UC 575:634.11 OI: 1.2298/GENR111153T Originl scientific pper RUIT QUALITY IN IVE ALE CULTIVAR TREE TRAINE TO INTENIVE TRAINING YTEM: GENEVA Y-TRELLI Alirez TALAIE, Mon HOJAIE-AAEE, Ahmd AAHOUR, nd Mohmmd Ali AGARI-ARCHEHMEH eprtment of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture & Nturl Resources, University of Tehrn, Krj, Irn Tlie A., M. hojie-dee, A. dshpour nd M. Ali Asgri- rcheshmeh (211): ruit qulity in five pple cultivrs trees trined to intensive trining system: genev y-trellis. - Genetik, Vol 43, No. 1, 153-161. Orchrd intensifiction is motivted y the desire to produce fruit erly in the life of the orchrd to rpidly recover estlishment costs. Intensifiction is possile y using dwrfing rootstocks tht control tree size, induce erly cropping, nd produce lrge quntities of fruit reltive to the mount of wood produced. Therefore, this study ttempts to compre some yield nd fruit properties of five pple cultivrs grown in the Krj re of Irn. The concerned pple cultivrs were Gol-kohns (Irnin cultivr), uji, trking, elr estivl nd rime rose (commercil Corresponding uthor: Ahmd dshpour, eprtment of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture & Nturl Resources, University of Tehrn, Krj, 31587-77871, IRAN,emil: ddshpour@cn.ut.c.ir, Moile: +98912567783
154 GENETIKA, Vol. 43, No. 1, 153-161, 211 foreign cultivrs) tht were grfted on M.9 rootstock which were trined in Genev Y-trellis system. All of these trees were plnted in winter 24. The trees were irrigted from the second yer fter plnting nd the method of irrigtion ws drip irrigtion. ph (4.7) nd Humidity Content (85.96 %) were the highest with the Gol-kohns (Irnin cultivr). Also elr estivl hd the highest fruit length (6.13 cm), L/ (.87) nd T (15.77). trking hd the highest fruit weight (145.24 gr), fruit dimeter (6.91 cm) nd Ash (.71 %). In ddition, the most dry mtter (2.13 %), fruit firmness (13.13 kg/cm 2 ) nd titrle cid (.72 %) were recorded with uji. Key words: pple cultivrs, fruit properties, Genev Y-trellis system INTROUCTION mll trees of uniform size re the im for the future so tht sfer, more efficient sprying prctices cn e dopted. Trees must e trined nd pruned to chieve mngele uniform size, lnce etween growth nd regulr yields, nd to llow good penetrtion of light nd spry to the tree centre (MALAVOLTA nd CRO, 29). uring plnting grower must mke four key decisions out: ) the rootstock, ) the vriety, c) the tree spcing nd d) the trining system. Reserch on pple trees using dwrf rootstocks in intensive plnting systems hs een crried out in different countries (BARRITT et l., 1995). The switch to smller trees nd higher tree plnting densities hs llowed significnt improvements in fruit qulity (ROBINON, 27). In modern orchrds plnting systems re sed on higher tree densities with 1-6 trees/h nd some up to 1 trees/h (ROBINON, 23). The Genev Y-trellis system is V-shped system, uses Y shped trellis to support the trees nd to divide the cnopy into 2 single plne trined y selecting 8-1 rnches on the trunk t height of 6 cm nd the other hlf to the other side. One ech rm of the Y the 4-6 rnches were eqully spced long the wires to fill in the spce etween trees giving fn-shped rrngement of rnches on ech rm of the Y. wrfing rootstocks, such s M.9 nd M.27, re used nd trees re plnted t.9 m in-row spcing nd 3.5 m (ERREE nd WARRINGTON, 23). Over the lst 25 yers, the V systems hve een ecome incresingly populr nd ccount for significnt portion of new fruit plntings in developed countries. The first enefit of V systems is high yields/h (HUTTON et l., 1987; ENE et l., 1987; ROBINON nd LAKO, 1989; ROBINON, 1992; ONA nd CZALICKA, 28), high levels of light interception (ROBINON nd LAKO, 1991; WIMER, 25) nd improved fruit qulity (ENE et l., 1987). ruit qulity is comintion of ppernce, flvour, texture nd nutritionl vlue. It is ffected y pre-hrvest fctors such s climtic conditions nd culturl methods (KAER, 2; LICZNAR, 26). Orchrd trils with V-shped cnopies hve shown them to e highly productive nd highly efficient t converting light energy into fruit (ERREE nd WARRINGTON, 23). revious studies (AAHOUR et l., 21; TRIKIC et l., 27) showed tht there re significnt differences in growth nd productivity etween locl nd foreign cultivrs in pple trined to high density system.
