CITY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

University of Toronto at Mississauga Department of Geography Autumn 2011 GGR 361 F CITY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Instructor: Alan Walks Office: DV/SB 3258 Lectures: Wednesdays, 3 5 pm Phone: (905) 828-3932 Studio/ Lab/ Tutorial: Wednesdays, 5-6 pm E-mail: alan.walks@utoronto.ca Lecture and Tutorial room: IB 280 Office hour: Tuesdays 2:30-3:30 pm Prerequisite: GGR 207H, GGR349H, or 8.0 FCE COURSE DESCRIPTION: How do planners shape our cities and suburbs to work, look and feel the way they do? Are cities too compact, or too dispersed, according to the criteria of good planning? What can be done about urban sprawl? How can the way a city is planned affect the extent of urban poverty, traffic congestion, or neighbourhood decline? How might planning be used to improve the quality of life in our cities? This course seeks to answer these questions by examining the methods, history and theories of city planning and urban development. It begins by discussing the relationship between historical changes in the organization of urban life and the rise of planning as a profession. It then moves on to examine the actors and processes that are responsible for shaping the form of cities and contemporary suburbs, in turn asking the question of what urban planners actually do and the constraints they face. After examining the instruments at the disposal of planners, a number of current planning problems, including the problems of sprawl, regional planning, planning for environmental sustainability, and planning for the multicultural city, are examined and the solutions proposed to deal with contemporary urban problems are analyzed. Another theme relates to social planning and the provision of affordable housing. Theories of planning and the ethics of city planning are then discussed and related to the earlier course material. Assignments involve the production of a Site Report and then a Draft Plan of Subdivision for a select site within the City of Mississauga. This course builds on GGR 207 (Cities and Urbanization). It compliments GGR 349 (Cities in Transition). COURSE OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this course are to: 1. Examine changes in city planning and development processes, and their effects on the form of contemporary cities 2. Examine the most important instruments and theories of planning, as well as the problems posed by, and potential planning solutions to, current modes of urban development 3. Acquire experience in analyzing the urban environment at different scales of analysis, and relating such experience to theories of planning 4. Acquire skills needed for the production of a draft plan of subdivision, as well as for a field-work based site report COURSE ORGANIZATION: The class each week includes 2-hours of lecture and an additional hour for lab work, group discussion, workshops, videos, additional lecture, and/or field trips. In most cases the lecture and lab will flow into one another seamlessly to produce a solid three-hour block. Students are expected to complete all required readings in advance of each lecture. Students are required to complete two assignments, and this will require visiting a site or sites outside of the university. 1

READINGS: This course is built around readings drawn from both the textbook and from other sources. All required readings, and most of the recommended readings, are available from the UTM library, either on reserve/short-term loan or online. The textbook for the course is: Grant, J. (Ed.) 2008. A Reader in Canadian Planning: Linking Theory and Practice. Toronto: Thomson and Nelson. ASSIGNMENTS There are two written assignments required for the course, as well as a mid-term test and a final exam. Assignment 1: Site Report. Students will visit a selected site within the City of Mississauga. Students will then write a report in which they identify issues specific to the site that are important to take into account when re-developing and planning the site, including the topography, vegetation, natural features, amenities, nearby land uses, traffic levels, accessibility, lot dimensions, rights-of-way, and other strengths and weaknesses of the site. Assignment 2: Draft Plan of Subdivision and Summary Report. The second assignment involves the re-design of the site visited for assignment 1. Students will be asked to plan the site for a mixed-use community of medium residential density. Included with the draft plan of subdivision that maps out a blue-print for the redevelopment will be a detailed summary report in which the the rationale for including each element of the design is explained. GRADING The grading scheme is as follows: 15% Site Report due October 5 in class 25% Mid-Term Test October 26 25% Draft Plan of Subdivision & Summary due November 16 in class 35% Final Exam during exam period E-MAIL COMMUNICATION Note that many hotmail, rogers and yahoo email accounts are blocked by the University of Toronto spam filters. Students should thus always use an official University of Toronto (utoronto) email account when communicating with the instructor. All electronic messages are to be composed in a respectful, appropriately constructed manner (e.g., complete sentences), should identify the full name and student ID of the student, and should refer to the course code. E-mail should not be viewed as an alternative to meeting with professor during office hours. Students are advised to consult www.enough.utoronto.ca for information on university policy. GEOGRAPHY LATE ASSIGNMENT/ MISSED TEST POLICY Missed Term Work/Tests (as per Department of Geography policy): Late assignments will be subject to a late penalty of 10% per day (including weekends) of the total marks for the assignment. Assignments submitted five calendar days beyond the due date will be assigned a grade of zero. In courses with final exams (including this one), there will be no re-writes or make-ups for term tests missed for University-accepted, verifiable reasons. Instead the final exam will be re-weighted by the value of the term test/ quiz. Academic accommodation can be made when an assignment is late or a student is unable to write a term test/quiz due to a University accepted and verified reason beyond one's control. 2

