1093 Index Acceleration pressure drop 575, 578 Access lanes 844 Accuracy ofpost-chf correlations 558 Actual stearn quality 558 Additives for liquids 344 Aging offouling deposits 418 Air Cooled Heat Exchangers 800 Air separation plants 767 Air-conditioning coils Condenser 849 Evaporator 849 Air -side Fins louver and strip fins 865 plain or flat plate fids 860 wavy or corrugated fids 862 Aqueous mixtures 768 Aqueous solutions 885 Assisted circulation 684 Attemperation 626 Augmentation of convective heat transfer (enhancement, intensification) 343 classification 343 forced convection boiling 345 forced convection condensation 345 pool boiling 34 5 single-phase 345 vapor space condensation 345 Axial fans 978 Baffle Arrangements 784 Baffle Window 783 Baffles 482 Basic Equations 30 Basic Relationships 29 Biological fouling 414, 428 Blasius exponent 585 Boilers Fossil, High Pressure 495 Fossil, Low Pressure 539 Boiling 520, 669 Boiling and Evaporation in Compact and Enhanced Surfaces 909, 916 Cross-ribbed channels 930 Offset strip fids 916 Perforated plate-fins 929 Tubes with twisted tapes 933 Tubes with ribbed or groved walls 931 Boiling Crisis 376, 378, 553, 585 Boiling curve 160 Construction of 183 Boiling Fossil Boilers 521 Boiling Heat Transfer 201 Boiling Nucleation 756 Bubble packing 179 Bubbles departure 170, 171 growth 170 Bundle boiling factor 771 Burnout 162 Cavities 163 Cavity stability 166 Chemical reaction fouling 414, 427 Circulation 508, 512, 669 Evaluation Criteria 507 Flow Balancing 516 Circulation rate 698 Classification of Gas-Solid Particle Beds 998 Cleaning schedules 409, 444ff Cleanliness factor 438 Collier 659, 683 Compound augmentation 344 Computer programs 835, 842 Condensate 325 Composition 332 Flow Patterns 325 Inundation 238 Mechanism 328 of Immissible Liquid Mixtures 325 Condensation Curve 222 Condensation in Compact and Enhanced Surfaces 909,936
1094 Enhanced round tubes 942 Offset strip fms 937 Perforated plate fins 938 Ribbed plates 942 Condenser 779 Types 781 Controls and Rapid Load Changes 638 Convective boiling and vaporization correlation for heat transfer coefficient 190 Convective heat transfer to liquid droplets 555 to steam 555 Cooling demand 971 Cooling Tower Plumes 982 Cooling Water Treatment 982 Correlations 134, 140 for Variable Properties 144 Corrosion 665 Corrosion fouling 414, 428 Corrosion/erosion 702 Critical heat flux (peak nucleate heat flux) 178 Critical Heat Flux 523, 673, 769 Critical pressure 566 Crossflow 976 Cyclones, Forced Flow 625 Defects 651 Demand curve 972 Deposition in boiling water 462 Deposition rate 466, 467 Deposits 534 Design Aspects 475 Design of heat transfer equipment subject to fouling 437 to minimize fouling 441 Design precautions 312 Developed thermal non equilibrium 559 Dimensionless Groups 82 Apparent Fanning friction factor 82 Groups Colburn factor 83 Groups Darcy friction factor 82 Groups Euler number 82 Groups Fanning friction factor 82 Groups Gruetz number 83 Groups Incremental pressure drop number 82 Groups Nussett number 82 Groups Peclet number 83 Groups Prandtl number 83 Groups Reynolds number 82 Groups Stanton number 83 Direct Contact Condensation 269 Direct contact condensers 802 Displaced enhancement devices 344, 349, 365 Distribution of Noncondensables 304 Doubly enhanced tube 752 Drift flux model 577 Droplet breakup 558 Dropwise Condensation 265 Drum Limits 533 Steam 503 Dryout192,553,673,699 E NTU Method 47 Economizer 502 Effectiveness 47, 52 Efficiency of separation 701 Electrostatic fields 344 Energy efficiency 684 Enhanced boiling tubes 748, 749 Enhanced nucleate pool boiling 752 Enhanced Surfaces Effect of oil 738 Finned tubes 734 GEW A T tubes 736 High flux 738 Thermoexcel E tubes 738 Enthalpy transients 568 Entrainment 581 Ethylene plants 763 Evaporator tubes heated on one side 553 horizontal or inclined 553 rifled 553 transient behaviour 533 uniformly heated 553 vertically upward flow 553 Evaporators 7, 8, 683 Exchanger elements Exchanger elements (economizer, evaporator, superheater/reheater) 609 Exhaust Condensers 792, 794 Experimental Correlations 106 bare tube bass KS 108
