IOSR Journl of Agriculture nd Veterinry Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-issn: 219-28, p-issn: 219-272. Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jn. 216), PP 6-16 www.iosrjournls.org Yield Response of Tomto under Different Comintion of Mnures nd Fertilizers Biprds Adhikry 1, Prosnt Kumr Dsh 2, Kumr Sji nd Md. Adul Mnnn 4 1 (MS Student, AgrotechnologyDiscipline,Khuln University, Khulln-928, Bngldesh) 2 (Assistnt Professor, Agrotechnology Discipline, Khuln University, Khuln-928, Bngldesh) (MS Student, AgrotechnologyDiscipline,Khuln University, Khulln-928, Bngldesh) 4 (Professor, Agrotechnology Discipline, Khuln University, Khuln-928, Bngldesh) Astrct: An experiment wscrriedouton yield response of tomto (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill.) under different comintion of mnures nd fertilizers t Hogldng villge under the Btightupzil of Khuln district during Novemer, 21 to Mrch, 214. Theexperiment ws set up in Rndomized CompleteBlock Design(RCBD) with threereplictions.theexperimentconsistedof seventretments.thetretmentswere T 1 = Recommended doses of NPK (Ure @ 5 kg h -1, TSP @ 25 kg h -1, MoP kg h -1, respectively), T 2 = cowdung @1 t h -1, T = vermicompost @ 1 t h -1, T 4 = Trichoderm compost @1 t h -1, T 5 = 5 % cowdung + 5 % recommended doses of fertilizer, T 6 = 5 % vermicompost + 5 % recommended doses of fertilizer nd T 7 = 5 % Trichoderm compost + 5 % recommended doses of fertilizer. The response on growth nd physiomorphologicl chrcteristics, yieldttriutesndyield of tomtowerepositivelyndsignificntlyinfluencedytheppliction ofvermicompostwithrecommended dose ofnpk nd lso Trichoderm compost with the recommended dose of NPK.Inmostcses T 6 ( 5 % vermicompost + 5 % recommended doses of fertilizer) tretmentperformed etter.however,themximumyield of tomto(78.2t h -1 )ws otinedfromthe tretmentreceiving5 % vermicompost + 5 % recommended doses of fertilizer nd the lowest yield of tomto (42.6 t h -1 ) ws otined from tretment T 2 (cowdung @1 t h -1 ). The highest enefit cost rtio (BCR) of tomto (.15) ws otined from ppliction of 5 % vermicompost + 5% recommended doses of fertilizer due to higher yield nd mrket vlue. So, 5 % vermicompost + 5% recommended doses of fertilizer tretment (T 6 ) ws proved more profitle nd sustinle for cultivtion of tomto otining etter yield. Key words: Morphologicl, Cowdung, Vermicompost, Tricoderm compost, Tomto I. Introduction Tomto (LycopersicumesculentumMill.), memer of the fmily Solncee, is the most populr vegetle in the world for its tste, colour nd high nutritive vlue nd lso for its diversified use (Bose nd Som, 1986). Tomto is one of the importnt vegetle crops grown throughout the world nd rnks next to potto in terms of the re ut rnks first s processing crop(mehdizdehet l., 21). In Bngldesh tomto is minly cultivted in winter seson, lthough some recommended summer vriety re cultivted during summer seson. Populrity of tomto is incresing dy y dy due to its flvor, food nd medicinl vlue. It is widely using in cnnery nd mde into soups, conserves, pickles, ketchup, suces, juices etc. In Bngldesh, tomto is growing in out 1,66 h of lnd with the totl production of 74, metr ic tons (BBS, 212). So, this reserch is designed to identify the wy of improving yield cpcity of tomto rrnged with cowdung, vermicompost, Trichoderm compost nd NPK fertilizer. Cowdung is highly fmilir mnure nd used in our griculturl spect. Vermicompost nd Trichoderm compost re not much fmilir, ut use of these two re incresing dy y dy ecuse of higher nutrient content s lternte of inorgnic fertilizer. Vermicompost nd Trichoderm compost re highly using worldwide s source of orgnic mnure. Agoodgriculturlsoilshould hveround5%orgnicmtterutin Bngldesh,thesoilsofmostregionshve1.5-2%,some soilsevenhvelessthn1%orgnicmtter(fertilizer Recommendtion