Mother Indonesian plant Journal productivity of Agriculture and cutting 2(2), quality 2009: of 115-120 chrysanthemum... 115 MOTHER PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND CUTTING QUALITY OF CHRYSANTHEMUM VARIETIES GROWN UNDER PLASTICHOUSE AND OPEN CONDITIONS 1) K. Budiarto and B. Marwoto Indonesian Ornamental Plant Research Institute Jalan Raya Ciherang, Segunung, Pacet, Cianjur 43252, PO Box 8 SDL Phone: (0263) 512607, 516684, Facs.: (0263) 512607, E-mail: segunung@indoway.net.id ABSTRACT Chrysanthemum is one of important ornamental plants in national floriculture agribusiness. The increase in production cost due to the raise in input prices that has led into the unfavorable business conditions. Efforts have been made to make chrysanthemum production becomes competitive and profitable. One of the production input costs that can be reduced is planting the mother plants for cutting production under open conditions. A research was conducted to find out the mother plant productivity and the cutting quality produced under plastichouse and open conditions. The research was carried out in Indonesian Ornamental Plant Research Institute, Segunung, Cianjur, West Java, from November 2003 to May 2004. Twelve commercial chrysanthemum varieties, i.e. Sakuntala, Larasati, Kartini, Nyi Ageng Serang, Dewi Ratih, Dewi Sartika, Cut Nyak Dien, Saraswati, Chandra Kirana, Cut Nyak Meutia, Cat Eye, and Town Talk were planted as mother stocks for cutting production under two sets of environmental conditions, i.e. under plastichouse and open conditions. A randomized completely block design with three replications was used in each environmental condition. The results showed that varietal differences were found significant among the varieties tested in terms of plant productivity and cutting quality in both environmental conditions. To all varieties tested, better plant productivity and cutting quality were produced by the mother plants grown under plastichouse than those under open conditions. However, insignificant differences in cutting quality and average number of cuttings produced per plant were found by well adapted Cut Nyak Dien variety at both planting conditions. [Keywords: Dendranthema grandiflora, mother plants, cultivation, cuttings] INTRODUCTION Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelve) is one of the important ornamental plants producing popular cut flowers in the world after roses. In Indonesian international trade, this commodity has a strategic position. The Indonesian Agricultural Statistics showed that in 2003, 1) Article in bahasa Indonesia has been published in Jurnal Hortikultura Vol. 17 No. 4, 2007, p. 321-327 Indonesian trade on this commodity was surplus about US$ 1 million and its export value was increasing from year to year until present. The increases in export value and world demand actually indicated the prospective market of chrysanthemum. However, currently chrysanthemum farming is perceived less profitable. Many cases showed that traditional chrysanthemum farmers faced unfavorable business condition and they changed to other business. This caused by uncompetitive product selling price at farmer level and low quality of cut flowers produced (Marwoto et al. 2004). The increase in input price has led to raise in production costs, especially at initial cultivation period. One of production inputs that requires high cost was to build shelter house for chrysanthemum plants (Budiarto et al. 2006). Efforts to increase chrysanthemum farmer income can be done by implementing plant quality control in more efficient cultivation system. Control and improvement of plant quality was conducted through selection of adaptive and high competitive ability varieties, so use of inputs in production system can be reduced (Kawata 1987). One of variety selection aspects which should be considered is the ability of mother plant in producing cuttings at cultivation system at open conditions or without shelter house. Through variety selection, cultivation system at open conditions has been applied at some chrysanthemum producing countries such as the Netherland (Van der Hoeven 1987) and Japan (Noble and Ellis 1990). Chrysanthemum mother plant was always maintained at juvenile stage to obtain shoot cuttings which have maximum vegetative growth potential. This growth potential was determined by response of plant genotype to environment condition. At open conditions, these environmental factors were at suboptimal levels (Mortensen 2000) and simultaneously gave negative impact on growth and performance of mother plants which finally affect production and quality of cuttings (Moe 1988). Decrease in cutting quality as planting stock will then influence quality of plant growth and flowers at flowering stages (Grunewaldt 1988).
