Prof. Dr. Károly Hrotkó SZIU Faculty of Horticultural Science
The global cherry production (in million tons) 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 sweet cherry sour cherry 1980 1990 2000 2010 2013 Background: Nutritional and health benefits Economic benefits Achievements in modern orchard systems, hand picking (Bujdosó, G. and Hrotkó, K. 2016), COSTFA 1104
The most important European sweet cherry growing areas
The most important European sour cherry growing areas
Cherry rootstock research and usage Orchards producing for processing industry (sweet and tart) require vigorous rootstocks. Intensive cherry orchards producing hand picked cherries need dwarfing or semi dwarfing and precocious rootstocks. Advanced breeding projects in W-Europe produced rootstocks for their soil and climate Largest cherry producer countries (Turkey, Irand and USA) use still seedling rootstocks. Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 5
Development in cherry industry Separate orchards for fresh market and processing industry, New training and pruning protocols for orchards harvested by hand, Sweet cherry is produced mainly for fresh market Sour cherry produced mainly for processing industry orchards with mechanical harvest Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 6
Open center canopies Steep leader (USA, Oregon, Washington, by Lynn Long). Spanish bush.
Steep leader Moderate and vigorous rootstocks, trunk height 40 cm Spacing: 5-6 x 3-4 m, Four leader, flat fruiting branches Bearing from 5-6. years Harvest from ground and low picking stands.
Spanish bush Open center, trunk height 40 cm, regular summer pruning is required. Vigorous rootstocks, in Spain on Prunus mahaleb SL 64. 5-6 x 3 m spacing, tree height 2,5 3 m. Harvested by hand from ground. Under rain cover, hail net or bird cover.
2012. 03.14. Zalaegerszeg Cseresznye alanyhasználat intenzív ültetvényben 11
2012. 03.14. Zalaegerszeg Cseresznye alanyhasználat intenzív ültetvényben 12
Spanish bush, Sanlian Company, Tong-chuan City
Spindle forms Zahn spindle (D) Vogel spindle (D) Solax (F) Hungarian Cherry Spindle Tall axe (USA) Super spindle (I, USA)
Zahn-spindle Vogel-spindle Solax Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 15
Tree architecture Tree height and spacing Tree number/ha Rootstocks Yielding Harvest Advantages Hungarian Cherry Spindle Central leader, one basal set of flat scaffolds ~ 3,5 4 m height 4.0 5.0 x 1.0 2 m; 1000 2500 tree/ha Moderate vigourous or dwarfing rootstocks Turns to bearing in 3-4th year, full crop : 20-25 t/ha 70% crop from ground, upper part from low picking stands Large yield, premium fruit quality. Low emission to environment, IP. 2012. 03.14. Zalaegerszeg Cseresznye alanyhasználat intenzív ültetvényben 16
Hungarian Cherry spindle Target orchard Yield: 25 t/ha 2 500 000 fruit/ha MFW: 10 g 1.25 m² LA / 1 kg fruit Total LA 32 000 m²/ha LAI 3.2 50 000 running m total length of fruiting branches Cherry training and pruning in Hungary Prof. Dr. Hrotkó Károly 17
Hungarian Cherry Spindle, on P. mahaleb, 4x2 m
Hungarian Cherry Spindle, with root pruning, Nagykutas, Hungary Prof. Dr. Hrotkó Károly 19
2012. 03.01. Kecel Cseresznye alanyhasználat intenzív ültetvényben 20
2012. 03.01. Kecel Cseresznye alanyhasználat intenzív ültetvényben 21
Root pruning in early spring
Horticultural practices
Orchard in bearing stage on MaxMa 14 root, spacing 4x1,5 m 24
Super spindle On precocious dwarf rootstocks only. Spacing: 3 x 0,5 0,8 m. Good soil, irrigation, shading, hail-net, raincover! Optimal for varieties bearing on basal part of current year wood (Regina, Linda). Needs severe pruning, in spring, no long fruiting branches.
Super spindle: narrow hedge like orchard
Super spindle 4x1 m on GiSelA 5, 2014, Gerő-major, Kecskemét Development in the world cherry production Prof. Dr. Hrotkó Károly 27
Regina / GiSelA 5 (2016)
Hedges Palmetta: from Italy, due to high labour requirements is not spreading. V or Y Hedges, Tatura Hedge: Australia, New Zealand, Chile UFO (Upright Fruiting Offshoot, from USA) Orchards can be managed even on vigorous rootstocks.
