Effects of Gibberellic Acid on the Vase Life of Cut Patumma (Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep.) Chaing Mai Flowers T. Kjonboon and S. Kanlayanarat Division of Postharvest Technology King Mongkut s University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok 11 Thailand Keywords: patumma, Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep., gibberellic acid, postharvest physiology, vase life Abstract Cutflowers of Patumma (Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep.) Chaing Mai were held in 5- ppm gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) or distilled water (control) at 5 C with 75-8% relative humidity. GA 3 at 1 ppm increased vase life by four days compared to the control (1 days). Increasing the concentration to 15- ppm did not correspondingly extend vase life despite improvement in weight retention, absorption capacity and water conductivity of stem tissues. The vase life of the flower held in 15- ppm GA 3 was similar to that with 1 ppm GA 3. GA 3 did not generally affect respiration rate but significantly reduced ethylene production. At lower concentration of 5 ppm GA 3, responses of the flowers were comparable to the control. INTRODUCTION Patumma (Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep.), internationally known as curcuma, is an important cutflower in Thailand s domestic and export markets. A major factor that limits production, distribution and trade is short vase life. Under ordinary tropical conditions, the cut flower vase life is usually a week or less, and is limited by rapid wilting and bract discoloration and the concomitant failure of individual flowers to open. Low temperature storage can retard quality deterioration but may not be sufficient during prolonged holding and marketing periods. Supplementary treatments, such as the use of plant growth regulators (PGR), have been employed to improve flower longevity. Gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) is a PGR known to promote growth processes in plants (Goodwin, 1978; Koning, 198) including cutflower opening and stem elongation (Celikel and van Doorn, 1995). GA 3 application has also been shown to extend rose flower vase life which was attributed to the inhibition of senescence-related increases in cell membrane permeability and protein decomposition (Sabehat and Zieslin, 1995). Similarly, GA 3 -treated rose flowers stored better under low temperature than untreated flowers (Goszczynska et al., 199). Furthermore, GA 3 was found to reduce Botrytis blight in cut roses as a result of its senescence-inhibitory effect (Shaul et al., 1995) and the possible production of antimicrobial compounds such as various phenolics (Verhoeff, 198). The current study examined the responses of cut Cucurma flowers to different GA 3 concentrations in the vase solution. MATERIALS AND METHODS Freshly harvested 3-cm long Cucurma cutflowers at commercial maturity (with 3- open flowers or florets) were obtained from a local commercial grower and immediately brought to the Postharvest Technology Laboratory, King Mongkut s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok. Four stems were used for each treatment per replicate. All treatments were replicated times. Some samples were set aside for data measurement involving destructive sampling. Prior to treatment, each stem was re-cut (about 1 cm) under water. GA 3 solutions of 5, 1, 15 and ppm were prepared and dispensed into 5 ml graduated tubes filled up to capacity, with each tube holding one stem. Distilled water Proc. IX th Intl. Symp. on Flower Bulbs Eds.: H. Okubo, W.B. Miller and G.A. Chastagner Acta Hort. 673, ISHS 5 55
was used as the control. Storage was done at 5 C with 75-8% RH. Changes in fresh weight were determined as percentage of the weight at day (initial weight). Absorption capacity was measured as the decrease in volume of the holding solution at each observation period. Water conductivity was estimated using a hydraulic head apparatus. A.5 cm stem section of the cutflower was excised and connected to rubber tubes at the bottom of the apparatus. Distilled water was then poured into the funnel attached to the topmost part of the apparatus. After 3 hours, the volume of water that passed through the stem section and collected in the beaker was measured. Conductivity was expressed in ml per hour. Respiration and ethylene production were measured by gas chromatography. Each cutflower was allowed to respire inside a respiration chamber for 3 hours. Headspace gas was collected with 1 ml gas-tight plastic syringe and injected into the Shimadzu GC-1B gas chromatograph equipped with thermal conductivity detector for CO analysis and with flame ionization detector for ethylene analysis. Respiration rate was calculated as mg CO kg -1 fresh weight h -1 and ethylene production as µl kg fresh weight -1 h -1. Visual quality loss was scored using a rating scale of (fresh, excellent) to (poor). Vase life was measured as the number of days to 5% wilting and/or discoloration. Results were analyzed by analysis of variance for completely randomized design experiments and treatment mean comparison by the Duncan s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) using the SAS program. