Learning Objectives. DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS (Felson and Pickett 2005)

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Randolf Baldwin
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Learning Objectives Performative Mosaic for Urban Trees Presenters Alexander Felson, PhD, ASLA, Yale University Lydia Scott, MS, The Morton Arboretum Peter Del Tredici, PhD, Arnold Arboretum,

Appreciate the potential of urban land considered fallow and unusable. 3.

Consider ecological design projects that integrate ecosystem processes and functions with landscape history and human use patterns.

design with urban design and landscape architecture Anticipated outcomes Spatial Temporal Functional Meld analysis and aesthetics to establish new urban forms Play a useful role in the

1 Learning Objectives Performative Mosaic for Urban Trees Presenters Alexander Felson, PhD, ASLA, Yale University Lydia Scott, MS, The Morton Arboretum Peter Del Tredici, PhD, Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University 1. Gain a solid intellectual foundation for applying arboriculture and plant physiology to urban landscape design. 2. Appreciate the potential of urban land considered fallow and unusable. 3. Learn the planning, preparation, and implementation of policies, programs, and resources to address climate change in the urban environment. 4. Consider ecological design projects that integrate ecosystem processes and functions with landscape history and human use patterns. DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS (Felson and Pickett 2005) A partnership between ecologists and designers to develop urban ecological experiments through a creative combination of traditional experimental design with urban design and landscape architecture Anticipated outcomes Spatial Temporal Functional Meld analysis and aesthetics to establish new urban forms Play a useful role in the defining urban sustainability Open up research opportunities in multiple locations Provide a public identity for urban ecology Efficient Reintegrates ecological processes into cities ADDRESSES ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY EARTH Statistical STEWARDSHIP Clarifying what needs to be studied Expanding on how scientific research can inform shaping Geometric strategies Improving communication among multiple parties via Modular interdisciplinarity Identifying pragmatic actions for scientists 1

actionable science, earth stewardship) and should create opportunities for ecologists to expand the relevance of their work to policy and

Identify scientific information needs to guide urbanization Not just more science (assumption: if we can just do the science we can solve the

Need to Influence hypotheses and research areas based on planning and design needs Need to understand what can be studied given the urban

regulators) Caution in how information is prioritized Establish viable collaborative projects across disciplines improve communication among

Shift from a focus on studying to managing and shaping urban ecosystems shaping is critical means to accelerate the role of ecologists ASLA

2 Framework solutions Shifting into a role in shaping ecosystems is increasingly popular (e.g. actionable science, earth stewardship) and should create opportunities for ecologists to expand the relevance of their work to policy and practice. Identify scientific information needs to guide urbanization Not just more science (assumption: if we can just do the science we can solve the problems) Currently one way. Need to Influence hypotheses and research areas based on planning and design needs Need to understand what can be studied given the urban constraints Situate scientific information within multiple forms of information and knowledge Ecological information is just one piece of the overall information going into shaping urban systems. there are many other actors involved in shaping (e.g. planners, designers, engineers, contractors, regulators) Caution in how information is prioritized Establish viable collaborative projects across disciplines improve communication among multiple parties via interdisciplinary exchanges Determine the role of the ecologists potential contributions. Shift from a focus on studying to managing and shaping urban ecosystems shaping is critical means to accelerate the role of ecologists ASLA Restoration 2013 Annual ecologists Meeting and and ecological EXPO engineers are shaping CHALLENGES for shaping Ecologists are coming at the project assuming that more scientific information is valuable in determining and supporting the decision making process. Project clients are leery of research for fear of slowing down the project and threatening the status quo of project delivery. There needs to be recognition that there are other actors with different goals. The way ecologists frame their work (theory, methods, tools and norms) as well as the goals they are seeking to achieve are fundamentally different from the goals and work methods needed to act as agents in shaping urban social-ecological systems. Some of these differences go against basic attributes of an academic scientist (e.g. honest brokers while avoiding political influence) Designers (shapers) lobby for ASLA their 2013 design. Annual Intuition, Meeting creativity, and EXPO and advocacy are all part of shaping. CONSTRUCTING AN URBAN FOREST 2

Parks departments across the country apply

ecological assumptions that remain debated

Native species richness & stand complexity

IN PARK Cross disciplinary collaboration

setup included amended versus non-amended soil

3 Parks departments across the country apply management practices built on underlying ecological assumptions that remain debated within the ecological literature Invasive plant species are detrimental to ecosystem functionality. Native species richness & stand complexity promotes ecosystem functioning and invasive species control. Soil amendments aid native plant establishment, but promote species invasion. GOAL: TEST KEY ECOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS INHERENT IN PARK Cross disciplinary collaboration PLANTING DESIGN STRATEGIES The experimental setup included amended versus non-amended soil s, species richness with 2 versus 6 species, and ecosystem structure with trees versus trees, shrubs and herbaceous. Subplot polygons are in dotted red lines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND 3

SITE WORK Designing for Resilience (SUN-B04: Performative

Arnold Arboretum and the Harvard Graduate School of Design

can resprout from root suckers or stump sprouts following

4 SITE WORK Designing for Resilience (SUN-B04: Performative Mosaic for Urban Trees: 17 November 2013) Peter Del Tredici Arnold Arboretum and the Harvard Graduate School of Design Design Principles for Resilient Landscapes: Use plants that can resprout from root suckers or stump sprouts following traumatic disturbance (for most trees, injury initiates the sprouting response) 4