Hedge with horizontal branches Cherry training and pruning in Hungary Prof. Dr. Hrotkó Károly 30
Y hedge in Poland Tatura hedge V hedge, China
UFO: Advantages: hand picking from ground, row distance 3 m well illuminated leafage, Disadvantages: 25-30% upright fruiting offshoots are always in non bearing stage.
UFO in greenhouse, Sanlian Company, Tongchuan
Protected orchards (rain cover, hail-net, bird-net)
Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 35
Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 36
Hand picking and packaging for fresh market Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 37
Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 38
Rootstock requirements for hand picked orchards Vigor control, harmonized with training and pruning protocol, and site conditions Precocity (turning to bearing early) and high productivity Good compatibility and uniform trees Adaptability to biotic and abiotic stress factors (cold and heat tolerance, soil, pests and diseases) Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 40
Rootstock requirements of mechanically harvested orchards Good compatibility Appropriate vigor and longevity of trees Good productivity Good anchorage in the soil (usually trunk and limb shakers are applied) Adaptability to biotic and abiotic stress factors (cold and heat tolerance, soil, pests and diseases) Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 41
Dominate rootstocks in the sweet cherry orchards dwarfing vegetative propagated rootstocks seedling rootstocks medium vigorous vegetative propagated rootstocks
Dominate rootstocks in the sour cherry orchards Medium vigourous vegetative propagated rootstocks Seedling rootstocks
Botanical classification of cherry rootstocks Cherry rootstocks P. avium and hybrids P. mahaleb and hybrids P. vulgaris and hybrids Further species and hybrids Non Eucerasus type: P. cerasifera Adara from Spain Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 44
Bird cherry (Prunus avium L.) (Mazzard, Vogelkirsche) Very vigorous, some dwarfing in hybrids Good compatibility and longevity Late turning to bearing, average productivity Good anchorage, deep root structure High requirements to soil quality and water supply Moderate or good cold tolerance Sensitivity to crown gall, soil born diseases, replant situation. Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 45
Prunus avium rootstocks Seedlings Clonal rootstocks C. 2493 F 12/1 (resistance to Pseudomonas) Altenweddingen Pontaris Pontavium Charger Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 46
Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 47
Hybrids of P. avium used as rootstocks Name Origin Vigor Evaluation Colt (UK) P. avium x P. pseudocerasus High Requires water supply and good soil. Sensitive to high ph and lime P-HL-A (CZ) P. avium x P. vulgaris (?) Dwarf Requires water supply and good soil. Sensitive to high ph, lime, and heat stress Pi-Ku-1 (D) C. avium x (C. canescens x C. tomentosa) Moderate vigor Early turning to bearing, good productivity, less sensitive to calcareous soil and heat stress. Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 48
Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 49
Katalin/ Weiroot 13 and P-HL-A Katalin/Pi-Ku-1 (right) Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 50
P. mahaleb as rootstock for cherries Moderate vigorous or vigorous, no real dwarfing Moderate or good compatibility, moderate longevity of trees Early turning to bearing, good productivity Good anchorage, deep root structure Performs well on poor soil, tolerates sandy or calcareous soil and high ph, tolerates heat stress Good drought tolerance of trees on this rootstock Cold tolerance and winter hardiness is better than on avium Less sensitivity to crown gall, soil born diseases, replant situation than on P. avium. Main rootstock in S- SE- Europe, Central Asia, China Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 51
P. mahaleb rootstocks Seedlings Cema (C 500) Cemany (C2753) Clonal rootstocks SL 64 (Fr, vigorous) Bogdány (Hu, vigorous) Korponay (self fertile) Pontaleb (Fr), SL 405 (self fertile) Magyar (Hu, moderate vigor) Egervár (Hu, vigorous) UCMH 59 (USA, moderate vigor) Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 52
Cema Cemany Cema P. mahaleb seedlings: Cema, Cemany Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 53
Sour cherry spindle on Korponay seedling Korponay magonc Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 54
