Water Resources and Policy Initiatives CSU Campus Water Use Calculations Standard Operating Procedures February 26, 2016 Project Background California State University (CSU) campuses face a challenge in meeting water reduction goals. One part of this challenge is reducing water usage on landscaped areas. Often, water usage within buildings and water usage for landscape irrigation are not metered separately. This creates a problem in determining where water is being used, and where efficiencies may be realized. California s updated Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO) (Governor s Executive Order B-29-15) contains calculations for determining a maximum water allowance for landscaped areas and for determining current estimated water use. The goal of this pilot is to test the feasibility of and develop a methodology for performing these calculations across CSU campuses that do not have separate metering. Geographical Information System (GIS) data of landscaped areas on campus grounds has been provided by campuses within the CSU system. Three CSU campuses have been chosen at random for this pilot. Their landscape GIS data will be edited for consistency in geometry and attribution using aerial imagery. The landscape GIS data will then be used as a basis for performing the calculations necessary to determine Maximum Applied Water Allowance and Estimated Total Water Use for the landscaped areas of each campus. During the course of the pilot work, several data items and strategies will be identified that could prove useful in enhancing the accuracy of future work. Project Objective Project staff will accurately measure the landscaped areas within the following CSU campuses: Fullerton (CSUF), Northridge (CSUN), and Sacramento (CSUS). The area of the landscaped areas will then be calculated (square feet) and entered into the Department of Water Resources (DWR) Water Budget Calculator. This calculator was created to assist in determining how much water should be used to maintain non-residential landscapes versus the amount of water that is being used through the Maximum Applied Water Allowance and Estimated Total Water Use calculations outlined in MWELO. Data Management The base high-resolution imagery to be used for landscape delineation is the NAIP 2014 imagery for California. Additional imagery, such as color infrared (CIR) imagery, Google Maps 1
Streetview, and Bing Maps online oblique imagery shall be used as ancillary information to assist in decision-making during the mapping process. Digitized landscaped area polygons will be submitted in ESRI s file geodatabase format. All data will be provided in the NAD_1983_2011_California_Teale_Albers projection. The horizontal planar units are meters and the horizontal datum is the North American Datum of 1983, also called NAD83. Schema Data Dictionary Layer Name Field name Type Characters Domains Description LandscapedArea Includes: CSUF_LandscapedArea, CSUN_LandscapedArea, and CSUS_LandscapedArea. OBJECTID NA NA NA Indexing ID. Automatically populated by ArcGIS software. SHAPE Geometry NA NA Feature type. Automatically populated by ArcGIS software. Orig_LandscapeType String 255 NA Original classification of landscape types as presented in source data. LandscapeType String 50 Shrub, Turf, Special Classification of landscape types. Landscape Area, Trees w/ bare earth, Other/Unknown Comments String 255 NA Comments regarding the delineation and/or classification of features. WaterUse String 50 NA Description of plant water use type. PlantFactor Double NA NA The Plant Factor value. Topology Area_sqft Double NA NA Area of features in square feet. To be calculated once editing and QC is complete. SHAPE_Length Double NA NA Length of feature in meters. Automatically populated by ArcGIS software. SHAPE_Area Double NA NA Area if features in meters. Automatically populated by ArcGIS software. Includes: CSU_Fullerton_Topology, CSU_Northridge_Topology, and CSU_Sacramento_Topology. Rules: Must Not Overlap 2
Mapping Parameters Mapping Procedure Editing Procedure Digitize at a scale of 1:750 1:1000 o Polygons to be accurate at a scale of 1:1500 Delineate based on NAIP 2014 aerial imagery Topology: no multi-part features, no overlapping polygons 1. To create/update a polygon, the map document must be in edit mode o Editing toolbar>start Editing o Save edits often! Must use the Save Edits function within the Editing toolbar 2. Using the NAIP 2014 imagery, identify a landscaped area within your boundary. Select the sketch tool to begin the landscape area polygon and double-click to finish the sketch. Do not include any visual hardscaped areas. 3. For each polygon, populate the attribute table with the appropriate LandscapeType: Turf, Shrub, Special Landscape Area, or Other/Unknown. 4. If necessary, use the ESRI World Imagery, BING, or the 2014 NAIP CIR to assist in decision-making. 5. If there is a comment regarding an ambiguous polygon, attribution, or mapping decision, make note of it in the Comments field in the feature class for the campus you are editing (e.g. CSUF_LandscapedArea, CSUN_LandscapedArea, or CSUS_LandscapedArea). 6. Run topology and fix any topology errors. o Refer to the section on topology below. 7. Submit mapping for QC. 3
Examples Determining Landscape Types Using the Aerial Imagery In most cases, vegetation within planters will be attributed as Shrub. However, there may be cases where drought tolerant vegetation is noticeable within the NAIP 2014 and/or ancillary imagery. Do not classify such planters as Shrub. Instead, classify them as Other/Unknown and leave a comment as to why this classification was chosen within the Comments field. Use the ancillary imagery to help you determine landscape types o The ESRI World Imagery is higher resolution than the NAIP and would be helpful to review o Using BING maps Birds eye oblique view is great for this This resource will be particularly helpful when trying to identify landscape type under tree canopy Google maps and BING maps Street View are also very helpful, where available 4
