA 8 th Sys Engr Conference, San Diego 27 October 2005
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2 State Machine Modeling of TPED and TPPU Defence Research and Development Canada Mr. Ron Funk (DRDC) Mr. Rick Sorensen (Vitech Corp.) NDIA 8 th Sys Engr Conference, San Diego 27 October 2005 Recherche et développement pour la défense Canada Canada
3 State Machine Modeling of TPED and TPPU Defence Research and Development Canada Mr. Ron Funk (DRDC) Mr. Rick Sorensen (Vitech Corp.) NDIA 8 th Sys Engr Conference, San Diego 27 October 2005 Recherche et développement pour la défense Canada Canada
4 Outline of Presentation Operational Activity Modeling Task, Process, Exploit, Disseminate (TPED) Task, Post, Process, Use (TPPU) State Machine Concepts Description of TPPU State Machine Modeling Process Examples Q&A Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 4
5 How Task, Process, Exploit and Disseminate (TPED) Manages Jobs Jobs Task > Queue Process > Exploit > Select Highest Priority Job Disseminate > Quality of Product Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 5
6 Task, Post, Process and Use (TPPU): Single Iteration TPPU Task Post Process Use 2. Post 1. Task 4. Use 3. Process Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 6 Diagram copyright SPEC, taken from Sys 501 Course
7 TPPU as Repeating Sequence of Activities Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 7
8 How TPPU Manages Jobs Jobs Task > Queue Interrupted Job(s) Timer to Check Queue Process > Post > Use > Select Highest Priority Job Quality of Product Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 8
9 How TPED/TPPU Deal With Situation Awareness (SA) TPED Centralized control of all activity Only describes assigned jobs Worker utilization maximized when jobs are 100% of time No way for operators to do SA except as a separate job TPPU Decentralized and uncoordinated independent activities Becomes self synchronizing when queue checked frequently Cycle based on doing jobs and maintaining SA Jobs are composed of TPP, but not Use Use is residual time when no jobs (i.e. 100% - TPP) SA automatically distributed everywhere as Use Effectiveness is maximized when job utilization < 100% Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 9
10 How Utilization Metric Differs from TPED to TPPU 100% Max TPPU Max TPED Contribution to Effectiveness Metric TPED = Jobs Only TPPU = Jobs + Situation Awareness (SA) Use is the residual of 100% - TPP 0 100% Personnel Utilization Metric (i.e. Actively Working on Jobs) Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 10
11 100% How TPPU Utilization Metric Shifts During Career Command Contribution to Effectiveness Metric Mid-Career Start of Career 0 100% Personnel Utilization Metric (Actively Working on Jobs) Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 11
12 TPPU Business Rules Being Modeled Concurrent Independent Cycles are modeled: Cycles automatically repeated Activity logic is easily amended Model is scalable Improved realism of business rules by explicitly modeling: Regular checking of queue for highest priority job Pre-empted jobs returned to queue to complete later Credited for work already completed Job status tracked continuously once it enters queue Checks remaining time needed to complete job Jobs abandoned once expected completion time exceeds deadline Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 12
13 DODAF Operational Activities (OV-5) Modeling Efforts Summer 2003 Conceptual TPED from first principles Elegant model but too conceptual to actually work Spring 2004 Data Fusion Using TPED Integrated behavior of basic TPED components Data stovepipes shown but no description of fusion Summer 2004 Integrated ISR Architecture Examples Modeled sequence of C2 changes for UAV flight TPPU used to describe OPCEN activities Spring 2005 to Present Describe TPPU as State Machine Articulate TPPU with robust business rules Model can also handle TPED Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 13
14 CORE Model of Conceptual TPED: Summer 2003 Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 14 CORE is a registered trademark of Vitech Corporation.
