Approximations of Landscape

Geodesign. Approximations of a catchphrase 1. Geodesign Approaches and a typologies 2. Spatial Scenario Design Models for Geodesign 3. Collaboration as a challenge 4. Conclusions Hans-Georg Schwarz-v.Raumer University of Stuttgart Institute of Landscape Planning and Ecology

European Banana / Cartogaphic Geodesign Kunzmann (1993): Geodesign: Chance or Danger? Sinz (2009)

Dühr, 2007

Spatial Design is searching for interpretations, for development possibilities and a spatial Gestalt which is able to unite multiple requirements from function, to process, aesthetics, construction, material, symbolism and ageing in a convincing whole (von Seggern et al., 2008:37) Geo-design means to be real world related (Fisher, 2010) or evidence based (Tanzer, 2010) or consequence anticipation guided (Goodchild, 2010). This intents to include natural, semi-natural and man-made environments and mechanisms (system process), geo-pasts and geo-futures into what we consider as a design process

Geodesign not only iteratitve model based sketching and decision making Enlarges the role of GIS as a backbone of data driven spatial reasoning Includes the role of participative and collaborative planning approaches Considers spatial visualisation as a key in such approaches Includes modelling as a tool to generate visualisations of spatial structures and Tries to re-establish a rational view on spatial planning. Types of Geodesign techniques and methods

Technology analogous digital 2D, 3D, 4D devices

Representation of Geo-Information depends on technology used realistc symbolistic Scale and detail Role of Geo-Information tight or loose coupling

Mode of Production one-way Geo-Information -> Sketch / plan -> usage iterative feedback

Function of spatial representations descriptive representations for analytical purposes Map of visual landscape quality based on Regression between individual assessment and topographic geo-data low high Roser, 2010

Function of spatial representations normative representations for consensual purposes binding plans consensiously accepted structures

Function of spatial representations normative representations for consensual purposes consensiously agreed visions Stokman (2010)

Function of spatial representations prospective representations for participation purposes

1. Geodesign Approaches and a typologies 2. Spatial Scenario Design Models for Geodesign 3. Collaboration as a challenge 4. Conclusions

Spatial Scenario Design Models Target To design a future map to focus the communication about scenarios and its spatial implications for a common Vision (e.g. in a decision support context, but not as a prediction). Cellular transition models Markov-Chain-Models Cellular Automata Disaggregation/allocation models Non-spatial process model Spatial disaggregation of land related aspects

Example land use change in the Benin initial land use pattern request Urban Land Module Roads, Settlement Repeat 1...27 intermediate land use pattern Plantation Land Module request roads intermediate land use pattern Mosaic Land Module request roads, agric. land, protection zones new land use pattern Landuse 2030 Time series General Approach A B 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Land request model A simple land request model for the Upper Oueme basin

simple land request model for the Upper Oueme basin growth rate of population A: 0.032 B: 0.035

The settlement allocation procedure Weight settlement 10 road A 10 road B 5 road C 1 railroad 2 else 0 (1) Assign weights and (2) sum up the weights in the neighborhood. This leads to a potential map for new settlement Land allocation (3) Rank the cells and Reclassify the cells according to the amount of cells to be converted.

The settlement allocation procedure Weight for settlement controls linear structure vs. Concentration Land allocation Weight for local roads controls dispersion

Allocation of agricultural land 1 A.5 B.9 1/distRoad 1/distAgro Protection zone Weight p 1/distRoad + 1/distAgro (1/distRoad + 1/distAgro) * p

The land allocation procedure initial land use pattern Land allocation Repeat 1...27 Urban Land Module intermediate land use pattern Plantation Land Module intermediate land use pattern Mosaic Land Module request roads, settlement roads roads, agric. land, protection zones new land use pattern request request

Time series of future land use patterns growth rate of population A: 0.032 B: 0.035 A 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 B Rain forest Tree Savannah Savannah Agriculture Plantation Settlement

Land use simulation results in 5 year steps Scenario B Rural detail 2020 2003 2030 2005 2025 2015 2010 Scenario A Urban detail: city of Parakou Scenario B Complete Ouémé River basin

growth rate of population A: 0.032 B: 0.035 A Two sketches visualising different future landuse patterns in the north of Benin and overlaying the result of a 30year land-use change simulation in the background. B

1. Geodesign Approaches and a typologies 2. Spatial Scenario Design Models for Geodesign 3. Collaboration as a challenge 4. Conclusions

Geodesign = convergence program bridging the gap geo-science based spatial analysis given geospatial conditions, structures and processes inventing, sketching, communicating and shaping the future of spatial environments creation of ideas, and control of their implications

Workflow model necessary to combine the skills and knowledge of landscape designers and architects, GIS/GI-technology experts as well as landscape researchers, ecologists and engineers GIS Transportaion model CO2-balancing tool agro-economic model soil emission model et al.

1. Geodesign Approaches and a typologies 2. Spatial Scenario Design Models for Geodesign 3. Collaboration as a challenge 4. Conclusions

Conclusions (1) GeoDesign can be understood not only as an iterative, modelbased decision process (2) Any concept must give an answer to The strategy question. What is the usefulness of the system? The availability question. Data, knowledge, models: sufficient, in quality and quantity. The credibility question. Consensus on models and assumptions. Trust in output. The language question. Does output meet information need of end-users, can informations of end-usesers be read? The culture question. Willingness of end-users to adapt and to adjust decison-making process The structure question. Who is going to work wit the system. Roles and tasks! (3) To implement sucessfully eodesign we need a wide range of experience with science/it design collaboration concepts

Thank you!

1. Geodesign Approaches and a typologies 2. The role of Modelling 3. Spatial Scenario Design Models for Geodesign 4. Collaboration as a challenge 5. Conclusions

Model A model is an abstract image of a defined part of reality. Model use Main categories of Models Physical formal (esp. Mathematical) Science teaching planning Quantitative qualitative normative Process Black Box Static dynamic (time discrete or continuous) Non-spatial spatial (space discrete / continuous) is good for: to reduce complexity to gain Knowledge to integrate (different) parts of an entity to facitilate communication

... in planning for Decision Support Quantification GIS Modelling Visualisation Analysis Evaluation Simulation Relevant for decision if problem gets structured Simulation: What if model is true Targets: Forecasts Screening and Scoping - Communication quanitative interpretation - qualitative interpretation Analysis of patterns and process Evaluation of settings and structures Scenario drawing

Models in Geodesign Multicritera Evaluation (suitability, risk, capability ) Process models for Impact Analysis Models for vision generation

Inbetween: Landscape planner / architect Can GeoDesign help? Yes, if we understand Geodesign as a very broad concept if we solve the main challenges: to find the appropriate role of models and mode of collaboration