Ecosystem Services in Watershed Ecological Conservation Yu-Pin Lin Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering National Taiwan University
Content Watersheds Watershed Landscape Stability and Resilience Watershed Landscape Sustainability and Planning Systematic Conservation Planning A case study Remarks
Watersheds Watersheds are units independent of political boundaries and can also represent the connectedness of landscapes. (Luck, Chan & Fay 2009) Beneficial services provided by watershed ecosystem (Jefferson et al. 2015) Water supply Habitats for species (biodiversity) Nutrient cycling Protection from natural disasters Neutralization of pollutants Control of pest outbreaks and diseases Current concerns on watersheds are mostly issues regarding sustainable management, including land-use changes, stakeholders engagement and communication networks between different groups, balance between agricultural activities and the improvement of flow and water quality, and ecosystem services https://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/resources/48/the-water-cycle/
Ecosystem Services & Watershed Conservation Watershed corresponded to the four ecosystem services Supporting services: Seed dispersal by birds, monkeys, rodents, and insects Biological corridors for species Provisioning services: Food, water, hydropower, wood Regulating services: Water regulation- forests can regulate groundwater change and provide dry season flow Erosion and landslide regulation Shade and improved animal well-being Cultural services: Recreation and ecotourism https://www.flickr.com/photos/lchlyyz/247537 1657 http://www.loisellelab.org/research/ http://nwdistrict.ifas.ufl.edu/nat/2017/10/30/p addle-sports-the-key-to-unlocking-ecotourism/ https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/ 20150807002246-260405
Landscape Once we view a landscape, we see its composition and spatial configuration: the elements present and how these elements are arranged along with their functions. Spatial heterogeneity is the most significant feature that characterizes all landscapes. (Wu and Hobbs, 2007)
Landscapes Landscapes as heterogeneous land areas composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems (Forman and Godron, 1986) species of lands (Haber, 1996; Farina, 1998) places where people live and work, and where ecosystems reside and provide services to people (Wu, 2013).
Watershed Landscapes Landscape change can be understood as the alteration of landscape structure and function over time. Spatiotemporal changes of landscapes cause rearrangements of compositions and configurations of the landscapes as well as the structures of ecosystems, communities, or changes in resource availability or the physical environments within the landscapes. Space Cultivated land Time Forest Built-up Elevation
Disturbances Disturbances are defined as relatively discrete events that disrupt the structures of ecosystems, communities, or changes in resource availability or the physical environments (White and Pickett, 1985, Turner et al., 2001). create very complex heterogeneous patterns across the landscape in which the disturbance may affects some areas but not others, and the severity of the disturbances often varies considerably within the affected area. (Turner et al. 2001).
Ecosystem Services Ecosystem services could be treated as functions of landscape state under disturbances. Ecosystem services (ESs) are increasingly included in landscape conservation assessment to sustain their ability to fulfill human needs worldwide. Due to the instrumental value inherent in ESs, priority areas for their conservation should be selected to both ensure an available supply and meet demands.
Ecosystem Services Elmqvist et al., 2013, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.
Landscape stability and resilience The definition of resilience in the context of sustainability focuses on the system s abilities to selforganize and adapt to change (Levin 1998; Holling 2001; Walker and Salt 2006; Wu, 2013). The ability of a system to return to a pre-disturbance state. Resilience is the potential of a particular configuration of a system to maintain its structure/function in the face of disturbance, and the ability of the system to reorganize following disturbance-driven change, measured by the size of the stability domain (Lebel, 2001; Walker et al., 2004).
Watershed Landscape Stability and Resilience Loss of resilience increasing risk of loss of goods and services (Lebel, 2001). Thresholds Walker et al., 2002 in Conservation Ecology
Watershed Landscape Sustainability Sustainability is the capacity to create, test, and maintain adaptive capability (Wu, 2013) A number of definitions of landscape sustainability have been centered on natural capital and ecosystem services (Haines-Young 2000; Odum and Barrett 2005; Potschin and Haines-Young 2006; Nassauer and Opdam 2008; Potschin and Haines-Young 2013; Turner et al. 2013b).