15 CORE Model of TPED Work Flow: Spring 2004 Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 15
16 CORE Model of UAV C2 Changes: Summer 2004 UAV Strategic Operational Tactical Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 16
17 Initial CORE Model of TPPU Job Activity Example of Top-Level Model TPPU in Block Example of TPPU within One Block Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 17
18 Modeling the Processes Using CORE CORE used to capture behavior models Document known processes Capture timelines, data flow, business rules Expose unknowns for further exploration COREsim used to execute models Validate our understanding Exercise to-be processes Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 18
19 Process to Efficiently Build Behavior & SM Models 1. Threads : Work process of each job by an operator Articulates specific job activities for each operator 2. Integrated : Common themes between jobs & operators Calculates minimum resource demand 3. Allocated : Differentiation of skills Added cost of specialization Determine any offsets when generic work is done during idle time 4. State Machine : Schedule and track concurrent activity Impact of Business Rules (i.e. Job priorities & time remaining) Caution: Logic is not as visible to users as usual behavior models Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 19
20 State Machine Characteristics State Machine has the following key characteristics: Initial state or record of something stored someplace Set of possible input events Set of new states that may result from the input Set of possible actions or output events that result It is composed of the following elements: Description of the initial state; Set of states; Set of input events; Set of output events; Function that maps states and input to output; State transition function. Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 20
21 CORE Model of State Machine: Overall Structure Excel spreadsheets are used to store model data for: Schedule of Events (i.e. time and location of next work item) Initial Status of Threads (i.e. result of occurred before) Thread Attributes (i.e. duration of work) Event states and schedule updated using COREscript Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 21
22 How Specialization Can Affect Personnel Requirements Functionality Original Personnel Demand (No Transfer) Specialists Do Generic Work 50% of Idle Time Personnel Required (if 50% transferred) Specialists Do Generic Work 100% of Idle Time Personnel Required (if 100% transferred) Generic Specialist Type Specialist Type Bodies Needed NOTE: Have to round up to account for fractional headcounts. 3.2 becomes 4, 0.2 becomes 1, 1.4 becomes 2, and total equals 7! Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 22
23 Process to Efficiently Build Behavior & SM Models 1. Threads : Work process of each job by an operator Articulates specific job activities for each operator 2. Integrated : Common themes between jobs & operators Calculates minimum resource demand 3. Allocated : Differentiation of skills Added cost of specialization Determine any offsets when generic work is done during idle time 4. State Machine : Schedule and track concurrent activity Impact of Business Rules (i.e. Job priorities & time remaining) Caution: Logic is not as visible to users as usual behavior models Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 23
24 Example Thread Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 24
25 Testing Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 25
26 Example Thread [Take 2] NOTE Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 26
![Testing [Take 2] NOTE Defence R&D Canada](/docs-images/80/81204859/images/27-3.jpg "CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO")
27 Testing [Take 2] NOTE Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 27
28 Process to Efficiently Build Behavior & SM Models 1. Threads : Work process of each job by an operator Articulates specific job activities for each operator 2. Integrated : Common themes between jobs & operators Calculates minimum resource demand 3. Allocated : Differentiation of skills Added cost of specialization Determine any offsets when generic work is done during idle time 4. State Machine : Schedule and track concurrent activity Impact of Business Rules (i.e. Job priorities & time remaining) Caution: Logic is not as visible to users as usual behavior models Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 28
29 Integrated Behavior See Allocated Behavior slide Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 29
30 Process to Efficiently Build Behavior & SM Models 1. Threads : Work process of each job by an operator Articulates specific job activities for each operator 2. Integrated : Common themes between jobs & operators Calculates minimum resource demand 3. Allocated : Differentiation of skills Added cost of specialization Determine any offsets when generic work is done during idle time 4. State Machine : Schedule and track concurrent activity Impact of Business Rules (i.e. Job priorities & time remaining) Caution: Logic is not as visible to users as usual behavior models Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 30
31 Allocated Behavior Allocations Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 31
32 Other Aspects to Explore Our target environment has clear notion of interruptible processes. Need to explore: Impacts of interrupts on timelines Business rules for interrupt handling Our target environment exhibits queuing of products. Need to explore: Queuing logic Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 32
33 Interrupt Model v1 - Segmenting Tasks for Re-entrant Behavior Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 33
34 Interrupt Model v1 - Control Logic for Re-entrant Behaviour Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 34
35 Interrupt Model v1 Execution Interrupted & Re-entered tasks Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 35
36 Interrupt Model v2 - Adding Impacts of Queuing Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 36
37 Interrupt Model v2 Execution Item processing time checks Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 37
38 Task Queue Processing Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 38
39 Task Queue Processing - Execution Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 39
40 Process to Efficiently Build Behavior & SM Models 1. Threads : Work process of each job by an operator Articulates specific job activities for each operator 2. Integrated : Common themes between jobs & operators Calculates minimum resource demand 3. Allocated : Differentiation of skills Added cost of specialization Determine any offsets when generic work is done during idle time 4. State Machine : Schedule and track concurrent activity Impact of Business Rules (i.e. Job priorities & time remaining) Caution: Logic is not as visible to users as usual behavior models Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 40