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Absorption Capacity and Tissue Conductivity The absorption capacity of the cutflower decreased over time, but there were no treatment effects during the first days (Fig. 1A). Subsequently, flowers in 1- ppm GA 3 solution had significantly higher liquid absorption rates than the control. After 1-1 days, flowers in 15- ppm GA 3 absorbed more solution than those in 1 ppm. The effect of lower GA 3 concentrations (5 ppm) was comparable to the control. Variations in absorption capacity compared well with that of tissue conductivity. GA 3 at 1- ppm increased water conductivity of stem tissue (Fig. 1B). This was distinctly noted after two days until the end of the holding period. GA 3 at 15- ppm was more effective than 1 ppm GA 3 in maintaining higher tissue conductivity relative to the control. GA 3 at 5 ppm was ineffective and its effect was similar to the control. Weight Changes Cutflower fresh weight decreased as stems aged in the vase with water or 5 ppm GA 3 (Fig. 1C). With 1- ppm GA 3, the flowers gained weight during the first 8-1 days before incurring a net loss in weight thereafter. Flowers treated with 15 ppm GA 3 maintained higher fresh weight than those treated with 1 or ppm GA 3 but differences were generally not significant. These changes in weight can partly be attributed to the capacity of the cutflower to absorb the vase solution. Although, there was positive uptake of solution for the most of the vase period. The cutflower eventually senesced with consequently fresh weight loss. Respiration and Ethylene Production Respiration rate increased after two days of holding and two days later, it decreased and remained at relatively constant level for the rest of the holding period. Flowers held in 15 ppm GA 3 showed a burst of respiration after 1-1 days (Fig. A). No consistent treatment effect on respiration was obtained. Compared to the control, ethylene production was consistently lower in flowers held in 1- ppm GA 3 (Fig. B). The three GA 3 levels (1, 15 and ppm) had similar inhibitory effects on ethylene production. Gibberellic acid also delayed the ethylene burst at the end of vase life (1 days vs. 1 days). Flowers treated with 5 ppm GA 3 had elevated rates of ethylene production, comparable to or even higher than that of the control during the first six days of holding. Thereafter, the rates decreased to levels comparable to that of other GA 3 -treated flowers. 56
Visual Quality and Vase Life Visual quality loss increased in magnitude with advancing vase life (Fig. C). It was most rapid in the control and in flowers held in 5 ppm GA 3 and least in flowers held in 1- ppm GA 3. The three GA 3 levels of 1, 15 and ppm had comparable effects in retarding visual quality loss. As a result, they were equally effective in extending vase life to 1 days or four days longer than the vase life of the control (Fig. D). Flowers treated with 5 ppm GA 3 had similar vase life as the control. CONCLUSION GA 3 prolonged the vase life of cut Patumma by improving absorption capacity and reducing ethylene production. The optimum concentration appeared to be 1 ppm since higher concentration of 15- ppm did not further improve vase life while lower concentration of 5 ppm was ineffective in extending vase life relative to the control. Literature Cited Celikel, F.G. and van Doorn, W.G. 1995. Effects of water stress and gibberellin on flower opening in Iris x hollandica. Acta Hort. 5:6-5. Goodwin, P.B. 1978. Phytohormones and growth and development of organs of the vegetative plant (stem elongation). p.53-93. In: D.S. Letham, P.B. Goodwin and T.J.V. Higgins (eds.), Phytohormones and related compounds - A comprehensive treatise, vol II, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Goszczynska, D.M., Zieslin, N., More, Y. and Halevy, A.H. 199. Improvement of postharvest keeping quality of Mercedes roses by gibberellin. Plant Growth Regul. 9:93-33. Koning, R.E. 198. The roles of plant hormones in the growth of the corolla of Gaillardia grandiflora (Asteraceae) ray flowers. Amer. J. Bot. 71:1-8. Sabehat, A. and Zieslin, N. 1995. Effect of GA 3 on alterations in cell membranes and protein composition in petals of rose (Rosa x hybrida) flowers. J. Plant Physiol. 1:513-517. Shaul, O., Elad, Y. and Zieslin, N. 1995. Suppression of Botrytis blight in cut rose flowers with gibberellic acid: effects of postharvest timing of the gibberellin treatment, conidial inoculation and cold storage period. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 6:331-339. Verhoeff, K. 198. The infection process and post-pathogen interaction. p.153-18. In: J.R. Coley-Smith, K. Verhoeff and W.R. Jarvis (eds.), The biology of botrytis, Academic Press, London. 57
Figures 18 3 Absorption (ml) 16 1 1 1 8 6 (A) Water conductivity (ml/hr) 5 15 1 5 (B) 1 1 1 (C) Fresh weight (%) 8 6 Fig. 1. Volume of absorbed solution (A), water conductivity (B) and fresh weight (C) of cut Curcuma flowers held in water or 5-1 ppm GA 3 at 5 C. 58
.5 1. Respiration rate (CO /kg*hr)..15.1.5 Ethylene production (µl/g F.W./hr).8.6.. (A). (B). 5 16 1 Visual quality loss (score) 3 1 (C) Vase life (day) 1 1 8 6 (D) Fig.. Respiration (A), ethylene production (B), visual quality loss (C) and vase life (D) of cut Curcuma flowers held in water or 5- ppm GA 3 at 5 C. 59