Informing the Professor and Submitting Appropriate Documentation: The following steps must be completed in order to be considered for academic accommodation for any course work such as missed tests or late assignments: 1. Students must inform their professor in writing (e-mail is acceptable) within 24 hours of a test date/ assignment due date of any circumstances that prevent them from writing a test or submitting an assignment on time. 2. Students must submit a University-accepted documentation (e.g., U of T Student Medical Certificate http://www.utm.utoronto.ca/access/medcert.pdf) within one week of a missed assignment due date or test date. Failure to submit appropriate documentation will result in a grade of zero. Please submit original documentation in person to Sabrina Ferrari (Academic Counsellor, Room DV-3282 Department of Geography). Medical Certificates MUST include the following statement: This student was unable to write the test on [date(s)] for medical reasons. Documentation must show that the physician was consulted within one day of the test or assignment due date. A statement merely confirming a report of illness made by the student is not acceptable (such as, This patient tells me that he was feeling ill on that day. ) Failure to comply with this policy will result in a grade of zero for the test or assignment in question. 3. A petition for academic accommodation must be completed and submitted along with the University-accepted documentation (#2, above) within one week of a missed assignment due date or test date. Petition forms are available in person from Sabrina Ferrari, Rm. DV-3282. Please note that the written explanation and documentation that you submit represents an appeal from you, requesting the opportunity to account for that portion of your grade in some other manner. If an appeal is not received, or if the appeal is deemed unacceptable, you will receive a grade of zero for the item you missed. If the appeal is granted that is, your reason for missing the item is considered acceptable by the committee then a mechanism for accounting for the grade value of the missed item will be discussed. Once all documentation has been received, the petition for academic accommodation will be reviewed by a Departmental Committee. Students will be informed of the Committee's decision within 2 weeks. Note that holidays and pre-purchased plane tickets, family plans (unless critical, such as death of an immediate family member), your friend s wedding, lack of preparation, or too many other tests are not acceptable excuses for missing a quiz, a test, or an item of term work. ACADEMIC SUPPORTS Course information, announcements, assignment instructions, and lecture slides will be made available on the portal/blackboard system. The instructor will be available to answer questions and help students with assignments during the lab sessions held in the classroom, and during office hours. ACADEMIC INTEGRITY AND HONESTY It is your responsibility as a student at the University of Toronto to familiarize yourself with, and adhere to, both the Code of Student Conduct and the Code of Behaviour on Academic Matters. This means, first and foremost, that you should read them carefully. The Code of Student Conduct is available from the U of T Mississauga website (Registrar > Academic Calendar > Codes and Policies) or in your print version of the Academic Calendar. The Code of Behaviour on Academic Matters is available from the U of T Mississauga website (Registrar > Academic Calendar > Codes and Policies) or in your print version of the Academic Calendar. Another helpful document that you should read is How Not to Plagiarize, by M. Proctor. 3

ACCESSIBILITY U of T Mississauga and the UTM AccessAbility Resource Centre are committed to the full participation of students with disabilities in all aspects of campus life. The AccessAbility Resource Centre provides academic accommodations and services to students who have a physical, sensory, or learning disability, mental health condition, acquired brain injury, or chronic health condition, be it visible or hidden. Students who have temporary disabilities (e.g., broken dominant arm) are also eligible to receive services. All interested students must have an intake interview with an advisor to discuss their individual needs. Students who require accommodation are advised to visit the AccessAbility Resource Centre as early as possible to have their needs assessed, as it may take some time to process the application. For more information please contact the centre at: Room 2047, South Bldg. Tel/TTY: 905-569-4699 E-mail: access.utm@utoronto.ca Web: www.utm.utoronto.ca/access 4