The images below show examples of landscape types that have been determined using a couple different imagery sources o The classifications of the landscape types (delineated in the image on the left) were derived from reviewing both the ESRI World Imagery (imagery source in both of the images below) as well as BING maps Bird s eye view o BING maps Bird s eye view was used to ID landscape types under the tree canopy since it is not possible by reviewing the standard aerial imagery alone 5
Special Landscape Areas (sports fields) Natural turf sports fields o Soccer, football, baseball, softball, etc. o You can determine if a field is in fact natural turf by referencing the NAIP 2014 CIR imagery. Natural vegetation will appear pink/red color. The images above are of sports fields with natural turf. This is confirmed when reviewing the CIR imagery for the area as the fields appear to be pink/red which indicates healthy vegetation. Sports fields with natural turf will be classified as Special Turf. 6
Artificial turf sports fields o Artificial turf sports fields will not be mapped. o In order to determine if turf is artificial, review the area using the NAIP 2014 CIR imagery. Artificial turf will not appear pink/red (an indication of healthy vegetation) in the CIR imagery and in most cases appears dark purple, blue, or black. The images above are of a sports field with artificial turf. In the image on the left, the field appears green. However, when reviewing the CIR imagery for the same field (shown on the left) you can see that the field does not appear to be pink/red, but instead black, which indicates that the field is made up of artificial turf. Sports fields with artificial turf will not be mapped. Special Landscape Areas (Arboretums, Botanical Gardens, and landscaping devoted to edible plants) According to the Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance, a Special Landscape Area (SLA) means an area of the landscape dedicated solely to edible plants, recreational areas, areas irrigated with recycled water, or water features using recycled water. Review the website of the campus you are working on for areas such as food gardens, orchards, farm plots, etc. Assign these areas the attribute of Special Landscape Area Due to the recreational, conservational, and educational value of arboretums and botanical gardens, these will also be assigned the attribute of Special Landscape Area until such a time that different guidance is given. Review the website of the campus you are working on to locate these areas as well. 7
Drought Tolerant Vegetation Some campuses have replaced higher water use vegetation with drought tolerant plantings. First, review the website of the campus you are working on and note any areas of drought tolerant planting projects. Attribute the LandscapeType appropriately and assign a comment in the Comments field which states the drought tolerant status, the date of the project when the planting occurred, and the URL link to the source of the information. If the date of the project corresponds to 2014 or prior, attribute the LandscapeType with the type of plantings mentioned in the source. If the date of the project corresponds to a date after 2014, attribute the LandscapeType with the type of plantings visible in the 2014 NAIP imagery. Topology 1. From the working geodatabase, load the following into your ArcMap doc: a. LandscapeArea feature class for assigned area b. Topology feature class that corresponds to assigned area s feature class 2. Validate topology and perform any edits necessary to correct topology errors a. no multi-part features b. no overlapping polygons Landscape Area Calculations 1. Populate the WaterUse field with the following values based on the LandscapeType value: a. Turf: High b. Shrub: Medium c. Tree w/ bare earth: Medium d. Other/Unknown: will be dealt with on a case-by-case basis, but will default to Medium in the absence of other information e. Special Landscape Area: SLA f. Drought Tolerant comment in Comments field for 2014 or prior plantings: Low 2. Populate the PlantFactor field with the following values based on the LandscapeType value: a. Turf: 0.8 b. Shrub: 0.5 c. Tree w/ bare earth: 0.5 d. Other/Unknown: will be dealt with on a case-by-case basis, but will default to 0.5 in the absence of other information e. Special Landscape Area: 1 f. Drought Tolerant comment in Comments field for 2014 or prior plantings: 0.2 3. Perform area calculations in AcMap: a. Open Landscape_Area feature class attribute table b. Start an Edit session c. Right-click Area_SqFt field and select Calculate Geometry d. Calculate area in square feet 8
e. For each unique combination of LandscapeType, WaterUse, and PlantFactor, get the sum of the area: i. Open ArcToolbox > Statistics > Summary Statistics ii. Calculate the summary statistics for the Area_SqFt field for the abovementioned fields 4. Open a copy of the Water Budget Calculator Excel workbook a. Rename the file with your assigned campus name, e.g. BetaWaterBudgetRS V108_CSUN.xlsm b. Input the landscape area summary statistics calculations from ArcGIS for each campus that you made according to the steps listed above into this file according to the instructions in the workbook. c. Notes: 9
Quality Control i. For MAWA Effective Precipitation (Eppt), find the average annual precipitation for your campus s city online and calculate 25% of that to add to the spreadsheet. Source: https://rainfall.weatherdb.com ii. For ETWU, the Irrigation Efficiency value you will use is 0.75 iii. For ETWU, each Hydrozone will be the total shrub area, or the total Turf area, the total Trees w/ bare earth area, total Drought Tolerant area, etc. iv. For ETWU, each Water Use type and Plant Factor value are those you populated the fields with in the above steps The term quality control refers to the procedures that will be followed to review, evaluate, and correct any spatial or attribute inaccuracies. 1. Mapping will undergo in-house QC at CSUN. After completing his/her assigned area, a mapper will submit his/her work to the mapping supervisor for QC. The mapping supervisor will review the mapping for errors and omissions. The mapping supervisor will then return the mapping to the mapper to make any necessary corrections. 2. Once the mapper has addressed all errors and omissions, the mapping will be returned to the mapping supervisor for another QC. If the work is not deemed acceptable, the mapping will again be returned to the mapper to make further corrections. 10