A.TALAIE et l. ALE RUIT QUALITY IN GENEVA Y-TRELLI 155 The im of this study ws to evlution of the vriility of physicochemicl fruit properties nd fruit set in five pple cultivrs grfted on M.9 in Genev Y-trellis system tht re more cultivted in Krj climte.2 MATERIAL AN METHO lnt mteril nd experimentl design The present study ws conducted during 27 nd 28 t the experimentl field of the Horticulturl Reserch ttion of the University of Tehrn, Krj, Irn. This pper presents the results of trils crried out in 3-yer-old pple production Genev Y-trellis system include 5 pple cultivrs: Gol-kohns, uji, trking, elr estivl nd rime rose grfted on dwrfing M.9 rootstock. The verge nnul mximum temperture of the region is 13.7 C with n nnul rinfll of 254 mm. soil t the sttion is clssified s cly-lom. The soil etween the rows ws mowed, nd the strips in the row were fllow with the help of rnd spectrum hericides were pplied in ccordnce with stndrd commercil orchrd procedures. Twenty representtive trees within ech replicte were selected for smpling nd dt collection. The four replictes were rrnged in rndomized completely lock design (RCB). The dt otined from field mesurements nd lortory oservtions were sujected to n nlysis of vrince using softwre nd the uncn men seprtion test procedure ws pplied. ruit properties Individul fruit length, dimeter nd length to dimeter rtio (L/) were mesured on 5-fruit rndom smples from ech test tree. In fct, fruit length nd fruit dimeter were mesured using vernier cliper; fruit fresh weight ws determined using Mettler C 8 scle; fruit firmness ws mesured using penetrometer (Instron Universl Mchine, Model 111). Totl solule solids (T) were mesured with Busch nd Lom Ae 3L refrctometer; juice ph ws mesured using n Accument ph meter 925 (isher cientific pittsurgh, A); dry mtter content ws determined from fresh nd dry weight differences fter drying t 7 C for 48 h. 1 g of dry mtter ws shed in Gllnkmp furnce t 55 C for 6 h. Titrle cids (TA) were determined using n Aminex HX-87H column, run t 65 C nd 4 mm sulphuric cid s eluent. REULT AN ICUION The highest fruit length (6.13 cm), fuit dimeter (6.91 cm), L/ (.87) nd T (15.77) ws recorded in elr estivl, good cultivr due to its visul ppernce (T. 1; ig. 1 A- ). Although fruit numer is ssumed to e the most relevnt component of yields (ERKACZ nd NORTON, 2), in this cse greter yields in elr estivl trees re not due to greter numer of fruits (dt not shown), ut to generlly igger fruit. elr estivl hd the highest L/ (.87), which mens this cultivr hs greter mrketle vlue thn other cultivrs lthough this trit is ffected y oth genetic nd environmentl fctors. L/ ( 1) is criterion for mrketing in pple ut fruits of this study hd L/ <1, proly due to
