SYNERGISM BETWEEN SOIL AND LEAF PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS IN GREENHOUSE CUCUMBERS AND THEIR EFFECT ON YIELD AND PHYTOSANITARY STATUS

989 Bulgrin Journl of Agriculturl Science, 19 (No 5) 2013, 989-994 Agriculturl Acdemy SYNERGISM BETWEEN SOIL AND LEAF PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS IN GREENHOUSE CUCUMBERS AND THEIR EFFECT ON YIELD AND PHYTOSANITARY STATUS S. Mshev 1, N. Velkov 1 nd N. Vlchev 2 1 Mrits Vegetble Crops Reserch Institute, BG 4003 Plovdiv, Bulgri 2 Thrcin University, BG 6000 Str Zgor, Bulgri Abstrct Mshev, S., N. Velkov nd N. Vlchev, 2013. Synergism between soil nd lef plnt protection products in greenhouse cucumbers nd their effect on yield nd phytosnitry sttus. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 19: 989-994 It ws studied the effect of chemicl nd biologicl plnt protection products (PPP) on root rot (Fusrium nd Verticilium root rot) nd powdery mildew in cucumber vriety Mirey F1 grown in cultivtion fcilities in the Mrits Vegetble Crops Reserch Institute, Plovdiv during the period 2008-2010. The presence nd bsence of synergism in their ction nd n influence on the plnt productivity ws lso studied. It ws estblished high effectiveness ginst root rot cused by Fusrium spp. nd Pythium spp., in tretment of plnts with Previcur 607 SL + Topsin М 70 WP nd Trichodermin NPA. The lst product results in yield increse with 12.09%. A synergism in the ction of studied soil nd lef PPP ws estblished. The highest effectiveness ginst powdery mildew ws recorded in soil tretment with Previcur 607 SL + Topsin М 70 WP nd lef PPP Collis, Qudris 25 SC, Timorex 66 EC nd Timorex gold. Key words: root rot, powdery mildew, effectiveness, yield Introduction Gret number of diseses, which sometimes could result in considerble dmges, ttcks cucumbers grown in cultivtion fcilities. The root rot (gents fungus from genuses Pythium nd Fusrium) hs the gretest significnce mong the diseses cused by microscopic fungi nd those living prsiticlly on the boveground prts of the plnts downy mildew (Pseudoperonospor cubensis (Berk & Curt.) Rostow) nd powdery mildew (Podospher xnthii U. Brun & N. Shish. Comb. Nov. (syn. Spherothec fuligine)). Fungi from genus Pythium (P. phnidermtum nd P. ultimum) re the min gents of root rot in cucumbers grown in cultivtion fcilities. A lrge-scle infesttion could be cused for short period provoking wilt nd in stronger development loss of plnts (Roberts et l., 2005). The economicl importnce of the fungi from genus Fusrium increses recently nd especilly of Fusrium oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. f. sp. rdicis-cucumerinum D.J. Vklounkis (FORC) being gents of root rot Fusrium oxysporum. This disese cuses serious dmges. Moreno et l. (2001) report for losses reching up to 75%. Vchev describes this disese for the first time in Bulgri in 2007. The pthogen ws isolted from 21 greenhouses in our country. Powdery mildew cused by Podospher xnthii, is one of the serious diseses on the boveground prts of the cucumbers which in epifitoty development cuses significnt losses reching 20-30% nd more (Velkov, 2003; Kiss, 2003). The control of the disese is conducted by multiple tretments with gret numbers of chemicl products for plnt protection (PPP). This might be very dngerous for humn helth, for environmentl contmintion nd for cretion of resistnce of the pthogen to these PPP. Recently gret ttention ws directed to development of lterntive mesures nd methods for control resistnt vrieties, plnt oils nd extrcts, biogents nd bio-products etc. (Simmonds et l., 1992; Copping nd Menn, 2000; Belnger nd Lbbe 2002; Istvn, 2002; Kiss, 2003). The ppernce of these dngerous diseses coincides in time very often. In these conditions PPP re input in the soil E-mil: smshev@bv.bg