1095 extended surfaces 115 individually finned circular tubes 108 offset strip fins 115 plate heat exchangers surfaces 112 tube arrays with flat fins 111 turbular surfaces 107 Extended surfaces 344, 345, 347, 348, 355, 358, 362, 365 Fatigue 702 Feed heat exchangers 796 Feed water heater 829, 834, 835 Film boiling 161, 173, 182, 569 Partial (transition boiling) 161, 182 Film Condensation Enhancement Techniques 259 In Tube Bundles 237 On a Horizontal Tube 235 On a vertical surface On a vertical surface boundary layer analysis 228 On a vertical surface laminar 224 On a vertical surface turbulence 230 On Horizontal and Inclined Plates 233 Film flow 974 Film packings 979 Flow momentum 578 Flow patterns 553, 711 annular flow 186 churn flow 186 drop flow (mist flow) 186 horizontal 713 slug flow 186 transition map 714 vertical 712 wall bubbly 186 Fluid vibration 344 Fluidized Beds 996, 1018 Forced circulation 684 Forced Convection Correlations 123 Fossil boilers 10 Fossil-fired steam generators 553 Fouling 665, 703 Asymptotic 411 Categories of 413 Cost 408, 409 Definition of 407 Effect on, Effect on heat transfer 410, 439 Effect on operation of heat transfer equipment 442 Effect on pressure drop of 410,437 factor 410, 438 Falling rate 411 Fundamental processes of 415 Importance of 412 in boiling water 461 Linear 411 models Asymptotic 411, 435 Falling rate 411,432 Kern and Seaton 416 Limitations of 431 Linear 411, 434 Observed effects of 410 on enhanced boiling tubes 773 Phases of 417 Processes in the deposit 426 rate 463, 465 thermal resistance 410, 437, 438, 439, 443 Freezing fouling 414 Friction coefficient 584 Friction Factor 142 Friction pressure loss data bank 583 experimental studies 579 for heated tubes 582 in rifled tubes 586 in rough tubes 584 in smooth tubes 583 predition methods 582 unheated tubes 583 with horizontal flow 584 Frost effects 874 Full-plate baffled pre-heater Fully Developed Duct Flow 86 laminar 86 surface roughness effect 94 transition 88 turbulent 90 Furnace Absorption 508 Enclosure 499 Heat Flux Distribution 511 Numerical Models 510
1096 Gas blanketing 830, 831, 840, 841 Gas-cooled and liquid metal cooled reactors 663 Gewa-TX tube 749, 750, 753756, 772 Gravity effects 563 Growth processes due to combined material and nutrient transport 423 due to material transport 419 due to nutrient transport 420 Heat exchanger analysis techniques Effectiveness-NTU method 850 LMTD method 850 Heat exchanger configurations 761 Heat Exchanger Design 473 Heat exchangers 3, 662 air-to-refrigerant 850 Classification 4 High Temperature gas 19 plate-finned-tube 850 Power industry 9 Two-phase flow 4 Heat transfer 662, 684 Heat Transfer Coefficients 724-728 Correlations 728 Forced convection 725-726 Mechanism 726 Natural circulation 724 Heat transfer furnace 606 Heat transfer in evaporator tubes 553 Heat Transfer Mechanism and Theory Experimental Heat Transfer Correlations for fluidized Beds 1009 Experimental Heat Transfer Correlations for Packed Beds 1007 Fluidized Beds 1018 In Fluidized Beds 1008 In Packed Beds 1001 In Spouted Beds 1012 Packed Beds 1015 Spouted Beds 1021 Heat transfer mechanisms 755-760 Heat transfer regimes 553 Heat Exchanger Types 477 High Flux tube 751, 754, 755, 756. 