SL 64 Van/SL64 (modified Brunner-spindle) Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 55
Bogdány Alex/Bogdány Van/Bogdány Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 56
Magyar Katalin/Magyar Katalin/Magyar Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 57
P. mahaleb hybrids (P. mahaleb x P. avium) Name MxM 14 (Brokforest) MxM 97 (Brokgrow) MxM 60 Evaluation Moderate vigor (60%), early turning to bearing, good productivity, adaptable to poor soil, fruit size (?). Moderate vigor (60%), early turning to bearing, good productivity, adaptable to poor soil, fruit size (?). Vigorous (100%), good productivity, adaptable to poor soil. Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 58
Van/MaxMa 14 Brokforest (MaxMa 14) Lapins/MaxMa 14 Garmersdorfi óriás/maxma 14 Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 59
P. cerasus as cherry rootstock From low to standard vigor Variable compatibility, moderate or short living trees Precocity (early turning to bearing), good productivity Flat root system, poor anchorage, root suckers. Fertile soil and good water supply is required. In lime soil sensitive to iron chlorosis. Winter hardiness and cold tolerance is good, but the hybrids are variable. Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 60
P. Cerasus rootstocks Seedlings (seldom used) Cigánymeggy C. 404, Cigánymeggy C. 219 Stockton Morello Clonal rootstocks Vigorous: Weiroot 10, Weiroot 13, Masto de Montagna Moderate vigor: CAB 6P, CAB 11E, Weiroot 154, Weiroot 158 Dwarf: Edabriz, Weiroot 72, Weiroot 53 Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 61
P. avium Sdlg 30x P. fruticosa Prob 50x P. cerasus CAB 11E 50x
Linda/Gisela 5 and Weiroot 158 Linda / Weiroot 13 and Gisela 5 Linda/Gisela 5 and Weiroot 154 Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 63
P. cerasus hybrids (Gi - Sel - A) Name Origin Evaluation Gisela 5 (G 148/2) Gisela 6 (G 148/1) Gisela 7 (G 148/8) P. cerasus x P. canescens P. cerasus x P. canescens P. cerasus x P. canescens Semi dwarf or dwarf, needs fertile soil and irrigation, early bearing, good productivity, tends to blindwood formation. Semi dwarf or dwarf, needs fertile soil and irrigation, early bearing, good productivity, low renewal capacity. Semi dwarf or moderate vigor, needs fertile soil and irrigation, early bearing, good productivity. Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 64
Linda/Gisela 5 Lapins/Gisela 4 Regina/Gisela 5 (Fränkische Schweiz) Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 65
Alex Bogdány Gisela5 Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 66
Further species Prunus fruticosa and derivatives: GiSelA 4 (D), Prob, Frutana (Pl), Krymsk 5 (Ru) Belgian selections Inmil (P. incisa P. serrula), Damil (P. canescens P. dielsiana) and Camil (P. canescens) Japan selections - Prunus. nipponica var. kurilensis : Chishimadai 1 go, - P. lannesiana forma mutiplex : Aobazakura Prunus cerasifera: Adara : in Spain as interstem too for Marianna GF 8/1
Cherry rootstocks recommended in Hungary Very vigorous Mazzard seedling Vigorous Moderate vigor Semi dwarf, dwarf SL 64 Magyar Weiroot 154 F 12/1 Bogdány MaxMa 14 Weiroot 158 Cema Colt MaxMa 97 Gisela 5 Cemany Korponay Gisela 6 Edabriz Weiroot 10 Pi-Ku-1 Weiroot 72 Weiroot 13 Weiroot 53 Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 68
Growth and yield efficiency of Lapins on different rootstocks (Weiroot = 100%) 200,00 180,00 160,00 140,00 120,00 100,00 80,00 60,00 40,00 20,00 0,00 Gisela 3 Edabriz Gisela 4 G 195/20 Weiroot 53 G 154/7 G 148/13 Damil Gisela 11 Gisela 6 Weiroot 158 G 318/17 HexColt G 497/8 Gisela 7 Maxma 97 Maxma 14 G 107/1 Colt Maxma 60 Weiroot 10 Hrotkó Károly Cseresznyealanyok 69
Rootstocks for ornamental cherries Prunus avium sdlg, F12/1: - Japanese ornamental cherries (P. serrulata varieties) - Prunus fruticosa Globosa - P. avium and P. cerasus varieties with semi double and double flowers Prunus mahaleb sdlg or clonal rootstocks: - Prunus fruticosa Globosa - with P. avium interstem only!: Japanese ornamental cherries (P. serrulata varieties) - P. avium and P. cerasus varieties with semi double and double flowers Prunus cerasus:??? or dwarf GiSelA rootstocks:??? Onto Japan selected rootstocks (Prunus. nipponica var. kurilensis Chishimadai 1 go, P. lannesiana forma mutiplex : Aobazakura ): - Japanese ornamental cherries (P. serrulata varieties)