990 nd nother products re pplied for tretment of boveground prts of the plnts. Purpose of the study: To be estblished the effectiveness of biologicl nd chemicl PPP used for control of the gents of root rot nd powdery mildew in cucumbers grown in cultivtion fcilities nd to estblish presence or bsence of synergism in their ction. Mteril nd Methods The experiments were crried out in Mrits Vegetble Crops Reserch Institute Plovdiv during the period 2008 2010. Effectiveness of chemicl nd biologicl PPP ginst Fusrium nd Pythium root rot in cucumbers The experiment ws conducted in 5 l continers in vegettive chmber. Long type greenhouse vriety Mirey F1 ws studied in ll tretments. The inoculum ws cultivted on brley nd it ws input in the continers before plnting. Tretments: 1. Fusclen The product ws pplied twofold: 3 g/plnt immeditely before plnting nd 2 g/plnt in 7-8 lef phse. 2. Trichodermin NPА. The product ws pplied twofold: 3 g/plnt directly before plnting nd 5 g/plnt in 7-8 lef phse. 3. Irrigtion with mixture of Previcur 607 SL (propmocrb hydrochloride) + Topsin М 70 WP (thiofnte-methyl) 150 ml + 100 g/100 L wter. Tretment ws twofold by 50 ml/plnt immeditely before plnting nd 200 ml/plnt in 7-8 lef phse. 4. Control with infesttion untreted. A comprtive experiment ws conducted in order to be estblished the effect of PPP on productivity of vriety Mirey F1. Hrvestings were performed three times week. The yield ws recorded by centrl stem (kg/d). Synergism between soil nd lef PPP. Effectiveness of biologicl nd chemicl PPP to powdery mildew in cucumber t different soil tretment The experiment ws performed in vegettive chmber. Cucumber vriety Mirey F1 ws used for conducting of the tests. Plnts were grown in 5 l continers. Vrints: 1. Plnt tretment with soil PPP 2. Fusclen 3. Trichodermin NPА 4. Mixture of Previcur 607 SL + Topsin М 70 WP 5. Untreted control S. Mshev, N. Velkov nd N. Vlchev Tretment of the sme plnts with PPP for control to powdery mildew 1. Timorex 66 EC (66% oil from Melleuc lternifoli) 0,5%; 2. Timorex Gold (extrct from Melleuc lternifoli) 0, 75%; 3. Collis (bosklid 200 g/l + krezoxym-methyl 100 g/l) 0,05%; 4. Qudris 25 SC (zoxystrobin 50 g/l) 0,075%; 5. Control untreted Three tretments were performed. The degree of ttck by powdery mildew ws red in 5-mrks scle (0-4, intervl of 25%) before ech tretment nd 5 dys fter the lst one. Indexes - Degree of ttck by soil pthogens in %; - Index of ttck by powdery mildew; - Effectiveness by Abbot formul; The prticulr ttempts were set by block scheme in four replictions with ten plnts for ech experiment. Dt were processed by one-wy, two-wy nd three-wy nlysis of vrince (Dimov nd Mrinkov, 1999). Duncn s multiple rnge test nd Cluster nlysis by progrmme product SPSS 12 for Windows were pplied. Results nd Discussion Effectiveness of chemicl nd biologicl PPP to Fusrium nd Pythium root rot in cucumbers Bsed on three-wy nlysis of vrince ws estblished tht the fctors Products (P), Pthogen (B) nd their interction (A x B) hve significnt influence on the effectiveness of the studied PPP (Tble 1). The effect of the fctor Product (p<0.001) is proven very good s the power of the effect is 89.64%. The fctor Pthogen hs the smllest effect on the effectiveness (2.32%) but it ws proven. The power of the influence of the interction of the two fctors (А х В) is 6.42% s it is proven good. These results demonstrte tht there is specific response nd the effectiveness of PPP to the two pthogens depends on the pplied product. The fctor yer (С) nd interction with the other two fctors (АхС; ВхС; АхВхС) hve no significnt influence on the effectiveness of the studied products. This demonstrtes tht the lst ones mnifest similr effectiveness in the individul yers of the study. Therefore, the result could be summrized vergely for two yers period. The degree of ttck by Fusrium nd Pythium root rot in cucumber vriety Mirey F1 is expressed in Figure 1. The results show considerble vrition in the ttck by the two pthogens. The tretment of the plnts with Fusclen hs