116 K. Budiarto and B. Marwoto Chrysanthemum varieties that adapt to suboptimal environment at open conditions were highly recommended to be used in effort to decrease production cost without influencing flower quality at subsequent planting date. This idiotype of adaptive varieties at open conditions has characteristics those are able to grow at juvenile stage and produce cuttings with same quality compared to plant cultivated in controlled environment under shelter house (Klapwijk 1987). The objective of this research was to find out production and quality of chrysanthemum cuttings produced by mother plants grown under plastichouse and open conditions. Hypothesis in this research was that environment conditions influenced production and quality of chrysanthemum cuttings and one or more varieties tested was able to well adapted (grew and produced shoot cuttings) under plastichouse and open conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was conducted in Indonesian Ornamental Plant Research Institute, Segunung, Cianjur, West Java, from November 2003 to May 2004. Twelve commercial chrysanthemum varieties, i.e. Sakuntala, Larasati, Kartini, Nyi Ageng Serang, Dewi Ratih, Dewi Sartika, Cut Nyak Dien, Saraswati, Chandra Kirana, Cut Nyak Meutia, Cat Eye, and Town Talk were planted as mother plants for cutting production under two sets of environmental conditions, i.e. under plastichouse and open conditions. Cultivation of chrysanthemum mother plants under plastichouse was followed the model commonly applied at commercial scale. Planting plots under plastichouse and open conditions were arranged in randomized block design with three replications. Soil was completely cultivated by hoeing for 30 cm and fertilized with farmyard manure of 30 t/ha and bamboo compost equal to 10 t/ha. A planting bed of 1 m was established. Inorganic fertilizer as basal dressing was applied evenly with a rate of 0.5 g NPK/plant (32 g/m 2 ) and the soil was then sterilized. Rooting cuttings were grown at planting bed based on experimental design with spacing of 25 plants/m 2. During first week, plants at open conditions were sheltered with black paranet of 65% to avoid young plant death. The plants were then maintained with giving day long condition with lamp lighting at night from 10.00 p.m. to 03.00 a.m. using cyclic method (lighting 20 minutes and without lighting 20 minutes). Light bulbs of 100 watts with internode lamp distance of 2 m x 2 m and height of 1.5 m were applied above plant beds. Successive fertilizers (urea of 1.5 g/m 2, KNO 3 6 g/m 2 and SP-36 6 g/m 2 ) were applied broadcastly every 2 weeks at row and covered with soil. Foliar fertilizer containing macro- and micro-nutrients were given as recommended rates from 1 week with frequency of twice a week. Pesticides were applied every 2 weeks to prevent the plants to pest and disease infestations. Cutting harvesting was done every 3 weeks by cutting apical shoots grown 5-7 cm, or if the shoot has 5-7 complete leaves. The shoots were cut by cutting scissor and remained 2-3 leaf nodes. Parameters observed were cutting production from mother plants, wet weight, cutting diameter, length and number of cutting roots after 21 rooting days. The observation was carried out on 5 plant/cutting samples until six periods of cutting harvest which were taken randomly. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and LSD at 5% significance level at each planting condition (plastichouse and open conditions) and chrysanthemum varieties tested at both planting conditions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Production and Quality of Cuttings from Mother Plants Grown under Plastichouse Production and quality of cuttings produced by mother plants under plastichouse were varied among twelve chrysanthemum varieties tested. Data on Table 1 showed the mean of stem diameter and wet weight of cuttings and number and length of cutting roots after 21 rooting days. The highest average stem diameter was produced by cuttings of Town Talk, followed by Dewi Ratih and Chandra Kirana. Cuttings of Town Talk showed insignificantly different performance with those of Cut Nyak Meutia and Chandra Kirana which had highest wet weight. Beside the highest stem diameter and wet weight, Town Talk showed highest root length as well. However, this root length was not followed with the highest root number. The highest root number was showed by cuttings of Cut Nyak Meutia. Under plastichouse condition, Town Talk gave better performance than other varieties. Beside the highest cutting quality, the variety was also more productive. This was showed by number of cuttings produced which was insignificantly different with those of Kartini and Cat Eye which had the highest average cutting production per plant. Based on observation on mother plant productivity and cutting quality parameters, Sakuntala showed the lowest performance than those of chrysanthemum varieties tested under plastichouse. The results showed that Town Talk was the most adaptive variety under plastichouse conditions. This was proven by axillary shoot formation as cutting candidate which was relatively constant after the apical shoot was harvested. Axillary shoot formation correlated with higher photosynthate accumulation and translocation on apical
Mother plant productivity and cutting quality of chrysanthemum... 117 Tabel 1. Stem diameter, fresh weight, root number, root lenght, and cutting production per plant from mother plants of twelve chrysanthemum varieties grown under plastichouse conditions. Varieties Stem diameter Fresh weight Root length Cutting Root number (mm) (g) (cm) production/plant Town Talk 3.35a 2.34a 21.07bc 8.90a 8.04abc Dewi Ratih 3.24ab 2.00b 19.72cd 7.92cde 6.01de Chandra Kirana 3.21ab 2.38a 18.04ef 7.67cdef 8.19ab Cat Eye 3.10bc 1.62c 21.02bc 8.63ab 8.26a Cut Nyak Dien 3.10bc 1.63c 19.39de 7.88cde 6.38d Cut Nyak Meutia 3.09bc 2.46a 29.27a 7.12f 6.29de Kartini 3.01cd 1.45c 21.90b 8.06bcd 8.30a Larasati 2.91de 1.30d 21.87b 8.27abc 6.90cd Dewi Sartika 2.83e 1.43cd 18.93de 7.52def 6.96bcd Saraswati 3.81e 1.43cd 17.20f 8.11bcd 5.97de Nyi Ageng Serang 2.73f 1.44cd 18.92de 7.65cdef 7.20abcd Sakuntala 2.62g 1.27d 19.24de 7,37ef 5.12e shoots (Ahmad and Marshall 1997). If apical shoots were used as cuttings, carbohydrate content of the shoots was considered as limiting factor of energy source for root primordial formation, because root became more dominant sink competitor at rooting process (De Ruiter 1997). Beside the amount of accumulated photosynthate, De Vier and Geneve (1997) reported that photosynthate translocation plays an important role in apical shoot growth. Both factors were influenced by plant genotype. The difference in photosynthate translocation did not occur only on shoot interrelation, but also on root primordial formation on rooting stage. The rooting capacity of cuttings on some chrysanthemum genotypes did not correlate with number of axillary buds formed at mother plant. Production and Quality of Cuttings from Mother Plants Grown at Open Conditions Intervarietal differences in cutting quality and mother plant productivity were also found on chrysanthemum plants grown at open conditions. Table 2 showed the average stem diameter, wet weight, number and length of cutting roots produced by mother plants of chrysanthemum varieties grown at open conditions. The highest stem diameter was shown by Dewi Ratih followed by Cut Nyak Dien with insignificantly different. Both varieties also showed high cutting weight with insignificantly different compared to Town Talk cuttings which had highest wet weight. However, after 21 days