Week 1 INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING AND THE PLANNING PROCESS THE PROCESS AND AGENTS OF LAND-USE PLANNING Hodge and Gordon (2008). 1 st half of Chapter 6, pages 142-160 (Focus on the Built Environment, up to page 160)., and 1 st half of Chapter 7, pages 174-184 (part of Steps in the Pan-Making Process) in Planning Canadian Communities. Toronto: Nelson. Grant text, Chapter 5, pages 107-111 (Grant, The Planning Process) Week 2 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF CANADIAN URBAN PLANNING ORIGINS OF THE PLANNING PROFESSION Grant text, Chapter 2 (pages 21 through 46) Grant, J. (2000). Planning Canadian Cities: Context, Continuity, and Change, in T. E. Bunting and P. Filion (Eds.) Canadian Cities in Transition: The Twenty-First Century (2 nd Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 443 461 Hodge and Gordon (2008). Chapters 3 and 4 (The Foundations of Canadian Community Planning, and Pioneering Community Planning 1900 1945) in Planning Canadian Communities. Toronto: Nelson. p. 19-69 Southworth, M., and Ben-Joseph, E. (1995). Street Standards and the Shaping of Suburbia. Journal of the American Planning Association. 61 (1). p. 65 81 MacDonald, N. (1982). C.P.R. Town : The city-building process in Vancouver, 1860-1914, in G.A. Stelter and A. F. Artibise (Eds.) Shaping the Urban Landscape: Aspects of the Canadian City-Building Process. Ottawa: Carleton U. Press. p. 382 412 Sewell, J. (1993) Chapter 3: Don Mills: Canada s First Corporate Suburb, in The Shape of the City: Toronto Struggles with Modern Planning. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 79 96. Simpson, M. (1985). Thomas Adams and the Modern Planning Movement. London: Mansell. 71 102. Week 3 PLANNING THE MODERN CITY FROM URBAN RENEWAL TO SPRAWL Hodge and Gordon (2008). Chapter 5: The Growth of Canadian Community Planning 1945-2000, in Planning Canadian Communities. Toronto: Nelson. p. 109-134 Clairmont, D.H. and Magill, D.W. (1974) Africville: The Life and Death of a Canadian Black Community. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart 5

Carver, H (1965) Three Lamentations, in Cities in the Suburbs. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Lorimer, J. (1970) Chapter 3: Urban Renewal: City Planning and Local Politics. In The Real World of City Politics. Toronto: Lewis and Samuel. 53-65 Lorimer, J. (1978). Chapter 4: Creating the Corporate Suburbs, in The Developers. Toronto: Lorimer 83 98 Fischler, R., and Wolfe, J.M. (2006) Contemporary Planning, in Bunting, T. and Filion, P. (Eds.) Canadian Cities in Transition: Local Through Global Perspectives (3 rd Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 338-352 Sewell, J. (1993) Chapter 4: After Don Mills, in The Shape of the City: Toronto Struggles with Modern Planning. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 97-134. Bruegmann, R. (2005). Sprawl: A Compact History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Week 4 DREAMING THE GOOD CITY: IMPORTANT EARLY PLANNERS AND VISIONARIES Hall, P. (1996). Chapter 4: The City in the Garden, Chapter 6: The City of Monuments, and Chapter 7: The City of Towers, in Cities of Tomorrow. Oxford: Blackwell. (In the 2 nd Edition, the pages are p. 86 108 and 122-129, p. 174 196, p. 203 240) Perry, C.A. (1939). The Neighbourhood Unit Formula, in Housing for the Machine Age. New York: Russell Sage. p. 49 76 Grant text, part of Chapter 1, page 38-39 (D.L. Stein, Thomas Adams: Father of Canadian Planning) Boardman, P. (1978). The Worlds of Patrick Geddes: Biologist, Town Planner, Re-educator, Peace- Warrior. London: Routledge. Week 5 REDEFINING THE GOOD CITY: JANE JACOBS AND PLANNING REFORM, DEFENSIBLE SPACE Jacobs, J. (1961). Chapter 1: Introduction, and Chapters 2-3: The Use of Sidewalks, in The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Penguin. p. 1 28, and 29 88 Grant textbook, part of Chapter 9, pages 220-227 (Wekerle, Planning for Safe Cities, through to McKay, Empty Spaces) Newman, O. (1976) Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design. In N. C. Kalt, and S. S. Zalkind (Eds.) Urban Problems: Psychological Inquiries. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 180-189 Klemek, C. (2007) Placing Jane Jacobs within the transatlantic urban conversation. Journal of The American Planning Association. 73 (1). p. 49-67 6

