FIRE DETECTION AND MONITORING USING AVHRRA AND MSG SYSTEMS Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 1
Botswana early warning system Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 2
Objectives - Use MSG to Monitor Fires operationally - Disseminate data nearly time to user via web Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 3
Introduction Satellite remotely sensed data offer and indispensable source of information for many environmental based applications to address environmental related problems and challenges. Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 4
Introduction Fire Detection and Monitoring offers crucial information that cannot be replaced for disciplines such as fire ecology and management, atmospheric chemistry and forestry (Levine, 1991). Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 5
Causes of Bush fires Bush fires in Many countries are one aspect of natural resource management. They are mainly caused by the practices of people such a Agriculture and poaching (e.g Malungreau and Tucker 1988) Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 6
Bush Fires Impacts Under proper control, Bush fires may be beneficial. When used inappropriately they can - Devastate huge areas, - Degrade the environment - Diminish Natural resources Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 7
Importance of Fire Monitoring Regular information about fire events at local or national scales is necessary prerequisite to protect natural resource from such devastation brought about by uncontrolled fires. It is also important for understanding and document the extent of fires in space and time. Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 8
FIRE DETECTION AVHRR DATA Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 9
FIRE DETECTION The information on vegetation fire activities can be categorised into three PRINCIPAL stages: 1.) PRE - FIRE - Detection of fire risk area 2.) DURING FIRE -Active Fire Detection 3.) POST FIRE - Detection of Burnt Area for assessment purposes. Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 10
Basis of Fire Detection The Planck Function (defined the Equation below) is the basis of identification of Active Fires: B ( λ, T ) = λ 5 [exp( 2 2 hc hc λ kt Where : B is the spectral radiance (W/m 2 /sr/m) is the wavelength (m) T is temperature (K) h is Planck s constant (6.6 x 10-34 Ws 2 ) k is Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10-8 W/m 2 /K 4 ) c is the velocity of light in vacuum (3 x 10 8 m/s) Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 11 ) 1 ]
ACTIVE FIRE DETECTION The Planck Function The Planck Function relates the emitted radiance (defined as radiant flux density per solid angle unit Wm 2 sr -1 m -1 ) at a particular wavelength to the temperature of the emitting substance. This particular wavelength ( λ ) max is obtained by differentiating the Planck function w.r.t λ wavelength ( ) and setting the results to zero which yields: λ max = a T Where a = 2.897 x 10-3 mk This equation denotes Weins displacement law. Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 12
BLACKBODY CURVES FROM 200 0 K to 6000 0 K The blackbody radiant intensity increases with the temperature and that wavelength of the maximum intensity decreases with increasing temperature Peak spectral radiant Emission For: (i) The Sun, which has a temperature of ~ 6000K occur at max = 0.5 m in the middle of the λ visible region of the spectrum. µ (ii) The Earth, which has a temperature of ~300K around 10m in the middle of the thermalinfrared region. Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 13
BLACKBODY CURVES FROM 300 0 K to 800 0 K In terms of the AVHRR sensor, peak spectral radiant Emission occur for Instance: In Channel3 (3.55-3.93 µ m), The typical Temperature for burning grass is around 800K µ Channel 4 (10.3 11.3 m) and channel 5 (11.5 12.5 µ m) are located near thee Spectral maximum for normal Environmental temperatures, around 300 K. Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 14
FIRE DETECTION WITH AVHRRA DATA AVHRR DATA HAS LONG BEEN USED FOR FIRE DETECTION ACTIVITIES (e.g Levine 1991) Various Algorithm have been used successfully to date. - Single channel 3 threshold (Justice and Dowty 1993) - Multi-Channel Threshold Algorithm -Contextual Algorithm Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 15
1. SIMPLE CHANNEL THREE THRESHOLD ALGORITHM Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 16
2. Multi-Channel Threshold Algorithm FIRST CRETERION SATURATED PIXEL = FIRE RESPONSE - = Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 17
MULTI-THRESHOLD ALGORITHM SECOND CRETERION WARM BARES SOIL DISCRIMINATION - = - = Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 18
MULTI-THRESHOLD ALGORITHM THIRD CRETERION CLOUDS DISCRIMINATION Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 19
CONTEXTUAL APPROACH ALGORITHM CONSITS OF TWO STAGES -FIRST SELECT CANDITAES POTENTIAL FIRE PIXELS -Then Confirm pixel by comparing them with immediate neighbor pixel Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 20
Example of fire in satellite images Mexico Fire detection using ch. 3.9 and 11 µm GOES-8 imagery on 9 May 1998 at 15:45 UTC. Channel 3 (3.9 µm) useful for fire detection Visible imagery showing smoke Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 21
Fires (Hot Spots) Kongo Angola Difference ch. 3.9 and 10.8 µm [K] Channel 01 (0.6 µm) for comparison MSG imagery on 25 June 2003 at 10:00 UTC. Channel 04 (3.9 µm) useful for fire detection. Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 22
Fires (Hot Spots) DRC Angola Channel 04 (3.9 µm) Channel 09 (10.8 µm) MSG imagery on 25 June 2003 at 10:00 UTC. Channel 04 (3.9 µm) useful for fire detection. Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 23