Watershed Landscape Sustainability The spatial dimension of sustainability engages processes and relations between different land uses, ecosystems and biotopes at different scales, and over time (Leitãoand Ahern, 2002).
Watershed Landscape Sustainability Landscape sustainability is the capacity of a given landscape to consistently provide longterm, landscape-specific ecosystem services essential for maintaining and improving human well-being in a regional context and despite environmental and sociocultural changes (Wu, 2013).
Watershed Landscape Sustainability L1: Upper Threshold L1: Lower Threshold Potschin, M., & Haines-Young, R. (2006), Landscape and Urban Planning
Watershed Sustainable Landscape Planning The planning steps adopted by each can be collapsed into five basic phases: (1) setting goals and objectives, (2) analysis, (3) diagnosis, (4) prognosis, and (5) synthesis, or implementation (Leitãoand Ahern, 2002). Sustainable landscape planning places physical planning in a broader perspective (Leitãoand Ahern, 2002).
Watershed Sustainable Landscape Planning The framework method for landscape ecological planning a continuous, participatory, and interdisciplinary process (Ahern, 1999) Landscape and Urban Planning Role of function-analysis and valuation in environmental planning, management and decision-making (after de Groot, 1992 and de Groot et al., 2002). (de Groot, 2006) Landscape and Urban Planning
Watershed Sustainable Landscape Ecosystem Services and Land Use Conceptual framework illustrating how greater ecological knowledge, in combination with socioeconomic knowledge, is needed to manage ecosystem services for sustainable use Planning Kremen, C., & Ostfeld, R. S. (2005). A call to ecologists: measuring, analyzing, and managing ecosystem services. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,3(10), 540-548.
Sustainable Landscape Planning Valuing Ecosystem Services for Sustainable Landscape Planning in Alpine Regions. Geographical paradigm for sustainable landscape planning. (2007) Kavaliauskas, EKOLOGIJA Conceptual framework of the modeling platform to value ecosystem service (ES) losses under a settlement expansion scenario. Grêt-Regamey et al., Mountain Research and Development, 2008
Watershed Sustainable Landscape Planning the structure function value chain The outcome of the change process needs to ensure that structure, function, and value are in equilibrium and that profits accruing to landscape users equal costs? income to the suppliers. Termorshuizen and Opdam (2009). Landscape Ecology Pena, S. B., Abreu, M. M., Teles, R., & Espírito- Santo, M. D. (2010) J of Envrionmental Management
A framework for watershed landscape sustainability science A framework for landscape sustainability science, in which the landscape is conceptualized as a spatially heterogeneous, coupled human environment system from a strong sustainability perspective, and with a focus on the nexus of ecosystem services and human wellbeing (Top figure). Key components, interactions, drivers, and research topics are illustrated in bottom figure, which is modified from MEA (2005) (Wu, 2013), Landscape Ecology
Watershed Sustainable Landscape Planning Indicator approach for the investigation of NOM (natural organic matter) inputs in surface waters in Ore Mountains Grunewald, K., & Bastian, O. (2015). Ecosystem assessment and management as key tools for sustainable landscape development: a case study of the Ore Mountains region in Central Europe. Ecological Modelling, 295, 151-162.
Watershed Sustainable Landscape Planning Albert, C., Galler, C., Hermes, J., Neuendorf, F., von Haaren, C., & Lovett, A. (2016). Applying ecosystem services indicators in landscape planning and management: The ES-in-Planning framework. Ecological Indicators, 61, 100-113.
Watershed Sustainable Landscape Planning Landscape sustainability science is a placebased, use-inspired science of understanding and improving the dynamic relationship between ecosystem services and human wellbeing in changing landscapes under uncertainties arising from internal feedbacks and external disturbances (Wu, 2013).
Systematic Conservation Planning The purpose of conservation planning is to identify representative and complementary biodiversity conservation areas for the protection or restoration of biodiversity (species or habitats) in the most costeffective way (Margules and Pressey, 2000; Margules and Sarkar,2007; Hermosoet al., 2013). Such planning approach requires information on spatial distributions of focal species and habitats (Hermosoet al., 2013).
