IoT Based Fire Alarm and Monitoring System Saumya Tiwari 1, Shuvabrata Bandopadhaya 2 School of Engineering & Technology, BML Munjal University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India ABSTRACT This paper has proposed an internet of things (IoT) based fire alarm and monitoring system best suited for industrial and home applications. Fire is the major cause of accidents claiming valuable lives and property. The chemical reaction between carbon-based materials in presence of oxygen generates flammable vapor causing asteady rise in temperature and results in a fire. The major characteristics of fire are it extends exponentially with time. Hence, timely detection of fire is critical for avoiding amajor accident. In this paper, fire alarm and monitoring system are integrated with IoT platform. It can sense smoke, therise in temperature, flameetc. and send it to afar-away monitoring station through GSM to generate needful instructions for the actuators. In the design prototype, sensors are installed in three distinct locations to identify theexact location of fire hazards that has taken place. Keywords Internet of thing (IoT), Intel Galileo Gen-2, LM 35 temperature sensor, Gas Sensor MQ02, GSM networks. INTRODUCTION A fire is a chemical reaction of carbon based material that mixes with oxygen and is heated to a point where flammable vapors are produced. These vapors then come in contact with something that is hot enough to cause vapor ignition and results in a fire and its occurrence is random. Industry, home offices, hospitals etc. are very much vulnerable to fire that has the potential to cause harm to its occupants and severe damage to property [1]. On an average, in India, every year, about 25,000 persons die due to fires and related causes where female accounts for about 66%. As per the statistics of National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), fire accounts for about 5.9% (23,281) of the total deaths reported due to natural and unnatural causes during the year 2012 [2]. The data on fire accidents in India reveals that close to 3 lakh people lost their lives in fire accidents between 2001 and 2014, averaging to 59 deaths per day. The estimate of property loss due to fire crosses about 1000 cores rupees every year. The major characteristics of fire are it extends exponentially with time. Hence, timely detection of fire is critical for avoiding amajor accident. Hence, the essence of having asophisticated fire alarm and monitoring system is quite obvious [3]. The early detectionof fire can be made with therise of temperature, thepresence of smoke and flame. Hence appropriate sensors have to be installed at the vulnerable places to detect the mentioned physical quantities. The alarm information is generated by comparing them with predefined threshold values and send to acentral processor that may be a microcontroller. The central processor decides the operation of actuators like LCD display, water sprinkler motors etc. [4]. The major setback of traditional fire alarm system is the remote location of fire initiation points. It may be machinery inside the industry, unattended home appliances etc. Hence, the information generated by the sensors need to be conveyed a long distance, may be through transmission line followed by instrumental amplifiers. Some places, the deployment of such lines are not feasible. The low cost solution to such problem is to introduce wireless link. The present development of IoT platform would best suit for it. IoT is a complete embedded system where sensors and actuator are being monitored and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure [5-6]. It allows sophisticated computer-based control for more efficient and accurate operation [7-8].This paper has proposed an internet of things (IoT) based fire alarm and monitoring system best suited for industrial and home applications.it can sense smoke, therise in temperature, flame etc. and send 304 Saumya Tiwari, Shuvabrata Bandopadhaya
it to afar-away monitoring station through GSM to generate needful instructions for the actuators. The organization of rest of the paper is as follows: in section 2, fire alarm and monitoring system model is presented; the proposed IoT based system is presented in section 3 and section 4 concludes the paper. FIRE ALARM AND MONITORING SYSTEM MODEL The conventional fire alarm and monitoring system comprises of three major subsystem: (1) central processor which is basically a microcontroller system that is responsible for all decision making process along with that (2) sensor subsystem that has sensors sense the physical quantities to identify fire followed by comparator and (3) actuators driven by relays. The functional block diagram of conventional fire alarm and monitoring system is shown in figure 1. Figure: 1: Block Diagram of Conventional Fire Alarm &Monitoring System A set of sensors are deployed in various zones to identify the location of thefire that comprises of thetemperature sensor and smoke sensor. Catching of fire results significant increase in temperature and percentage of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide present in theatmosphere. The temperature sensor used is LM35. The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output voltage linearlyproportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device does not require any external calibration or trimming to that provide typical accuracies of ±¼ C at room temperature and ±¾ C over a full 55 C to 150 C temperature range [9].The smoke sensor used is MQ02 that can detect smoke and to serve as an early fire warning. This is a generic Arduino gas sensor. It hasan MQ02 probe which is able to detect LPG, i- butane, propane, methane, alcohol, Hydrogen, smoke.it can be used in gas leakage detecting device in consumer and industry markets. It has a high sensitivity and fast response time.the sensitivity can be adjusted by the potentiometer. The output is proportional to the density of thegas[9]. The central processor is basically a microcontroller system that takes sensor output as input. The sensor outputs voltages are analog in nature and are compared with a pre-determined threshold by the comparator. The comparator outputs are either 1 or 0 that is being given input to the processor. After receiving and analyzing the information, it provides necessary instruction to the actuators. The actuators of the system are LCD display, water sprinkler motors, buzzer alarm and main power disconnection switch. Other than LCD display, all actuators need more current to drive. Hence relay circuits are being used. 305 Saumya Tiwari, Shuvabrata Bandopadhaya