41 State Machine Form Orthogonal to FFBD * forms FFBDs are single-threaded, single-instance temporal domains State machine is multi-threaded, multi-instance Essentially an engine for processing scenarios Task flow, resource, and queue logic in model Tasks, resources, timelines instantiated at runtime Uses pre- and post- processing (Excel) *FFBD: Functional Flow Block Diagram Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 41
42 State Machine State Machine Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 42
43 State Machine - Setup Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 43
44 State Machine Thread Processing Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 44
45 Execution Results Example Tracking job completion status Tracking task progress Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 45
46 Recap Operational Activity Modeling Task, Process, Exploit, Disseminate (TPED) Task, Post, Process, Use (TPPU) State Machine Concepts Description of TPPU State Machine Modeling Process Examples Way Ahead Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 46
47 Questions?????????????????? Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 47
48 Execution Scenario 1 Normal Completion Defence Research and Development Canada Recherche et développement pour la défense Canada Canada
49 Scenario 1-1 New Input Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Total time = 42 minutes Time: 12:00 Task Start time Initial ETC Input arrival: 12:00 Drop Dead time: 14:00 [using a 2 hour relevance value] Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 49
50 Scenario 1-2 Task pending, awaiting resource assignment Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Total time = 42 minutes Initial ETC Time: 12:17 Task Start time Input arrival: 12:00 Task Start: 12:17 Task Duration: 42 minutes remaining ETC = 12: = 12:59 Slack time = 14:00 12:59 = 1:01 Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 50
51 Scenario 1-3 Complete Assess Input 10 Make Local Copy 1 Assess Copy 15 Assessment Text 10 Update WebPage 5 Publish Product 1 Effort remaining = 32 minutes Time: 12:27 ETC Current time: 12:27 Task Duration: 32 minutes remaining ETC = 12: = 12:59 Slack time = 14:00 12:59 = 1:01 Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 51
52 Scenario 1-4 Task pending, awaiting resource assignment Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Effort remaining = 32 minutes ETC Time: 12:32 Current time: 12:32 Task Duration: 32 minutes remaining ETC = 12: = 13:04 Slack time = 14:00 13:04 = 0:56 Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 52
53 Scenario 1-5 Complete Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Effort remaining = 31 minutes ETC Time: 12:33 Current time: 12:33 Task Duration: 31 minutes remaining ETC = 12: = 13:04 Slack time = 14:00 13:04 = 0:56 Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 53
54 Scenario 1-6 Complete Task pending, awaiting resource assignment Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Effort remaining = 31 minutes ETC Time: 12:43 Current time: 12:43 Task Duration: 31 minutes remaining ETC = 12: = 13:14 Slack time = 14:00 13:14 = 0:46 Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 54
55 Scenario 1-7 Complete Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Effort remaining = 16 minutes ETC Time: 12:58 Current time: 12:58 Task Duration: 16 minutes remaining ETC = 12: = 13:14 Slack time = 14:00 13:14 = 0:46 Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 55
56 Scenario 1-8 Complete Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Effort remaining = 6 minutes ETC Time: 13:08 Current time: 13:08 Task Duration: 6 minutes remaining ETC = 13: = 13:14 Slack time = 14:00 13:14 = 0:46 Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 56
57 Scenario 1-9 Complete Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Time: 13:14 Current time: 13:14 Task Completed Slack time = 14:00 13:14 = 0:46 remaining Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 57
58 Execution Scenario 2 Job Abandoned Defence Research and Development Canada Recherche et développement pour la défense Canada Canada
59 Scenario 2-1 New Input Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Total time = 42 minutes Time: 12:00 Task Start time Initial ETC Input arrival: 12:00 Drop Dead time: 14:00 [using a 2 hour relevance value] Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 59
60 Scenario 2-2 Task pending, awaiting resource assignment Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Total time = 42 minutes Initial ETC Time: 12:17 Task Start time Input arrival: 12:00 Task Start: 12:17 Task Duration: 42 minutes remaining ETC = 12: = 12:59 Slack time = 14:00 12:59 = 1:01 Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 60
61 Scenario 2-3 Complete Assess Input 10 Make Local Copy 1 Assess Copy 15 Assessment Text 10 Update WebPage 5 Publish Product 1 Effort remaining = 32 minutes Time: 12:27 ETC Current time: 12:27 Task Duration: 32 minutes remaining ETC = 12: = 12:59 Slack time = 14:00 12:59 = 1:01 Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 61
62 Scenario 2-4 Task pending, awaiting resource assignment Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Effort remaining = 32 minutes ETC Time: 12:32 Current time: 12:32 Task Duration: 32 minutes remaining ETC = 12: = 13:04 Slack time = 14:00 13:04 = 0:56 Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 62
63 Scenario 2-5 Complete Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Effort remaining = 31 minutes ETC Time: 12:33 Current time: 12:33 Task Duration: 31 minutes remaining ETC = 12: = 13:04 Slack time = 14:00 13:04 = 0:56 Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 63
64 Scenario 2-6 Complete Task pending, awaiting resource assignment Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Effort remaining = 31 minutes ETC Time: 12:58 Current time: 12:58 Task Duration: 31 minutes remaining ETC = 12: = 13:29 Slack time = 14:00 13:29 = 0:31 Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 64
65 Scenario 2-7 Complete Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Effort remaining = 16 minutes ETC Time: 13:13 Current time: 13:13 Task Duration: 16 minutes remaining ETC = 13: = 13:29 Slack time = 14:00 13:29 = 0:31 Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 65
66 Scenario 2-8 Complete Task pending, awaiting resource assignment Assess Input Make Local Copy Assess Copy Assessment Text Update WebPage Publish Product Job 13:45. (As soon as ETC exceeds Drop Dead time) Time: 13:45 Effort remaining = 16 minutes ETC =14:01 Current time: 13:45 Task Duration: 16 minutes remaining ETC = 13: = 14:01 Slack time = 14:00 14:01 = -0:01 Drop Dead time Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 66
67 Contact Mr Ronald W. Funk Joint Staff Operational Research Team Team Leader DRDC Centre for Operational Research and Analysis National Defence Headquarters (6CBS) MGen George R. Pearkes Building Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A 0K2 (613) Mr Richard L. Sorensen Senior Systems Engineering Consultant Vitech Corporation 2070 Chain Bridge Road, Suite 100 Vienna, VA (801) Defence R&D Canada CORA R & D pour la défense Canada CARO 67
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