5 Use plants that are adaptable in their tolerance of a wide range of light, moisture and heat conditions (these are usually disturbanceadapted bottomland (open ground) species as opposed to upland (woodland) species) Over-plant the site with bare-root planting stock (let the site have some input on the final design) Utilize annual or biannual mowing to maintain meadow areas Preserve existing (spontaneous) vegetation regardless of its composition in minimally maintained landscape areas. Such vegetation can and should be managed through a process of removal rather than insertion and should include the following categories of undesirable plants: ) high climbing vines that can kill trees (grapes, bittersweet, wisteria) diseased or seriously damaged trees plants that are unfriendly to people (poison ivy, multiflora rose, ragweed) unsightly plants that are commonly perceived as indicators of dereliction and neglect (mugwort, Ailanthus, Japanese knotweed 5

6 Some Common Root-Suckering Trees: Acer negundo Boxelder Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven Albizia julibrissin Mimosa or Silk Tree Asimina triloba Pawpaw Celtis occidentalis Hackberry Diospiros virginiana American Persimmon Fagus grandifolia American Beech Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky Coffee Tree Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum Maclura pomifera Osage Orange Melia azedarach Chinaberry Nyssa sylvatica Tupelo or Black Gum Paulownia tomentosa Princess Tree Populus species Poplars and Aspens Prunus virginiana Chokecherry Robinia psuedoacacia Black Locust Sassafras albidum Sassafras Toona (Cedrella) sinensis Chinese Toon Tree Triadica sebifera Chinese Tallow Tree Some Common Root-Suckering Shrubs: Aralia elata, spinosa Angelica Tree Aronia arbutifolia Red Chokeberry Broussonettia papyrifera Paper Mulberry Chaenomales species Flowering Quince Clerodendrum trichotomum Harlequin Glorybower Comptonia peregrina Sweetfern Cornus spp. (mas, racemosa, etc.) Shrubby Dogwoods Corylus species Hazelnuts Euonymous species Spindletrees Exocorda racemosa Pearlbush Hippophae rhamnoides Sea Buckthorn Ilex verticillata Winterberry Holly Orixa japonica Orixa Some Common Root-Suckering Shrubs cont.: Rhus spp. (typhina, glabra, coppalina, aromatica, etc.) Sumacs Robinia hispida Bristly locust Rosa spp. (virginiana, rugosa etc.) Shrub Roses Rubus species Raspberries Sorbaria sorbifolia Ural False Spirea Spirea species Spireas Stepahanandra incise Cutleaf Stephanandra Viburnum (acerifolium, dentatum, etc.) Viburnums Xanthoceras sorbifolium Yellowhorn Species Matrix for Forestry in the Urban Setting Lydia Scott Community Trees Program Manager The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 6

Forestry in the Urban Setting Urban Forest Canopy Assessment Understand the urban forest where we

Understand infrastructure components for urban forest health What do we need?

Identify key issues for urban forest management to assist in adaptation to climate impacts What

7 Forestry in the Urban Setting Urban Forest Canopy Assessment Understand the urban forest where we live or work What do we have? Understand infrastructure components for urban forest health What do we need? Understand the urban ecosystem How do trees contribute? How can they be integrated? Identify key issues for urban forest management to assist in adaptation to climate impacts What do we need to do? Tree Census or Inventory Tree Species by Distribution Land Use CTI 14.0% Open Space 23.0% Residential 30.1% CTI: Commercial, Transportation and Industrial Agriculture 32.9% Northern red oak 2.0% other species 41.0% Silver maple 2.0% Amur honeysuckle 2.1% European buckthorn 28.2% White ash 2.6% Green ash 5.5% Boxelder 5.5% Black cherry 4.9% American elm 3.4% Sugar maple 2.8% 7

Species by Size Understand infrastructure

) < 3 inches > 18 inches Source: vtdigger.

8 Species by Size Understand infrastructure for urban forest health 35,000 Number of Trees (thousands) 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Diameter Class (d.b.h.) < 3 inches > 18 inches Source: vtdigger.org Source: digitalpilgrim.com Species Source: blog.psjd.org Support - Soils Soil ph Soil texture and structure Soil compaction Drainage Soil salinity and other soil contaminants Photo Source: globalhealingcenter.com Root space restrictions 8

9 Christopher B. Burke Engineering Ltd. Understand urban ecosystems to support urban forest health 9

Identifying key issues for urban forest adaptation to climate impacts Writing - Adaptation Strategies for the Urban Forest Vulnerability Assessment Case Studies The American Society of Landscape

Certificates of Completion for non-aia members are available on request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education.

10 Identifying key issues for urban forest adaptation to climate impacts Writing - Adaptation Strategies for the Urban Forest Vulnerability Assessment Case Studies The American Society of Landscape Architects is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-aia members are available on request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. Copyright Materials This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited. The American Society of Landscape Architects Learning Objectives 1. Gain a solid intellectual foundation for applying arboriculture and plant physiology to urban landscape design. 2. Appreciate the potential of urban land considered fallow and unusable. 3. Learn the planning, preparation, and implementation of policies, programs, and resources to address climate change in the urban environment. 4. Consider ecological design projects that integrate ecosystem processes and functions with landscape history and human use patterns. 10

11 Q & A 11

What Is An Invasive Plant?

What Is An Invasive Plant? What is an invasive plant? An invasive plant is a species that is not native to an area and causes harm to human health, the environment, or the economy. Invasive plants become