General rules of surface runoff generation and their application to urban areas
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1 Department of Irrigation, Drainage and Landscape Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering Czech Technical University in Prague General rules of surface runoff generation and their application to urban areas Tomas Dostal, Tereza Dvorakova
2 Discussion about flood control and prevention. general rules and guidelines. two different approaches Technical measures x measures in the landscape very different opinions
3 There is generally assumed very essential efefct of landscape character on floods generation The same as for transformation of flood wave within floodplain area character of stream chennel and floodplain On the other hand, there is effect of water reservoirs, = technical measures
4 Generally accepted truths of both opinions. surface runoff and therefore flood does not occur within natural landscape natural floodplatin has great retention capacity water reservoirs have essetial storage effect natural elements (hedges, ) have high retention capacity revitalization of small stream will signifficantly affect flood wave transformation.
5 But most of the processes have very basic rules, which are often under- over-estimated or neglected for instance: Retention capacity is approx. Constant in case of high events can be exceeded Retention capacity of water reservoir x its volume Linear measures result can be even worse in case of wrong design stream channel character affects discharges only till its capacity further only floodplain has effect Shape of the catchment has very essential influence on surface runoff generation and flood wave routing
6 Retention capacity of the landscape is approx. Constant in case of hight intensity events it can be exceeded..surface runoff can occure even in purely natural conditions it depends on intensity and duration of event.
7 GIS based vizualization for large areas. Parts of the catchment, producing runoff when rainfall summ increases Case study Weisseritz catchment (300 km2)
8 Areas, producing surface runoff in case of rainfall sum 10 mm
9 Areas, producing surface runoff in case of rainfall sum mm
10 Areas, producing surface runoff in case of rainfall sum mm
11 Areas, producing surface runoff in case of rainfall sum mm
12 Areas, producing surface runoff in case of rainfall sum mm
13 Areas, producing surface runoff in case of rainfall sum mm
14 Areas, producing surface runoff in case of rainfall sum mm
15 Areas, producing surface runoff in case of rainfall sum mm
16 Areas, producing surface runoff in case of rainfall sum mm
17 Areas, producing surface runoff in case of rainfall sum mm
18 Areas, producing surface runoff in case of rainfall sum mm
19 Areas, producing surface runoff in case of rainfall sum above 110 mm
20 KATEDRA HYDROMELIORACÍ A KRAJINNÉHO INŽENÝRSTVÍ STAVEBNÍ FAKULTA ČVUT V PRAZE Generation of surface runoff for various rainfall intensities and landscape characteristics very much simplified description Retention capacity includes: interception infiltration (most important) surface retention Doc. Dr. Ing. Tomáš Dostál dostal@fsv.cvut.cz
21 KATEDRA HYDROMELIORACÍ A KRAJINNÉHO INŽENÝRSTVÍ STAVEBNÍ FAKULTA ČVUT V PRAZE Infiltrace 10-4 m/s Intenzita 50 mm/h e fltc )/in (m a k ž rá s 40 Intenzita 60 mm/h Infiltrace 10-5 m/s Intenzita 40 mm/h 60.0 Intenzita 30 mm/h 40.0 Intenzita 20 mm/h 10-6 Intenzita 10 mm/h Infiltrace 10-6 m/s Infiltrace 10-7 m/s čas (min.) Graphical presentation of surface runoff generation for indivuidual soil types and rainfall intensities. Total initial retention (interception + surface) assumed as constant = 10 mm Surface runoff will start after ca 20 minutes Doc. Dr. Ing. Tomáš Dostál dostal@fsv.cvut.cz
22 STAVEBNÍ FAKULTA ČVUT V PRAZE KATEDRA HYDROMELIORACÍ A KRAJINNÉHO INŽENÝRSTVÍ Shape of the catchment is very essential for flood discharges generation Doc. Dr. Ing. Tomáš Dostál dostal@fsv.cvut.cz
23 Comparison of results for both experimental catchments event (N=10) LU Blinka D Blinka K Blinka LU Olešná D Olešná K Olešná K2 orná orná D D5 D3 Kulminační průtok Qmax (m3/s) K K3 D5 D4 D3 skutečný K1 D1 K3 skutečný K1 D1 D4 D2 K3_D6 K3_D pastvina Blinka 8.00 Olešná pastvina Oblong 6.00 LU Roughness Channel capacity Fan-shaped 4.00 les les :15 3:30 3:45 4:00 4:15 4:30 4:45 5:00 5:15 5:30 5:45 6:00 6:15 Čas t (h:min) 6:30 6:45 7:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45
24 Proportion of impermeable surface has very important role in response of the catchment to causal rainfall event
25 URBANIZATION AND SUB-URBANIZATION (urban sprawl) Its relation to surface runoff generation
26 Very quick increment of urban areas around existing towns (suburbanization) Increased density of urbanization within existing centers (urbanization)
27 Urbanizatiton of free area between block of flats Prague, 2005 Desirable and effective for land owners, developers and local governments
28 Change of municipal parc to commercial center Prague, 2006
29 Planned utilization of free places within dense urbanization (Prague, Southern town, planned for 2008)
30 Suburbanization new satellite houses in free landscape (SE of Prague, 2007)
31 New cheap houses high proportion of sealed surfaces New urbanization Area (m2) CN impermeable greenery total ,1 Original urbanization Area (m2) CN impermeable greenery total ,0
32 Křeslice historical sparse urbanization Satellite village by Křeslice large houses on small parcels
33 Proportion of impermeable surfaces at sample hectar Result for commercial zone Impermeable surfaces: 70 % (Diplomová práce J.Kinkor, 2002)
34 The problem is relatively new Significantly interdisciplinary Urbanization has been always.. But its velocity is like it never was and other parts of social being are slower. (traffic infrastructure, )
35 Botič stream South-east of Prague ca 100 km2 Important recreation area
36 General complex study definition of main problems in an area The problems: Ecological stability of the landscape Water courses and reservoirs shape Runoff conditions of the catchment Water quality Soil erosion and sediment transport Wind erosion Traffic Living and socio-economic sphere Waste management Microclimate
37 Runoff conditions of the catchment Analysis of impermeable surfaces based on official documentation (plans) Reference years: 1990 beginning of fast development 2004 current situation 2010 validity of current plans Estimation of surface runoff volume using CN method
38 Urbanization situation 2000
39 Areas sealed or agreed for urbanization till 2010
40 increase of runoff volume: for 50 % for more than 100 % only planned urbanization concerned reality much larger urbanization higher density of urbanization more than 70 % impermeable decreasing of ground water refilling
41 ACTION To implement integrated approach to urbanization impact assessment To quantify adverse impacts of suburbanization and synergic incidence To define control measures, applicable in practice to minimize negative effects
42 Thank you for your attention
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