Fires over Angola 7 July 2003 Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 24
Fires (Hot Spots) Kongo Angola Difference ch. 3.9 and 10.8 µm [K] MSG imagery on 7 July 2003 at 11:00 UTC. Channel 04 (3.9 µm) useful for fire detection. Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 25
Fires (Hot Spots) Kongo Angola Difference ch. 3.9 and 10.8 µm [K] Channel 12 (HRV) for comparison MSG imagery on 7 July 2003 at 11:00 UTC. Channel 04 (3.9 µm) useful for fire detection. Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 26
Fires (Hot Spots) Kongo Angola Channel 04 (3.9 µm) Channel 09 (10.8 µm) MSG imagery on 7 July 2003 at 12:00 UTC. Channel 04 (3.9 µm) useful for fire detection. Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 27
Fires over Nigeria? 5 June 2003 Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 28
Fires (Hot Spots)??? Nigeria Channel 04 (3.9 µm) Difference ch. 3.9 and 10.8 µm [K] MSG imagery on 5 June 2003 at 10:00 UTC. Fires over Northern Nigeria??? Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 29
Sunglint Sunglint in Channel 04 over the local rivers and lakes Click on the icon to see the animation (09:00-11:30 UTC, AVI, 3376 KB)! MSG-1 5 June 2003 09:00 UTC Channel 04 (IR3.9) Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 30
Fires over Chad? 14 July 2003 Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 31
Fires (Hot Spots)??? CHAD Channel 04 (3.9 µm) Channel 01 (0.6 µm) MSG imagery on 14 July 2003 at 08:15 UTC. Fires over Central Chad??? Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 32
Sunglint Click on the icon to see the animation (07:30-08:45 UTC, AVI, 1237 KB)! Sunglint in Channel 04 over the local rivers and lakes MSG-1, 14 July 2003, Channel 04 (IR3.9), 7:30 UTC Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 33
Fires over Guinea/Mali? 24 February 2003 Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 34
Fires (Hot Spots)??? Mali Guinea Channel 04 (3.9 µm) Channel 01 (0.6 µm) MSG imagery on 24 February 2003 at 11:00 UTC. Fires over Guinea and Mali??? Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 35
Fires (Hot Spots) Fires over Guinea and Mali Click on the icon to see the animation (11:00-12:45 UTC, AVI, 2712 KB)! MSG-1 24 February 2003 11:00 UTC Channel 04 (IR3.9) Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 36
Fires over Kenya/Somalia/Congo 24 February 2003 Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 37
Fires Fires over Kenya, Somalia MSG-1 24 February 2003 12:45 UTC Channel 04 (IR3.9) Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 38
Fires over France 17 July 2003 Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 39
Fires Fires over France (biggest forest fire in the Var department since 1990) MSG-1, Channel 04 (IR3.9), 17 July 2003, 14:45 UTC Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 40
Fires over Angola/Kongo 16 July 2003 Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 41
Fires (Hot Spots) Click on the icon to see the animation (hourly images) (09:00-15:00 UTC, AVI, 1689 KB)! Diurnal cycle of fires over Congo and Angola MSG-1, Channel 04 (IR3.9), 16 July 2003, 09:00 UTC Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 42
Fires/Smoke over Portugal/Spain 3 August 2003 Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 43
Fires/Smoke Channel 04 (3.9 µm) Channel 07 (8.7 µm) Fires over Portugal and Spain (biggest fires of last 20 years) MSG-1, 3 August 2003, 12:00 UTC Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 44
Fires/Smoke Channel 09 (10.8 µm) Channel 03 (1.6 µm) Fires over Portugal and Spain MSG-1, 3 August 2003, 12:00 UTC Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 45
Click on the icon to see the animation (10:00-17:45 UTC, AVI, 12910 KB)! Channel 01 (0.6 µm) Channel 12 (HRV) Fires over Portugal and Spain MSG-1, 3 August 2003, 12:00 UTC Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 46
Click on the icon to see the animation (12:00-15:00 UTC, AVI, 2837 KB)! Channel 03 (1.6 µm) Channel 04 (3.9 µm) Fires over Portugal and Spain MSG-1, 3 August 2003, 12:00 UTC Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 47
Smoke MSG-1 3 August 2003 12:00 UTC Difference Image NIR1.6 - VIS0.6 Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 48
Burned Area Channel 02 (0.8 µm) Channel 12 (HRV) Fires over Portugal and Spain MSG-1, 3 August 2003, 12:00 UTC Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 49
Fires/Smoke MSG-1 3 August 2003 12:00 UTC RGB Composite R = NIR1.6 G = VIS0.8 B = VIS0.6 Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 50
SUMMARY Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 51
Fires Fires (hot spots) can be detected in the following MSG SEVIRI channels (in order of importance): 1. IR3.9 but also in: 2. IR8.7 3. IR9.7, IR10.8, IR12.0 and sometimes NIR1.6!!! Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 52
Smoke Smoke from fires can principally be detected in all VIS and IR window channels, but the best channels are (in order of importance): 1. HRVIS 2. VIS0.6 and NIR1.6 3. IR3.9 The VIS0.8 channel is not useful for smoke detection! Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 53
Burned Area The (black) burned area can be best detected in the following MSG SEVIRI channels (in order of importance): 1. VIS0.8 2. HRVIS 3. VIS0.6 and NIR1.6 Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 54
DMS initiative - Use MSG to Monitor Fires operationally - Disseminate data nearly time to user via web Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 55
DMS initiative - Use MSG to Monitor Fires operationally - Disseminate data nearly time to user via web Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 56
DMS initiative - Use MSG to Monitor Fires operationally - Disseminate data nearly time to user via web Version Tuesday, 1.0, 1530 November 2005 2004 Slide: 57