Systematic Conservation Planning Systematic conservation planning (SCP) is a conservation planning approach for efficiently designing conservation areas to protect a comprehensive and representative of species and habitats (Klein et al., 2009b). SCP (Margulesand Pressey, 2000; Margules and Sarkar,2007) has widely applied to improve existing reserve networks while considering biodiversity patterns (Presseyet al., 2007;Hermosoet al., 2013; Levin et al., 2013; Lin et al, 2015).
Systematic Conservation Planning Conservation planning heavily rely on spatial information (Moilanenet al., 2009), such as identification of protected areas and the implementation of conservation actions. For example, the identification of areas that can be used in the design of a reserve network is a spatial prioritization problem with the purpose of selecting protected areas (Klein et al., 2009).
Systematic Conservation Planning Recently, interest in quantitative systematic spatial conservation approaches has been growing (Ballet al., 2009). Marxan(Ball and Possingham, 2000), Zonation (Moilanen, 2007), Consnet (Ciarleglioet al., 2009) and C- Plan(Presseyet al., 2009)all implement targetbased planning as the primary planning method (Minin and Moilanen, 2012).
Sustainable Landscape Planning Sustainable landscape planning attempts to ensure the functional diversity of a given landscape, such as maintaining all or some ecosystem services. We propose a systematic landscape conservation planning (SLCP) framework in sustainable landscape planning for securing sustainable ecosystem services and then model land use change to evaluate the effects of these future changes.
Systematic Landscape conservation planning (SLCP) framework Social Values Systematically Prioritization
SLCP Flow Chart
SLCP Flow Chart
Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST model)
Zonation Zonation, one of quantitative methods, is not only for the reserve or site selection but also for the enhancing persistence of biodiversity (Moilanen et al., 2005). According to the given focal species or land cover types, the conservation priority is calculated by removing the least valuable cells which lead to the minimum marginal loss of conservation value (Moilanen et al., 2005, 2009b, Moilanen, 2007).
Hotspots Neighborhood Specified by the weights matrix The j points in the local neighborhood m and s are the mean and standard deviation, respectively, of the set of ESs at N sites z(va) is the ESs at site Va z(vj) is the ESs at site Vj j(va) is the number of neighboring sites Va When the calculated I(Va)> I(Va) derived from the null hypothesis of complete spatial randomness Va will be identified as a hotspot
Land use change model
A Case study : Chenyulan Watershed
Changes of Ecosystem Services & HQ induced by Large disturbances and human activities During 1996 2004, large disturbances in the following sequence impacted central Taiwan: (1) typhoon Herb (August 1996); (2) the Chi-Chi earthquake (September 1999); (3) typhoon Xangsane (November 2000); (4) typhoon Toraji (July 2001); (4) typhoon Dujuan (September, 2003); and, (5) typhoon Mindulle (June 2004). Herb August 1996 Chi-Chi September 1999 Xangsane November 2000 Toraji July 2001 Dujuan September 2003 Mindulle June 2004 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Changes of Land Use induced by Large disturbances area of 449km 2 A lot of landslides occurred after ChiChi earthquake on 21/09/1999. 199903 2005 2004 2001 2000 199910
Changes of Ecosystem services Rainfall water yield hot spots (mm) High rainfall areas are located in the southwest of the study area. The locations of water yield hotspots are highly dependent on the rainfall distribution.
Changes of Ecosystem services N hotspots v.s. Cultivated land Nitrogen retention hotspots The hotspots tend to occur in the vicinities of agriculture lands due to the farm is one of the main sources of nitrogen emission. There had been slight changes in hotspot location through 1996 to 2005.
Phosphorous retention hotspots In addition to the locations of agriculture lands, the DEM map also shows correlation with the locations of hotspots; the hotspots tend to occur in the lowaltitude areas.
Sediment retention hot spots The distributions of sediment retention hotspots from 1996 to 2005 are highly consistent. Topographic features are the predominant factor which determines the location of sediment retention hotspots.