of rooting, the highest cutting root number was showed by Cut Nyak Meutia, whereas Dewi Ratih and Cut Nyak Dien along with Cat Eye, Town Talk, and Saraswati only showed longer cutting roots. Data on Table 2 also showed the average cutting production per plant of chrysanthemum varieties grown under open conditions. The highest cutting production per plant was showed by Cut Nyak Dien which was insignificantly different with Town Talk and Dewi Ratih. This indicated that beside better quality of cuttings produced, Cut Nyak Dien and Dewi Ratih also showed higher productivity under open condition amongst chrysanthemum varieties tested. However, similar performance was showed by Sakuntala. Under open conditions, this variety not only showed less productive performance, but also lower cutting quality than other varieties. The differences in productivity and quality of cuttings produced by chrysanthemum mother plants under open conditions showed the difference in growth response to more extreme environment. The study was carried out in wet season. High rainfall (22.54 mm/day) was estimated not only gave physical effect (rain water dashes), but also negative impact to mother plant s environment, such as increases in humidity and water conditions at root zones. Beside, cloudy condition at day time affected amount and type of sunlight received by plants. Unfavorable environment at open conditions influenced plant physiological condition and growth quality which finally decreased cutting production (Hicklenton and McRae 1984). Performance of Chrysanthemum Varieties Grown under Plastichouse and Open Conditions Data on Table 3 showes average stem diameter, wet weight, root number, and root length of cuttings produced by
118 K. Budiarto and B. Marwoto Table 2. Stem diameter, fresh weight, root number, root lenght, and cutting production per plant from mother plants of twelve chrysanthemum varieties grown at open condition. Varieties Stem diameter Fresh weight Root length Cutting Root number (mm) (g) (cm) production/plant Dewi Ratih 2.82a 1.20abcd 17.09bc 6.92ab 5.32a Cut Nyak Dien 2.76ab 1.27ab 16.20bc 7.02ab 5.77a Cat Eye 2.60bc 0,85fg 16.56bc 7.23a 3.70bcd Kartini 2.59bc 1.03cdef 17.74b 6.52abc 4.21b Larasati 2.58cd 0.88fg 16.62bc 6.72ab 3.66bcd Saraswati 2.55cd 1.27ab 12.90de 7.26a 3.82bcd Town Talk 2.53cde 1.32a 17.37bc 7.13a 5.23a Chandra Kirana 2.44def 1.04bcde 13.18de 5.65cd 4.00bc Dewi Sartika 2.42efg 0.98ef 12.18ef 6.16bcd 3.87bcd Cut Nyak Meutia 2.37fg 1.21abc 22.66a 6.18bcd 3.11cd Nyi Ageng Serang 2.22gh 1.01def 10.08f 5.37d 3.07d Sakuntala 2.08h 0.74g 15.06cd 5.62d 3.14cd mother plants of chrysanthemum varieties tested under plastichouse and open conditions. Generally, average cutting production per plant and cutting quality produced by mother plants of each chrysanthemum variety grown at open conditions were lower than those cultivated under plastichouse. The significant decreases in mother plant productivity and cutting quality were revealed on Sakuntala, Larasati, Kartini, Nyi Ageng Serang, Chandra Kirana, Cut Nyak Meutia, and Town Talk varieties. Similar evidence also occurred on Dewi Sartika, eventhough wet weights of cuttings were insignificantly different at plastichouse and open conditions. The differences in mother plant productivity and cutting quality of most chrysanthemum varieties tested showed that environmental conditions influenced mother plant growth of all varieties tested. Higher productivity of mother plants and cutting quality produced under plastichouse condition indicated that the environmental condition in plastichouse was more favorable than that at open condition. Under plastichouse, plants prevented from environmental stresses, namely sunlight intensity and high rainfall, that inhibit metabolism process. Through shading, high sunlight intensity