Synergism between Soil nd Lef Plnt Protection Products in Greenhouse Cucumbers nd Their Effect... 991 stronger suppressing effect on the development of Fusrium spp. 22.65%. The ttck by Pythium spp. is proven stronger 26.49 %. The ppliction of Trichodermin nd the combintion Previcur 607 SL + Topsin М 70 WP cuse suppression of the development of Pythium spp. (14.23 и 9.49%) in greter degree thn with Fusrium spp. (17.94% nd 11.91%). Degree of infection % 70 60 50 40 30 b b c 20 c d d 10 0 Fusclen Trichodermin Previcur+topsin Control M70 Fusrium spp. 22.65333333 17.96* 11.91333333*** 64.23333333 Pythium spp. 26.49* 14.23 9.486666667 68.05666667** Fig. 1. Degree of ttck of Fusrium nd Pythium root rot in cucumber vriety Mirey, b, c Duncn s multiple rnge test (p < 0,05) A stronger ttck is red fter infesttion with Pythium spp. in the control tretment. A specific response for the individul PPP is estblished by the performed Duncn s tests. The strongest effect on the two pthogens hs the vrint with the combintion Previcur 607 SL + Topsin М 70 WP. The vrint with plnts treted with Trichodermin NPA hs slower influence thn the previous one but it is stronger towrds tht with Fusclen. The control is ttched in the strongest degree by the two pthogens 64.23% nd 68.06%. The cluster nlysis mde bsed on the effectiveness of PPP is given in the Figure 2. The dendogrm shows tretments rrngement in two bsic groups of similrity. The most similr in their ction re PPP Previcur 607 SL + Topsin М 70 WP nd Trichodermin NPА. The product Fusclen is grouped in specific cluster. The results ccording to the performed nlysis demonstrte tht the effectiveness of PPP to Fusrium spp. и Pythium spp. is the highest in the products included in the first group. The obtined results correspond to those estblished by Hibr et l. (2006) nd Rose nd Punj (2004) in biocontrol of root rot in tomto nd cucumbers grown in cultivtion fcilities (Figure 3). Tble 1 Three-wy nlysis of vrince nd influence of vrition fctors on the effectiveness of biologicl nd chemicl (conventionl) products ginst Fusrium crown nd Pythium root rot Source of vrition Degree of freedom (df) Vrince MS Power of influence η % Preprtion (A) 2 ***1323.85 89.64 Pthogen (B) 1 *68.50 2.32 Yer (C) 1 9.57 0.32 A x B 2 **94.82 6.42 A x C 2 1.14 0.08 B x C 1 19.33 0.65 A x B x C 2 2.49 0.17 Within 4 2.92 0.39 - p<0.05; ** - p<0.01; *** - p<0.001 Fig. 2. Hierrchicl cluster nlysis on the bse of effectiveness of PPP. Dendrogrm using Averge Linkge (Between Groups)

992 The yield is one of the most importnt indexes in conducting of comprtive tests. The results from the two-wy nlysis of vrince for the effect of the studied fctors on the productivity of vriety Mirey F1 re given in Tble 2. The results demonstrte significnt effect of the fctors product (92.74%) nd yer (3.00%). The interction of the two fctors is slight which shows tht the specific PPP cuse similr effect on the productivity of vriety Mirey F1 in the two yers. 5500 Yield, 5400 kg/d 5300 b b 5200 5100 5000 c c 4900 d 4800 d 4700 4600 4500 Fusclen Trichodermin Previcur+topsin M70 Control 2008 5176.34 5324.68 4920.71 4768.32 2009 5230.5 5456.35 4976.27 4850.21 verge% 108.2n.s. 112.09125** 102.89n.s. 100n.s. Fig. 3. Effect of soil PPP on the yield, b, c Duncn s multiple rnge test (p < 0,05) S. Mshev, N. Velkov nd N. Vlchev The results from the Duncn s test show tht the highest yield is obtined in soil treted with Trichodermin, which is 112.09% towrds the control. The yield is significntly lower in tretment with Fusclen 108.20% nd the irrigtion of plnts with mixture of Previcur 607 SL + Topsin M 70 WP 102.89 % hs the slightest effect. The results reported confirm those nnounced by Altints nd Bl (2005). The results compred by yers demonstrte tht only in tretment with Trichodermin NPA hs proven differences. The yield is higher in 2009 towrds the previous yer. In 2008 it is 5324.68 kg/d nd in 2009 5456.35 kg/d. The differences in the yields between the two yers of study re insignificnt in the remining tretments. Synergism between soil nd lef PPP The synergism is phenomenon in the biology, which predetermines