757,764,765, 768, 770774, 775 Homogeneous flow model 575, 579 Hydraulic Diameter 129 Hydro-dynamically Developed Duct Flow 97 laminar 97 turbulent 98 Hydrodynamic instability 179 Hydrostatic pressure drop 575, 577 Hygroscopic Adsorption Condensation 888 Adsorption Evaporation 888 Film Condenser 885 Hyperbolic shell 979 Hysteresis 188 Impingement Plate 784 In-tube augmentation condensation of refrigerants 871 evaporation of refrigerants 871 micro-fm 871 techniques 870 In-tube boiling of refrigerants Gungor and Winterton correlation 854 Kand1ikar correlation 852 Shah correlation 852 In-Tube Condensation Flow Patterns 245 Horizontal Tubes 247 Vertical Tubes 251 In-Tube condensing of refrigerants Cavallini and Zecchin correlation 857 Shah correlation 858 Traviss, Rohsenow, and Baron correlation 856 Inclined Tubes 540 Induction time 411, 436 Injection 344 Instabilities 518 Dynamic 520 Excursive 518 Instability 702 acoustic 376, 381 density wave 376, 382 dynamic 376 flow excursion (Ledinegg) 376 flow pattern transition 376, 380 parallel channel 376, 390 pressure drop 376, 394 static 376 thermal 376, 399
1097 Integral effects 567 Iron oxide deposition 462 Kettle Reboiler Modelling 732 Laminar Forced Convection 127 Latent heat 969 Lefevre, M. R. 977 Leidenfrost point 161, 182 Liquid impurities 774 LMTD Method 39 LNG plants 765 Local effects 567 Low fmned tube 751, 774 Maldistribution 702 Maloperation 702 Maximum bundle heat flux 769 Maximum wall superheat 770 Mechanical aids 344 Mechanical draught 978 Mechanism 301 Merke1969 Methods of Analysis Ackermann correction factor 308 Approximate techniques 310 Boundary layer model 305 Colburn 304 Condensate layer 309 Condensation curve 311 Equivalent resistance 311 Film model 306 Interactive and nomenclature 309 Maxwell-Stephan Equations 309 Penetration model 305 Microbial fouling 428 Microsoft Basic 986 Minimum heat transfer coefficient 561 Mixture boiling effects 760 Multi-stage evaporation 696 Multipass Heat Exchangers 41 Multiple-effect evaporation 692 Natural circulation 684 Natural, controlled, combined circulation, once through systems 603 Natural convection 161, 162 Natural draught 977 Network method 833, 843 Nitrogen boiling 767 Non condensing gases 829,830,831 Nuclear steam generators 659 Nucleate boiling 161, 169 Correlations for 173 Models 171 Trends 173 Nucleation heterogeneous 162 homogeneous 162 sites 169 stability of 166 Nuclei 163 Numerical methods 829, 833, 845 Oil-refrigerant mixtures heat transfer 874 pressure drop 874 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 34, 37 P-NTO Method -P Method 57 P-NTU Method 56 Packed Beds 996,1015 Packing characteristic 972 Parametric Effects Concentration 294 Direct contact 300 Film and dropwise condensation 299 Fluid properties 298 Free and forced convection 294 Miscible and immiscible mixtures 301 Pressure 295 Reference temperature 299 Superheat and vapor 297 Wall subcooling 298 Particulate fouling 414, 426 Peak nucleate heat flux (critical heat flux) 161, 178 Percent oversurface 438 Phase separation 563, 564 Phase slip 577 Plate fm heat exchangers 797, 799 Pool boiling 160 Porous body model 834, 845 Post-CHF 201 Post-CHF heat transfer
1098 empirical equations 558 experimental studies 557 post-chf data bank 557 prediction methods 558 Post -CHF regime 553 Power Condensor 779,829,843,844 Pre-heater 834, 835 Precipitation fouling 414,427 Pressure Drop 65, 698, 829, 830, 832 Bends 514 Considerations Considerations In-Tube 253 Considerations Shell-Side 257 Contractions 515 Expansions 515 in two-phase regime 575 Tubes 514 Pressure gradients 669 Pressure relief valve 1057 design correlations 1056, 1057 predictive accuracy 1057 Pressure transients 568 Pressure-enthalpy diagram 849 Process Specifications 474 Psychrometric 973 Pumping Power 74 Purge system 832, 840,842 Quench front progression 569 Radiant heat transfer 555 Reboiler