Preface Acknowledgments Introduction to CPTED p. 1 Background p. 1 Asking the Right Questions p. 2 The Need for CPTED p. 3 Competing Crime Prevention Strategies p. 4 CPTED and Contemporary Planning Models p. 6 CPTED in the United States p. 6 CPTED Worldwide p. 7 Results of CPTED p. 9 p. xi p. xiii Scope and Content p. 10 Crime and Loss Prevention p. 13 Introduction p. 13 Crime p. 14 Levels of Crime p. 16 Explanations of Crime p. 18 Implications for Public Action p. 20 Contemporary Crime Prevention and Interagency Concepts p. 21 Criminal Justice--A Misperceived Concept p. 22 Productivity for the Crime and Loss Prevention Specialist p. 24 Crime Versus Loss Prevention p. 27 Risk Management p. 31 Conclusions p. 31 CPTED Concepts and Strategies p. 33 Background p. 33 CPTED Concepts p. 34 CPTED Strategies p. 36 The Three-D Approach p. 39 Designation p. 39 Definition p. 39 Design p. 40 Examples of Strategies in Action p. 40 Use of Information p. 41 Some Benefits of CPTED Planning Activities p. 43 An Ounce of Prevention: A New Role for Law Enforcement Support of Community Development p. 45 CPTED Definitions p. 46 CPTED Problems p. 47 "Clean, Well-Lighted Places": A Natural Approach to Retail Security p. 49 CPTED in Low-Income, Public, and Three-Generation Housing p. 53 Natural Surveillance p. 54
Natural Access Control p. 54 Territorial Reinforcement p. 55 Livability p. 55 General Liability p. 55 Housing Recipients p. 56 Neighborhood Planning p. 56 Law Enforcement p. 56 Density p. 56 Three-Generation Housing p. 58 CPTED Planning and Design Review p. 59 Planning p. 59 Review Process p. 60 Liability p. 61 Achieving the Right Perspective p. 63 Historical Precedents of CPTED: Early Settlement and Growth of Communities p. 65 The Beginning p. 65 The Growth of Traffic Problems p. 67 The Growth of Planning Problems p. 69 The Growth of Housing Problems p. 73 The Growth of Commercial and Retail Problems p. 77 Behavioral Precedents of CPTED: From Caves to Fast Food p. 81 Caves p. 81 Greek Temples p. 82 Medieval Cities p. 83 Baroque Mannerism p. 84 Louis XIV p. 86 Napoleon III p. 87 Contemporary p. 88 Using the Environment To Affect Behavior p. 93 Human/Environment Relationships p. 93 Use of Light and Color p. 100 Feng Shui p. 107 Aesthetics, Environmental Cues, and Territorial Behavior: Implications for CPTED Planning p. 111 Form Versus Function -- The Battle with Aesthetics p. 111 Environmental Cues p. 114 Territorial Behavior p. 116 Visual Bubbles, Landscape, and Art p. 122 Examples of CPTED Strategies and Applications p. 125 CPTED Strategies p. 125 CPTED Applications p. 127 Objectives for Commercial Environment p. 127
Downtown Streets and Pedestrian Areas p. 128 Downtown Streets p. 128 Barriers to Conflict p. 131 Outdoor Sitting Areas p. 133 Plazas p. 134 Pedestrian Mall p. 135 Parking Lots and Structures p. 138 Parking Lots p. 138 Parking Lot Access p. 140 Parking Structures p. 141 Office and Industrial Systems p. 143 Office Access p. 143 Office Building Site Plan and Parking p. 144 Shipping and Receiving and Vehicle Access p. 144 Plant Design p. 145 Hallways and Restrooms p. 148 Hallways p. 148 Restroom Location and Entrance Design p. 150 Informal Gathering Areas p. 152 Malls and Shopping Centers p. 154 Shopping Mall Parking p. 154 Mall Design p. 155 Barriers to Conflict p. 156 Convenience Stores and Branch Banks p. 158 Convenience Stores: Traditional Design p. 158 Convenience Stores: Locations Near Dense Commercial or Housing Sites p. 160 Convenience Stores: Hexagon Shaped p. 162 Convenience Stores: Fan Shaped p. 163 Convenience Stores: Kiosk Shaped p. 163 Branch Banks p. 163 Objectives for Residential Environment p. 167 Residential Streets p. 168 Residential Development: Curvilinear Streets p. 175 Residential Streets: Options for Private Use p. 178 Residential Streets: Recovery of Grid Systems p. 182 Objectives for School Environment p. 184 School Campus Control p. 187 High School Parking Lots p. 189 Student Parking and Driver Education Relationships p. 189 Courtyards and Corridors p. 191 School Lunchtime Hallway Use p. 194
Safe Activities in Unsafe Locations p. 196 Convention Center and Stadium p. 197 Convention Center p. 197 Stadium Entrance and Ticket Control p. 199 CPTED Implementation p. 201 Program Planning p. 201 Implementation p. 204 CPTED Task Force p. 204 Program Management p. 205 Meetings p. 205 Planning for Change p. 205 Mission Statements, Goals, and Objectives p. 206 Time and Task Planning p. 207 Agreements p. 207 Evaluation and Monitoring p. 208 Summary of Evaluation Steps p. 208 Types of Evaluation p. 208 Evaluation Design p. 209 Evaluation Objectives p. 210 Twenty Questions Often Asked About CPTED p. 211 CPTED in the 21st Century: The Past Is Prologue p. 219 The Transition to the Future of CPTED p. 220 CPTED in the New Millennium p. 221 Information and Communications Technology p. 221 Housing p. 221 Transportation p. 221 Institutional p. 222 Commercial/Retail/Industrial p. 222 Social Recognition/Control p. 222 Materials/Construction p. 222 Broward County School CPTED Matrix p. 225 CPTED Training Outline p. 239 School CPTED Survey p. 243 CPTED Design Directives for Dormitory and Student Lounges p. 251 Convenience Stores and Gas Stops CPTED Assessment Form p. 265 Rail, Transit, and Terminal CPTED Assessment Form p. 277 Malls and Shopping Centers CPTED Assessment Form p. 289 Apartments and Public Housing CPTED Assessment Form p. 299 Glossary p. 309 Bibliography p. 315 Index
Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.