Hill, David, R. (1988) Jane Jacobs Ideas on Big, Diverse Cities. Journal of the American Planning Association. 54 (3), 302-314 Daniere, A. (2000). Canadian urbanism and Jane Jacobs. Journal of Urban Affairs 22 (4) p. 459-461 Tijerino, R. (1998) Civil spaces: A critical perspective of defensible space. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research. 15 (4), 321-337 Grant text, part of Chapter 5, pages 128-131 (P. Filion, The Weight of the System). Week 6 THE INSTRUMENTS OF URBAN PLANNING Grant text, part of Chapter 14, pages 339 343 (Grant, Why We Regulate Land) Hodge and Gordon (2008). Chapter 13 (Land-Use Regulation Tools for Planning Implementation), in Planning Canadian Communities. Toronto: Nelson. p. 327-355 Fischel, W. (1999) Does the American way of zoning cause the suburbs of metropolitan areas to be too spread out?, in A. Altschuler et al. (Eds.) Governance and Opportunity in Metropolitan America. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 151-191 Johnston, R.A., and Madison, M.E., (1997). From landmarks to landscapes: A review of current practices in the transfer of development rights. Journal of the American Planning Assocation. 63 (3). P. 365 378 Week 7 THE IMPACTS AND REALITY OF CONTEMPORARY PLANNING: PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING, ETHICS AND VALUES IN PLANNING Grant text, parts of Chapter 5, pages 111 126 (from McAfee, When Theory Meets Practice, through to Blakney, Citizen s Bane: Consensus Building in Planning) Grant text, parts of Chapter 4, pages 75-90 (from Grant, Understanding Ethics and Values, through to Lang, Equity in Siting Solid Waste Management Facilities) Grant text, parts of Chapter 7, pages 172 181 (Qadeer, Urban Planning and Multiculturalism, through to Moore, Immigration: The Missing Issue). Peiser, R. B., (1981). Land development regulation: a case study of Dallas and Houston, Texas. American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association Journal. 9. P. 397 417 Proudfoot, S.B., (1979). Private gains and public losses: The distributive impact of urban zoning. Policy Sciences. 11. p. 203 226. Landis, J.D., (1992). Do growth controls work? A new assessment. Journal of the American Planning Association. 58 (4). p. 489 508. 7

Bossons, J., (1993). Regulation and the cost of housing, in Miron, J.R. (Ed.), House, Home and Community: Progress in Housing Canadians, 1945 1986. Montreal: McGill-Queens Press. 110 135. Grant text, part of Chapters 9 (pages 211 222, on Healthy Cities ) and 10 (pages 233-242, on Sustainable Cities ) Spier, C. and Stephenson, K. (2002). Does Sprawl Cost Us All? Isolating the Effects of Housing Patterns on Public Water and Sewer Costs. Journal of the American Planning Association. 68 (1). p 56-70 Week 8 ***MID-TERM TEST*** Week 9 NEW URBAN FORMS: SOLUTIONS TO SPRAWL? COMPACT CITIES, SMART GROWTH, TOD, NEW URBANISM Grant textbook, part of Chapter 15, pages 375 385 (Grant, Can Planning Save the Suburbs? and Bourne, The Urban Sprawl Debate) Grant textbook, part of Chapter 14, pages 350-355 (Gabor and Lewinberg, New Urbanism: New Zoning) Grant textbook, part of Chapter 8, pages 185 199, (from Grant, In Search of Good Design, through to McDonald, McKenzie Towne) Duany, A., Plater-Zyberk, E., and Speck, J. (2000). Chapters 1 and 2, in Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream. New York: North Point Press. p.. 3 37 Southworth, M., (1997). Walkable suburbs? An evaluation of neo-traditional communities at the urban edge. Journal of the American Planning Association. 63 (1). p. 18 44 Gordon, P, and Richardson, H., (1997). Are compact cities a desirable planning goal? and the response by Ewing, R., Is Los Angeles style sprawl desirable? Journal of the American Planning Association. 63 (1). p. 95-126 Jabareen, Y. R. (2006). Sustainable Urban Forms: Their Typologies, Models and Concepts. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 26 (1). p. 38 52 Lund, H. (2003) Testing the claims of new urbanism: Local access, pedestrian travel, and neighbouring behaviours. Journal of the American Planning Association. 69 (4). 414 429. Ellis, C. (2002) The new urbanism: Critiques and rebuttals. Journal of Urban Design. 7 (3). 261 291. Talen, E. (1999) Sense of community and neighbourhood form: An assessment of the social doctrine of new urbanism. Urban Studies. 36 (8). 1361 Skaburskis, A. (2006). New Urbanism and Sprawl: A Toronto Case Study. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 25 (3): 233-248 Abbott, C. (2002) Planning a Sustainable City: The Promise and Performance of Portland's Urban Growth Boundary. In Squires, G.D. (Ed.) Urban sprawl : Causes, Consequences, & Policy Responses. Washington, D.C. : Urban Institute Press. 207-236 8