PROPOSED MODEL To facilitate installation of the sensors in remote location, the communication link need to be established. In proposed model, it is done through IoT platform through GSM network. This system consists of two sub-system: transmit (Tx) subsystem and receive (Rx) subsystem; each subsystem having their own processing unit. In Tx subsystem, sensors collects the real time information of physical quantity and sends it to Tx process unit. The Tx process unit consists of Intel Galileo Gen 2 board which has Intel Quark processor with 256 MB DDR3 RAM and operating at speeds up to 400 MHz along with GSM shield SIM800H V1.0. The information is send to far-away Rx subsystem through GSM network. In Rx subsystem, the Rx process unit is connected with actuators. The functional block diagram of proposed fire alarm and monitoring system is shown in figure 2. Figure: 2: Block Diagram of ProposedFire Alarm &Monitoring System The sensor sets are installed three different zones; Zone 1,Zone 2 and Zone 3. Each set consists of a LM35 and MQ02 to sense temperature and smoke respectively. The sensors are connected to the analog pins of the Intel Galileo Gen 2 board.the Galileo board continuously examines these pins and when receives signals from sensors and compares the value with predefined thresholds. If the values are more than the threshold, it generates Logic 1 indicating the fire condition, else generates Logic 0. The interface of sensors with Intel Galileo Gen 2 board is shown in figure 3. Similarly, the Rx process unit have same Intel Galileo Gen 2 board with which, the actuators are connected in digital output pin. The necessary actions are initiated that depends on the information reached from Tx subsystem. Figure: 2: Interfacing of sensors with Intel Galileo Gen-2 The information is transferred from Tx to Rx subsystem via GSM network; the key enabler for that is GSM shield SIM800H V1.0as shown in figure 4.It includes a quad-band GSM and GPRS module an integrated 306 Saumya Tiwari, Shuvabrata Bandopadhaya
antenna and a full size SIM card slot in it. Each of which is being connected with Intel Galileo Gen 2 boards present at either end. Figure: 4: GSM SIM800H V1.0 Figure: 5: Architecture of proposed Fire Alarm and Monitoring System RESULT AND DISCUSSION Result The aim of the paper was to implement a smart home system and the goal was met. The Galileo board unit responds to the instructions sent by the sensors. The aim of the application to manage the electronic devices remotely was also achieved.the objective of this paper was successful in developing a programmable Galileo board based system with smart sensors and working actuators. 307 Saumya Tiwari, Shuvabrata Bandopadhaya
Table: 1: Result & Instructions and the Response to and from the SystemUl Condition Result Command Fire Area Safe Area Temp>= 50 Sensor 1 Zone: 1 Zone: 2,3 Start Alarm 1, Power Supply 1 cut off and Water Sprinkler 1 Temp>= 50 Sensor 2 Zone: 2 Zone: 1,3 Start Alarm 2 and Power Supply 2 cut off and Water Sprinkler 2 Temp>=50 Sensor 3 Zone: 3 Zone: 1,2 Start Alarm 3 and Power Supply 3 cut off and Water Sprinkler 3 Temp>=50 Sensor 2,3 Zone: 2,3 Zone: 1 Start Alarm 2,3 and Power Supply 2,3 cut off and Water Sprinkler 2,3 Temp>=50 Sensor 1,3 Zone: 1,3 Zone: 2 Start Alarm 1,3 and Power Supply 1,3 cut off and Water Sprinkler 1,3 Temp>=50 Sensor 1,2 Zone: 1,2 Zone: 3 Start Alarm 1,2 and Power Supply 1,2 cut off and Water Sprinkler 1,2 Discussion The development of technology has been affecting the life style of people. They are dependent on technology even to carry out daily activities and technology has made the lifestyle more sophisticated and relaxing. It seems as if it was impossible to live without technology in this century. Advanced technology has replaced the traditional lifestyle of people. This paper was a simple application paper demonstrating a fire alarm & control system. The movements and the temperature are detected by installing sensors at different places. The temperature of the premises where the sensors are installed can be known at any time before reaching the critical limit set by the user. The paper was completed within the papered time with the expected result. However, there were many hardware and software errors experienced during the development of the application. There were many bugs in the software as well as connection errors in the hardware, which came along with the development of the application and which was solved individually. There were some hardware errors while connecting the sensors and the led with the Galileo board. REFERENCES [1] Schmidt-Rohr, K. 2015. Why Combustions Are Always Exothermic, Yielding About 418 kj per Mole of O 2. Journal of Chem. Educ. vol. 92 (12), 2094 2099. [2] Fire Incidents from 2001-2014, National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). [3] Morris, S. E., Moses, T. A. 1987. Forest Fire and the Natural Soil Erosion Regime in the Colorado Front Range. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. vol 77 (2), 245 254. [4] Hu H., Wang G., Zhang Q., Wang J., Fang J., Zhang Y. 2009. Design Wireless Multi-sensor Fire Detection and Alarm System Based on ARM. Proceeding of The Ninth International Conference on Electronic Measurement & Instruments ICEMI 2009, IEEE 2009. [5] Brown, E. 2016. Who Needs the Internet of Things? Linux.com. Retrieved 23 October 2016. [6] Madakam, S., Ramaswamy, R., Tripathy, S. 2015. Internet of Things (IoT): A literature review. Journal of computer and comm. Vol. 3, 164-173. [7] Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative. ITU. Retrieved 26 June 2015. [8] Stankivic, J. 2014. Research direction for the internet of things. IEEE IoT journal. vol 1. [9] Ian R. Sinclair, Sensors and transducers, third edition, Butterworth-Heinemann 2001, ISBN 0 7506 4932 1 308 Saumya Tiwari, Shuvabrata Bandopadhaya