156 GENETIKA, Vol. 43, No. 1, 153-161, 211 wrm nights in the Krj region, tht resulted to insufficient cell elongtion t night. ruit size is smller on the most dwrfing rootstock nd lrge with the semi-vigorous nd vigorous rootstocks such s M.27, M.26, nd.18 (BARRITT et l., 1995). Cultivr Tle 1. Effect of Genev Y-trellis system on fruit properties in five pple cultivrs in 27 nd 28. ruit irmness (kg/cm 2 ) ruit Weight (gr) ruit imeter (cm) ruit Length (cm) L/ T TA (%) ph ry Mtter (%) Ash (%) Humidity Content (%) Trit trking 11.4 145.24 6.85 5.66.81 15.13.29 3.81 17.83.71 82.16 1 Golkohns 8.98d 84.67c 5.8 4.94c.84 11.81c.2c 4.7 14.4.16 85.96 rime 13.17 16.71 9.98c 6.37 5.64.85 13.1.23c 3.89 rose c.16 83.28 elr estivl 8.46d 142.36 6.91 6.13.87 15.77.25c 3.42c 18.37.2 81.37 uji 13.13 115.69 6.39 5.27c.82 15.27.72 3.53c 2.13.1 79.86 1 Mens seprtion y uncn multiple rnge test (p<.1). The physiologicl mechnisms of dwrfing rootstocks ffecting fruit chrcteristics cn e due to the reduction in trnsport of nutrients nd hormones, especilly gierellins cross the scion/rootstock union (MATTA, 21). In this reserch the fruits of trking hve een ffected y the dwrf rootstock (M.9) less thn other cultivrs, which resulted in the lrgest fruits. The highest T content in elr estivl (15.77) my e explined y differences in lef re, s suggested y HUINA nd TAMER (22); or y presumly higher degree of shding of other cultivrs (GARRIZ et l., 1996, 1998). High exposure of fruit nd leves to light my increse T in the fruit, compred to fruit tht hs poor exposure to light (TUTIN et l., 1988). In ddition, The high T content with elr estivl nd uji indictes tht these cultivrs were not over-cropped, wheres, the smller sugr content of other cultivrs indictes these cultivrs were slightly over-cropped. The heviest fruits were found with trking (T.1; ig. 1E) tht cn e ffected from geneticl differences in cultivrs. uji hd the highest dry mtter (2.13%), suggesting tht this cultivr hs the highest orgnic nd minerl mterils (T. 1; ig. 1). Totl dry mtter is relted with totl light interception (ALMER nd JACKON, 1974; MONTEITH, 1977) while fruit qulity is function of light distriution within the cnopy (JACKON, 198; ROBINON nd LAKO, 1989). The highest (13.13 kg/cm 2 ) nd lowest (8.46 kg/cm 2 ) firmness were showed in uji nd elr estivl, respectively (T. 1; ig. 1G).
A.TALAIE et l. ALE RUIT QUALITY IN GENEVA Y-TRELLI 157 fruit length (cm) fruit dimeter (cm) 1 5 c c. 8 6 4 (A) (B).9.85.8.75 L/ 2 1 T G- K c (C) () fruit weight (gr) ry mtter (%) 2 c c 3 2 1 (E) ()
158 GENETIKA, Vol. 43, No. 1, 153-161, 211 2 fruit firmness (kg/cm2) d c d 1 TA c c c G -K (G) (H) 1.5 Ash (%) 5 4 3 ph c c (I) (J) Humidity content (%) 9 85 8 75 (K) igure 1 (A-B). Effect of cultivrs on 11 fruit chrcteristics. Mens with similr ltters re not significntly different t <.1 using uncn s multiple rnge test. =trking; = Gol-kohns; = rime rose; = elr estivl; = trking.