Week 10 PLANNING FOR THE POOR: SOCIAL HOUSING AND SOCIAL PLANNING, PUBLIC FACILTY LOCATION Sewell, J. (1994) Chapter 8: Public Housing, and Chapter 9: Social Housing, in Houses and Homes: Housing for Canadians, Toronto: Lorimer. p. 132-189 Dear, M. (1982) Planning for Mental Health Care: A Reconsideration of Public Facility Location Theory. in Bourne, L. (Ed.), Internal Structure of the City (2nd ed.) New York: Oxford University Press, 150 162. Hulchanski, J.D. (1990). Planning New Neighbourhoods: Lessons from Toronto s St Lawrence Neighbourhood, Vancouver: University of British Columbia. Hulchanski, D., Eberle, M., Lytton, M., and Olds, K. (1990) The Municipal Role in the Supply and Maintenance of Low Cost Housing: A Review of Canadian Initiatives. Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia. DeVerteuil, G. (2003). Homeless mobility, institutional settings, and the new poverty management. Environment and Planning A. 35 (2): 361 379. Regent Park Collaborative Team and GHK International (2002) Regent Park revitalization study. Commissioned by the Toronto Community Housing Corporation (TCHC). Week 11 REGIONAL PLANNING THE PLANNING OF METROPOLITAN TORONTO Frisken, F. (2001). The Toronto story: Sober reflections on fifty years of experiments with regional governance. Journal of Urban Affairs. 23 (5). p. 513 542 Hodge, G. and Robinson, I., (2001). Part 3: Planning and Governing Practice in Urban-Based Regions, in Planning Canadian Regions. Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 231 270 Metropolitan Toronto. (1959) General Concept of the Plan, from Official Plan of the Metropolitan Toronto Planning Area. Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto. McGovern, P., (1998). San Francisco Bay area edge cities: new roles for planners and the General Plan. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 17. p. 246 258 Sewell, J. (2009) Chapters 10 and 11, in The Shape of the Suburbs: Understanding Toronto s Sprawl. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. White, R. (2003) Urban Infrastructure and Growth in the Toronto Region. Toronto: The Neptis Foundation. 9

Week 12 THEORIES OF PLANNING Friedmann, J. (1987). Chapter 2: Two Centuries of Planning Theory, in Planning in the Public Domain. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 51-86 Harvey, D., (1996). On Planning the Ideology of Planning, in Campbell, S. and Fainstein, S. (Eds.) Readings in Planning Theory. Cambridge, M.A.: Blackwell. p. 176 197 Chapter 3 in the Grant textbook, pages 55 62 (M. Dear and G. Laws, The Social Theory of Planning) Alexander, E.R., (1992). A transaction cost theory of planning. Journal of the American Planning Association. 58 (2) p. 190 200 Boyer, M. C. (1983). Chapter 4: The Rise of the Planning Mentality, in Dreaming the Rational City: The Myth of American City Planning. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 59 82 (for further reading, p. 9 58) Foglesong, R.E., (1996, org. 1986). Planning the capitalist city, in Campbell, S. and Fainstein, S. (Eds.) Readings in Planning Theory. Cambridge, M.A.: Blackwell. p. 169 175 Sandercock, L. (1998). Chapter 4: The Difference that Theory Makes, and Chapter 7: Towards Cosmopolis, in Towards Cosmopolis: Planning for Multicultural Cities. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 85 106, and 163-200 Forester, J. (1989) Planning in the Face of Power. Los Angeles: University of California Press, c1989 Flyvbjerg, B. (1998) Rationality and Power: Democracy in Practice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sandercock, L. (2003) Chapter 9: City Songlines: A Planning Imagination for the 21 st Century, in Cosmopolis II: Mongrel Cities in the 21 st Century. New York: Continuum 10