supplementing of the effect from the combined ction nd/or interction of two or more substnces. The estblishment of synergism between soil nd lef PPP is one of the purposes in our study. It ws estblished tht the studied fctors hve proven effect on the effectiveness of biologicl nd chemicl PPP ginst powdery mildew bsed on the performed three-wy nlysis of vrince (Tble 3). Strong effect exerts both the fctor soil product (A) nd lef Tble 2 Two-wy nlysis of vrince nd influence of vrition fctors on the yield of cv. Mirey F1 Source of vrition SS df MS η% Products (A) 1615947 3 538648.8 ***92.74 Yer (B) 52254.98 1 52254.98 **3.00 A x B 7871.381 3 2623.794 0.45 Within 66315.55 24 2763.148 Totl 1742388 31 ** - p<0.01; *** - p<0.001 Tble 3 Three-wy nlysis of vrince nd influence of vrition fctors on the effectiveness of biologicl nd chemicl products ginst powdery mildew Source of vrition df MS η % Soil preprtion (A) 3 ***904.82 56.90 Folir preprtion (B) 3 ***198.43 12.48 Yer (C) 1 **1134.96 23.79 A x B 9 1.46 0.28 A x C 3 8.94 0.56 B x C 3 11.04 0.69 A x B x C 9 2.65 0.50 Within 27 8.47 4.79 ** - p<0.01; *** - p<0.001

Synergism between Soil nd Lef Plnt Protection Products in Greenhouse Cucumbers nd Their Effect... 993 product (B) nd yer (C). Therefore, in ppliction of soil nd lef PPP will be observed expnding of the effect on development of powdery mildew but in individul yers, the studied combintions of PPP will mnifest greter or smller effectiveness. The nlysis clerly expressed tht there is synergism between the studied PPP. The interction between the individul fctors is slight. This demonstrtes tht there is no specific response between the studied soil nd lef products during the specific yers. Similr combintions of soil nd lef PPP will hve higher effectiveness towrds other combintions s it will hve n effect in the two yers. The results from the tests with combined ppliction of soil nd lef PPP is given in Tble 4. The effectiveness in tretment of the plnts with the soil product Fusclen is the highest with ppliction in combintion with Collis (83.10% nd 76.76%) in the two yers of study. The effectiveness is lower in 2009 in combintion with Qudris compred with Collis but in 2010, the differences re not proven. The effectiveness is the lowest in combintion Fusken + Timorex 66 EC nd Timorex gold in the two yers of study. Avergely for the two yers, the effectiveness of the combintion Fusken with Collis nd Qudris 25 SC is proved the highest. After tretment of plnt with the soil product Trichodermin NPA the combintions with Timorex gold, Collis nd Qudris 25 SC demonstre the highest effectiveness. Proved lower effectiveness ws estblished fter tretment with Timorex 66 EC. The tretment of the plnts with Previcur 607 SL + Topsin М 70 WP cuses increse of the effectiveness of lef products s whole but the effectiveness is proved the highest in PPP Collis (90.21%; 86.43%; 88.33%) nd Qudris (89.07%; 85.02%; 87.05%). Timorex gold shows lower effectiveness (86.90%; 82.86%; 84.89%). The lowest effectiveness ws red with Timorex 66 EC (85.53%; 79.74%; 82.64%). In the vrints free of tretment with soil products in 2009, the highest effectiveness showed the products Collis nd Qudris 25 SC nd lower Timorex 66 EC nd Timorex gold. In 2010, the difference in effectiveness of the studied PPP is unproven. The highest effectiveness possess the products Collis (75.37%), Qudris 25 CK (74.60 %) nd Ttimorex gold (72.48%) vergely for the two yers. A cluster nlysis ws mde in order to be estblished the similrity in the ction of the studied combintions of PPP (Figure 4). The dendogrm clssified the studied PPP combintions in three bsic clusters. The first cluster includes the combintions Previcur 607 SL + Topsin М 70 WP with the lef products Collis, Qudris 25 SC, Timorex 66 EC nd Timorex gold. The second cluster contins combintions of PPP Trichodermin NPА with Qudris 25 SC, Collis, Timorex gold nd Fusclen with Collis nd Qudris 25 SC. The third cluster combines ll remining