A.TALAIE et l. ALE RUIT QUALITY IN GENEVA Y-TRELLI 159 irm fruit in uji is proly due to smll fruit size, confirming findings of previous study (RAKE et l., 1988). In ddition, difference in firmness my hve resulted from genetic trits in ech cultivr. The content of titrle cid (TA) differed mong cultivrs. In uji the verge TA ws.72, in Gol-kohns.2, in elr estivl.25, in rime rose.23 nd in trking.29 (T. 1; ig. 1H). In fct, uji hd the sourest fruits. The gretest Ash (.71%) ws otined in trking (T. 1; ig. 1I) implying tht this cultivr hs good nutritionl trits resulting in greter nutritionl vlue. Gol-kohns hd the highest ph (4.7) nd humidity content (85.96 %) ut the lowest ph (3.42) nd humidity content (79.86 %) were in elr estivl nd uji, respectively (T. 1; ig. 1J-K), which my hve resulted from morphologicl differences, confirming previous study (LATON, 27). In generl, juice ph rnged from 3.42 to 4.7 for the rootstock/cultivr comintion. These results show tht cidity generlly vries mong cultivrs, confirming previous studies (AAHOUR et l., 21; LATON, 27). Also it my hve resulted from lower shding in elr estivl. elr estivl nd trking trees represent generlly more efficient portion, t lest in the primry yers of orchrd life, for pple cultivtion using Genev Y-trellis system in Krj climte conditions. In contrst, rime rose isn t promising cultivr for intensive plnting systems in Krj region. ACKNOWLEGMENT We would like to grtefully thnk ll the memers of the eprtment of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture nd Nturl Resources, University of Tehrn, for providing the fcilities to crry out this work nd for their suggestions. Received, ecemer 4 th 21 Accepted, Mrch 14 th 211 REERENCE BARRITT, B. H., A.. KONIHI nd M. A. ILLEY (1995): Intensive Orchrd Mngement. erformnce of three pple cultivrs with 23 dwrfing rootstocks during sesons in Wshington. ruit Vr. J. 49 (3), 158-17. AAHOUR, A., A. R. TALAIE nd A. HAHI (21): Effect of Gutingen V s n intensive trining system on gromorphlogicl chrcters on some pple cultivrs in Krj region of Irn. Genetik- Belgrde. 42 (2), 331-338. ERKACZ nd NORTON (2): Effect of trining systems nd cultivrs on selected yield components in pers. In: roceedings of the 8th Interntionl er ymposium, errr-bolon, Itly 4-9 eptemer, pp 189-199. RAKE,.R.,. E. LAREN, J.K. ELLMAN nd.. HIGGIN (1988): Mturity,storge qulity, crohydrte, nd minerl content of Gold spur pples s influence y rootstock. J. Amer. oc. Hort. ci. 116, 261-264. ENE, V..,. J. CHALMER nd. H. JERI (1987): Ltest developments in trining nd mngement of fruit crops on Ttur Trellis. J. Amer. oc. Hort. ci. 15, 695-699.
16 GENETIKA, Vol. 43, No. 1, 153-161, 211 ERREE,. C. nd I. J. WARRINGTON (23): Apples: Botny, roduction nd Uses.CABI ulishing, Wllingford, 66 pp. GARRIZ,. I, H.L. ALVAREZ nd A.J. ALVAREZ (1996): Influence of ltered irrdince on fruits nd leves of mture per trees. Biologi lntrum. 39, 229-234. GARRIZ,.I., G.M. COLAVITA nd H.L. ALVAREZ (1998): ruit nd spur lef growth nd qulity s influenced y low irrdince levels in per. Hortcience. 77, 195-25. HUINA, M. nd. TAMER (22): Influence of lef re on the sugr nd orgnic cids content in per (yrus communis) fruits cultivr Willimss. Act Hort.596, 749-752. HUTTON, R.J., L.M. MCAYEN nd W.J. LILL (1987): Reltive productivity nd yield efficiency of cnning pech trees in three intensive growing systems. Hort cience. 22, 552-56. JACKON, J.E. ( 198): Light interception nd utiliztion y orchrd systems. Horticulturl reviews. 