and rainfall can be avoided, so plants grow optimally (Khattak and Pearson 1997). On the contrary, mother plant growth was inhibited under open conditions due to unfavorable environment. This inhibition was caused by interaction of some environmental factors which gave negative effect, so unequal metabolism process in plants occurred (William and Nelson 1992). Metabolism process inhibition finally affected the quality of plant growth and cuttings produced. Of twelve chrysanthemum varieties tested, only mother plant of Cut Nyak Dien revealed quality and production of cuttings per plant which was insignificantly different in both planting conditions (Table 3). This was indicated that Cut Nyak Dien had good adaptability in plastichouse and open conditions, so the environmental differences in both locations did not influence growth and quality of cuttings produced by mother plants. The broader adaptability of Cut Nyak Dien was assumed correlated with plant genetic factor, as revealed by De Jong (1981) that the difference in plant response to varied environmental factors was occurred due to plant genotypes. CONCLUSION Cutting quality and productivity of mother plants of chrysanthemum varieties grown at open conditions were generally lower than those under plastichouse. Cut Nyak Dien variety was well adapted at both planting conditions, showed by insignificant differences in cutting productivity and quality produced by mother plants grown under both planting conditions. REFERENCES Ahmad, J. and C. Marshall. 1997. The pattern of 14C-assimilate distribution in chrysanthemum cv Red Delano with particular reference to branch interrelation. J. Hort. Sci. 72(6): 931-939. Budiarto, K., Y. Sulyo, R.H.M. Maaswinkel, dan S. Wuryaningsih. 2006. Budidaya Krisan Bunga Potong; Prosedur Sistem Produksi. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hortikultura, Jakarta. hlm.10-11. De Jong, J. 1981. Effect of irradiance and juvenility on the selection on chrysanthemum. Euphytica 30: 493-500. De Ruiter, H.A. 1997. Axillary bud formation in chrysanthemum as affected by number of leaves. J. Hort. Sci. 72(1): 77-82.
Mother plant productivity and cutting quality of chrysanthemum... 119 Table 3. Stem diameter, fresh weight, root number, root lenght, and cutting production per plant from mother plants of twelve chrysanthemum varieties grown under plastichouse and open conditions. Growth parameter/ planting condition Cat Eye Sakuntala Larasati Kartini Nyi Ageng Dewi Dewi Cut Nyak Saraswati Chandra Cut Nyak Town Serang Ratih Sartika Dien Kirana Meutia Talk Varieties Stem diameter (mm) Plastic house 3.10bc 2.62f 2.91dc 3.01cd 2.73f 3.24ab 2.83e 3.10bc 3.81e 3.21ab 3.09bc 3.35a Open condition 2.60bc 2.08h 2.58cd 2.59bc 2.22gh 2.82a 2.42efg 2.76ab 2.55cd 2.44def 2.37fg 2.53cde A B B B B B A A B B B B Stem fresh weight (g) Plastic house 1.62c 1.27d 1.30d 1.45c 1.44cd 2.00b 1.43cd 1.63c 1.43cd 2.38a 2.46a 2.34a Open condition 0.85fg 0.74g 0.88fg 1.03cdef 1.01def 1.20abcd 0.98ef 1.27ab 1.27ab 1.04bede 1.21abc 1.32a Root number Plastic house 21.02bc 19.24de 21.87b 21.90b 18.92de 19.72cd 18.93de 19.39de 17.20f 18.04ef 29.27a 221.07a Open condition 16.56bc 15.06cd 16.62bc 17.74b 10.08f 17.09bc 12.18ef 16.20bc 12.90de 13.18de 22.66a 17.37bc B B B B B A N A B B B B Root lenght (cm) Plastic house 8.63ab 7.37ef 8.27abc 8.06bcd 7.65cdef 7.92cde 7.52def 7.88cde 8.11bcd 7.67cdef 7.12f 8.90a Open condition 7.23a 5.62d 6.72ab 6.52abc 5.37d 6,92ab 6.16bcd 7.02ab 7.26a 5.65cd 6.18bcd 7.13a A B B B B A B A B B B B Cutting production/plant Plastic house 8.26a 5.12e 6.90cd 8.30a 7.20abcd 6.01de 6.96bcd 6.38d 5.97de 8.19ab 6.29de 9.04abc Open condition 3.70bcd 3.14cd 3.66bcd 4.12b 3.07d 5.32a 3.87bcd 5.77a 3.82bcd 4.00bc 3.11cd 5.23a B B B B B A B A A B B B
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