Carbon storage hot spots The locations of the hotspots from 1996 to 2005 are slight different. Forest is the most important land use type for carbon storage. 45
Biodiversity hot spots The locations of the hotspots from 1996 to 2005 are consistent. Forest plays an important role in the location of biodiversity hotspots since forest areas provide the most varied habitat among all land use types. 2005 2004
Landscape stability and resilience The red points indicate areas whose ES hotspot status changed Hotspot Non-hotspot in 1999/03 Remain as hotspot during 1999/03-2005 Hotspot in 1999/03 and has been changed afterward Water yield 71.19 21.02 7.78 Nitrogen retention 96.91 0.33 2.76 Phosphorus retention 97.33 0.43 2.24 Sediment retention 93.73 4.1 2.18 Carbon storage 59.57 29.01 11.42 Biodiversity 47.49 49.07 3.43
Landscape protection strategy Restricted area: Strategy 1 Yushan National Park. Strategy 2 Yushan National Park plus the total area of ES-HQ resilient hotspots. Strategy 3 Yushan National Park plus the Zonated top 10% of ES-HQ hotspots in 199903. Strategy 4 Yushan National Park plus the Zonated top 20% of ES-HQ hotspots in 199903. Strategy 5 Yushan National Park plus the Zontated top 30% of ES-HQ hotspots in 199903.
Landscape change Modeling Land use allocation in 1999 as baseline used to simulate LU allocation in 2005 based on land use demands in 2005. 1999 2005 49
Simulated Landscape under various conservation strategies
Climate data RCP2.6,RCP8.5 CCSM4 CESM1-CAM5 GISS-E2-R HadGEM2-AO MIROC5 The temperature and precipitation data from 1960 to 2009 are used in the comparison with non-climate change scenarios
Rainfall data 1999 CCSM4 CESM1-CAM5 GISS-E2-R HadGEM2-AO MIROC5 RCP2.6 Non-changed CCSM4 CESM1-CAM5 GISS-E2-R HadGEM2-AO MIROC5 RCP8.5
1999 CCSM4 Temperature data CESM1-CAM5 GISS-E2-R HadGEM2-AO MIROC5 RCP2.6 Non-changed CCSM4 CESM1-CAM5 GISS-E2-R HadGEM2-AO MIROC5 RCP8.5
Future land use demand (ha) 9903 9910 2000 2001 2004 2005 2023_RCP2.6 2023_RCP8.5 Grass 1686 1598 1997 2459 2252 1792 1857 1857 Urban 163 177 198 237 271 297 830 1122 Agriculture 4580 4746 5007 5230 5844 6134 7748 10475 River sand 2890 2893 2895 2899 2893 2890 2890 2890 Landslide 290 640 576 961 543 896 1372 1372 Forest 35287 34842 34223 33110 33093 32887 30200 27180
Simulated Landscape (RCP2.6)
Simulated Landscape (RCP8.5)
Future Ecosystem services 57
Future Ecosystem services 58
Future Ecosystem services hotspot in watershed(%) 59
Final remarks The proposed framework is systematically for sustainable landscape conservation planning (SLCP) in sustainable for securing sustainable ecosystem services, and with an empirical land use model to evaluate the effects of these future changes. We successfully integrated the Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) tool with the Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) method, and a systematic conservation approach known as Zonation as a tool for the SLCP. SLCP framework and the tool have developed based on securing sustainable Ecosystem service in terms of stability and resilience that can be successful applied in case studies.
Final remarks In the case study, the stability and resilience of ecosystem services can be successfully addressed by calculating the number of times hotspots change from 1996 to 2005. Resilient locations were treated as restricted areas in the land use change model using our approach. Four landscape protection strategies were proposed based on the stability and resilience maps. The land use allocation and corresponding ecosystem services were predicted based on the four landscape protection strategies to verify our approach. The most valuable protected areas were successfully prioritized based on predicted ecosystem service maps. We have another study case in which social values have be taken into account using same approach with PPGIS and Facebook.
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