recirculation rate 770 Refineries 764 Reheater 499 Removal processes dissolution 428 erosion 429 spalling 430 Representative droplet diameter 558 Reviews 293 Reynolds Analogy 103 fully developed flow 105 simultaneously developing flow 105 thermally developing flow 105 Rod Baffles 484 Rough surfaces 344,345,349,358,362,364 Safety valve pressure drop 1059 Sectional Evaporators 621 Segmentally baffled pre-heater 840, 841 Segmented Baffle 782 Sensible heat 969 Separated flow model 582 Shell-and-tube Condensers 780 Shell-and-tube Heat Exchangers 477 Shell-side condensation 829 Shut Down 637 Simulation model 836, 842, 844 Simultaneously Developing Duct Flow laminar 102 turbulent 102 Simultaneously Developing Flow 128 Spiral Heat Exchangers 798 Splash bars 974 Splash packings 979 Spouted Bed 997, 1021 Spray Condensers 803 Standards ARI 876 Standards ASHRAE 876 Start-up Schemes 631 Steam 495 Steam generator 16,496 for Oil Fields 554 Steam Preheating 619 Steam Temperature Control 502 Steam-Water Separation 529 Carryover, Carryunder 529 Sticking probability 426 Stream analysis 833, 843 Subcooled forced convection boiling 188 Subcooling 790 Subcooling effects on boiling curve 182 Subcritical, critical, supercritical 600 Suction 344 Supercritical Power Boiler 549 Superheated liquid 162 Superheater 499 Surface vibration 344 Surface-tension devices 344 Suspended Particles 461, 464 Swirl effect 566 Swirl flow 888 devices 344,350, 360, 365
1099 Tchebycheff 972 lema Shell types 786, 787 Tema Standards 480 Themuil and mechanical design 667 Thermal Boundary Conditions 5 constant wall heat flux 85, 86 constant wall temperature 85, 86 Thermal Circulation 517 Thermal contact resistance 867 Thermal design 829, 833 Thermal Entrance Region 124 Thermal equilibrium 555 Thermal evaluation of Condensers 804 Thermal non-equilibrium 553 Thermal optimization 768 Thermal resistance 850 Thermally Developing Duct Flow 99 laminar 99 turbulent 10 1 Thermo-hydraulic design 683 Thin film evaporation 758 Total heat 969 Total Heat Diagram 971 Total Heat Method 969 Transfer units 971 Transition boiling 161, 182,203 Trapped Charge 304 Treated surfaces 343, 353, 357, 362 Tube circuiting 876 Tube Layout 485 Tube pitch 772 Turbo-B tube 749, 750, 756 Turbulant Force Convection 133 Two-phase convection 759 Two-phase Exchanger Design Methodology 909, 960 Two-phase Few Behavior in Compact and Enhanced Surfaces 911 Two-Phase Fiction Multiplier 718 Horizontal Flow 721 Vertical Flow 718 Two-Phase Flow 376, 671, 1035 Configurations 21 Entrainment 23 Heat transfer coefficient 25 pressure drop 1035 pressure relief valve 1035 Sub-cooling 24 Void fraction 22 Two-phase Fn Efficiency 909, 959 Two-phase multiplier 580 Two-phase pressure drop 1065 combination device 1073 in Compact and Enhanced Surfaces 909, 947 in Compact and Enhanced Surfaces Cross-ribbed channels 952 in Compact and Enhanced Surfaces Offset strip rms 948 in Compact and Enhanced Surfaces Perforated plate-rms 951 in Compact and Enhanced Surfaces Tubes with twisted tapes 955 in Compact and Enhanced Surfaces Tubes with ribbed, finned or grooved walls 952 rupture disc/safety valvel1065 Unwetted heating surface 575 Vapor Belt 785 Vapor Shear 241 Vapor-compression cycles 849 Vapour recompression 697 Variable overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 62 Variable Physical Properties 130 Variable, sliding, fixed pressure 597 Velocity effects on boiling curve 182 Velocity Entrance Region 124 Venting equipment 832, 840, 842 Vents 312Vertical Condenser 788 Vibration 702 Void fraction 377, 671, 715 Volume transfer coefficient 975 Waste heat boilers 659 Water Chemistry 537 Water-cooled reactors 660 Wet bulb 969 Wet Bulb Temperature Wetted heating surface 575 Wetting temperature 569