2, 28-267. KAER, A. A. (2): Qulity of horticulturl products. ROC. XXV IHC-ART 7, Act Hort. 517, 17-18. LICZNAR, M. (26): Trining system nd fruit qulity in the pple cultivr Jongold. J. ruit ornm. lnt Res. 14 (2), 213-218. MALAVOLTA, C. nd J. CRO. (29): Guidelines for integrted production of pome fruits. IOBC/wprs Bulletin. 47, 1-13. MATTA,.B. (21): erformnce of pple cultivr/rootstock comintions grownin Mississippi. J. Missi Acd. ci. Aville online: http://www.thefreelirry.com/erformnce+of+apple+cultivr%2 Rootsto ck+comintions+grown+in...-77378934. MONTEITH, J.L. (1977): Climte nd efficiency of crop production in Britin. hilosophicl trnsctions of the Royl ociety of London. eries B, Biologicl ciences. 281, 277-294. ALMER, J.W. nd J.E. JACKON (1974): Effects of tree popultion nd vritions in spcing within nd etween rows of Golden elicious on M.9. Report of Est mlling Reserch ttion. 1973, 66-68. LATON, I.V. (27): reliminry results on plnting system nd density in pple. Act Hort. 732, 471-473. ROBINON, T.L. (1992): erformnce of Y-shped pple cnopies t vrious ngles in comprison with centrl leder trees. Act Hort. 322, 79-86. ROBINON, T.L. (23): Apple-orchrd plnting systems. In: erree C, WrringtonIJ (Eds) Apples, CABI ulishing, Wllingford, UK, pp 345-47. ROBINON, T.L. (27): Recent dvnces nd future directions in orchrd plnting systems. Act Hort.732, 367-38. ROBINON, T.L. nd A.N. LAKO (1989): Light interception, yield nd fruit qulity of Empire nd elicious pple trees in four orchrd systems. Act Hort. 243, 175-184. ROBINON, T.L. nd A.N. LAKO (1991): Bses of yield nd production efficiency in pple orchrd systems. J. Amer. oc. Hort. ci. 116, 188-194. ONA, I. nd M. CZALICKA (28): The influence of two trining systems on growth nd cropping of three per cultivrs. J. ruit ornm. lnt Res. 16, 75-81. TRIKIC,., M. RAUNIC nd J. ROIN (27): Apricot growth nd productivity in high density orchrd. Act Hort. 732, 495-5.
A.TALAIE et l. ALE RUIT QUALITY IN GENEVA Y-TRELLI 161 TUTIN,..,.M. HIRT nd I.J. WARRINGTON (1988): Influence of orienttion nd position of fruiting lterls on cnopy light penetrtion, yield, nd fruit qulity of Grnny smith pple. J. Amer. oc. Hort. ci. 113, 693-699. WIMER, A. (25): The development of Guttingen-V, Mikdo nd rilling growingsystems: n overview. OBT-UN WEINBAU. 141, 14-16. KVALITET LOA KO ET KULTIVARA JABUKE GAJENIH U INTENZIVNOM ITEMU: GENEVA Y-TRELLI Alirez TALAIE, Mon HOJAIE-AAEE, Ahmd AAHOUR *, nd Mohmmd Ali AGARI-ARCHEHMEH eprtment of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture & Nturl Resources, Universityof Tehrn, Krj I z v o d Intenzivrnje sistem gjenj iljk u voćnjcim je motivisno proizvodnjom rnijih sort juk što je moguće korišćenjem z klemljenje podloge čiji korenov sistem kontroliše veličinu stle, indukuje rno formirnje prinos i proizvodnju velike količine plodov u odnosu n veličinu stl. U ovim ispitivnjim vršeno je poređenje određenih osoin prinos i osoin plodov pet sort juk gjenih u region Krj u Irnu, Gol-kohns (Irnin cultivr), uji, trking, elr estivl i rime rose komercijln strn sort, u Genev Y-trellis sistemu. Ispitivne sorte (komercijlne strne sorte) su klemljene n M9 podlozi koje su gjene u nvedenom sistemu. v stle su zsđen u zimi 24. godine. Vršeno je nvodnjvnje sistemom kp po - kp od druge godine posle sdnje. Irnsk sort Gol-kohns je iml njvišu vreednos ph 4.7 i sdržj vlge 85.96. elr estivl sort je iml njveću dužinu plod. 6.13 cm, L/ (.87) nd T (15.77) dok je trking imo njveću težinu plod, 145.24 grm, dimeter plod, 6.91 cm i Ash.71 procent. Njveći sdržj suve mterije, 2.13 procent, njteži plod, 13.13 kg/cm i titr kiseline,.72 procent su utvrđeni kod sorte uji. rimljeno 4. XII. 21. Odoreno 14. III. 211.