combintions, which possess the gretest index of ttck by powdery mildew. It contins the vrints free of tretment with soil product nd those with prticiption of the lef PPP Timorex 66 EC nd Timorex gold. The results show tht the gretest synergism in their c- Tble 4 Effectiveness of different biologicl nd chemicl PPP to powdery mildew Soil preprtion Folir product 2009 2010 Averge Timorex 78.27 b 69.05 b 73.66 b Fusclen Timorex gold 77.13 b 73.44 b 75.29 b Collis 83.10 76.76 79.94 Qudris 80.06 b 74.09 b 77.08 b Timorex 78.31 b 70.42 b 74.37 b Trichоdermin Timorex gold 80.50 b 73.24 b 76.87 b Collis 82.36 78.16 80.26 Qudris 82.00 76.24 79.12 Timorex 85.53 c 79.74 b 82.64 c Previcur+topsin M 70 WP Timorex gold 86.90 bc 82.86 b 84.89 bc Collis 90.21 86.43 88.33 Qudris 89.07 b 85.02 87.05 b Timorex 74.32 c 66.37 n.s. 70.35 b Untreted Soil Timorex gold 75.92 bc 69.05 n.s. 72.48 b Collis 78.70 72.03 n.s. 75.37 Qudris 77.50 b 71.69 n.s. 74.60. b. c Duncn s multiple rnge test (p < 0.05); n.s. not significnt

994 S. Mshev, N. Velkov nd N. Vlchev Fig. 4. Hierrchicl cluster nlysis on the bse of degree of infection. Dendrogrm using Averge Linkge (Between Groups) tion ginst powdery mildew possesses the combintions of PPP clssified in the first cluster. Conclusion The highest effectiveness ginst root rot in cucumbers cused by Fusrium spp. nd Pythium spp. demonstrte the tretment of plnts with mixture of Previcur 607 SL + Topsin М 70 WP followed by the tretment with Trichodermin NPА. Trichodermin NPА pplied twofold in the soil proven increses the yield in cucumber vriety Mirey F1. It ws estblished synergism between the studied soil nd lef PPP. The highest effectiveness ginst powdery mildew is chieved by the ppliction of the soil products Previcur 607 SL + Topsin М 70 WP nd lef PPP Collis, Qudris 25 SC, Timorex 66 EC nd Timorex gold. References Altints, S. nd U. Bl, 2005. Appliction of Trichoderm hrzinum increses yield in cucumber (Cucumis stivus) grown in n unheted glsshouse. J. Appl. Horticulture, 7: 25-28. Belnger, R. R. nd C. Lbbe, 2002. Control of powdery mildews without chemicls: prophylctic nd biologicl lterntives for horticulturl crops. In: Belnger, R. R., W. R. Bushnell, A. J. DIK nd T. L. W. Crver (eds.): The Powdery Mildews: A Comprehensive Tretise. Americn Phytopthologicl Society, St. Pul, USA, pp. 256 267. Copping, L. G. nd J. J. Menn, 2000. Biopesticides: review of their ction, pplictions nd efficcy. Pest Mnge. Sci., 56: 651 676. Dimov, D. nd E. Mrinkov. 1999. Experimentl work nd biometry. Acdemic issue of Higher Agriculturl Institute, Plovdiv, 263 pp. (Bg). Hibr, K., M. Dmi-Remdi, W. Hmd nd M. El-Mhjoub, 2006. Bio-fungicides s n lterntive for tomto Fusrium crown nd root rot control. Tunisin Journl of Plnt Protection, 1: 19-29. Moreno, A., A. Alférez, M. Avilés, F. Diánez, R. Blnco, M. Sntos nd J. C. Tello, 2001. First Report of Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. rdicis-cucumerinum on Cucumber in Spin. Plnt Disese, 85 (11): 206-206. Roberts, D. P., S. M. Lohrke, S. L. F. Meyer, J. S. Buyer nd J. H. Bowers, 2005. Bio-control gents pplied individully nd in combintion for suppression of soil borne diseses of cucumiber. Crop Prot., 24: 141 55. Rose, S., R. Yip nd Z. K. Punj, 2004. Biologicl control of Fusrium nd Pythium root rots on greenhouse cucumbers grown in rock wool. Act Horticulture, 635: 73-78. Simmonds, M. S. J., H. C. Evns nd W. M. Blney, 1992. Pesticides for the yer 2000: mycochemicls nd botnicls. In: Kdir, A. S. A. nd H. S. Brlows.). Pest Mngement nd the Environment in 2000. CAB Interntionl, Wllingford, UK, pp. 127 164. Vtchev, Tz. D., 2007. First report of Fusrium root nd stem rot of greenhouse cucumber cused by Fusrium oxysporum f.sp. rdicis-cucumerinum in Bulgri. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 13: 151-152. Velkov, N., 2003. Sources of resistnce to the gents of powdery mildew (Spherothc fuligine (Schlecht. Fr.) Poll. nd Erysiphe cichorcerum DC) in cucumber. Disserttion, 257 pp. (Bg).