Guide,212). Orgnicmnuresuchscowdung,Trichoder m compost ndvermicomposimprovetexture,structure,color,wter holdingcpcity,microilctivity,nionnd ctionexchngecpcity,orgnicmtterndcron-contentofsoilnd, itlsopromotesthevegettive growth,flowering,fruitset,yieldndqulityoftomtoinwyssimilrtoinorgnicfertilizers(tonfcketl.,29). Mnure nd iofertilizers prepred from niml nd plnt origin re most commonly used for sustinle production (Premsekhr nd Rjshree, 29) due to their eneficil effects on nutrient uptke nd retention, pest control nd productivity (Brrios-Msiset l., 211). Among such preprtions, vermicompost hs een recognized s hving considerle potentil for soil mendments (Wei et l., 212). DOI: 1.979/28-911616 www.iosrjournls.org 6 Pge
Yield Response of Tomto under Different Comintion of Mnures nd Fertilizers Cowdung is the most chep nd ville qulified mnure. The use of ville nd chep cowdung cn ensure sustinility of production nd lnced nutrition. The long term use of cow dung incresed ggregte stility, mcro pores nd lowered ulk density (Olyink et l., 26). A gret prt of the enefit of niml mnure lies in slow minerliztion nd the ddition of orgnic mtter to the soil which offers definite dvntge over inorgnic fertilizers (Lkshmikthn, 198). Vermicompost is finely divided mnure pet like mteril with high porosity, ertion, dringe nd wter holding cpcity nd microil ctivity nd is stilized y interction etween erthworms nd micro - orgnisms in nonthermophilic process (Edwrds nd Burrows, 1988). Vermicompost contins high proportion of humic sustnces (humic cids, fulvic cids nd humin) which provide numerous sites for chemicl rection; microil components known to enhnce plnt growth nd disese suppression through the ctivities of cteri (Bcillus), yest (Sporoolomyces nd Cryptococcus) nd fungi (Trichoderm), s well s chemicl ntgonists such s phenols nd mino cids (Theunissenet l., 21). With the process of conversion of vrious orgnic wstes y erthworms, mny of the nutrients re chnged to their ville forms in order to mke them esily utilizle y plnts. Efficient use of Trichoderm-enriched iofertilizer my increse yield, reduce the uses of N fertilizers, reduce soil orne pthogens nd improve soil helth. Trichoderm compost is used to produce qulity tomto seedlings, cple of withstnding dverse iotic nd iotic stresses fter trnsplnting nd improve minerl nutrient uptke, inspire producers to consider comined pre sowing inocultion of seedling with Trichoderm hrzinum. The yield of tomto is not stisfctory in Bngldesh. Severl fctors such s deficiency of soil nutrients, culturl fctors, spcing etc., re considered s the mjor constrints to successful tomto production. The frmer of our country use excess mount of inorgnic fertilizer to gin etter yield without considering dverse effect of it. High ppliction of chemicl fertilizers hs negtive effects on physicl, chemicl nd iologicl properties of soil nd my cuse soil erosion (Dvrinejdet l., 24). Now--dys there is more ttention to replce chemicl fertilizers with iologicl fertilizers (Kder et l., 22). Excessive use of inorgnic fertilizers cretes environment relted prolems nd sitution cn e improved through the use of io - fertilizer (Sdtni nd Rihi, 29). One of the possile options to reduce the use of chemicl fertilizers could e recycling of orgnic wstes. Compost s the orgnic wste cn e vlule nd inexpensive fertilizer nd source of plnt nutrients. Orgnic wste hve Positive effects on soil structure, ggregte stility nd wterholding cpcity (Odlreetl., 28). There re mny prolems in griculture of Bngldesh mong these degrdtion of soil helth is one of the mjor prolems. This prolem cretes due to higher use of grochemicls such s fertilizers, pesticides, hericides etc. in crops fields s well s for intensive cropping to produce more foods for the fst nd vst growing popultions without considering the negtive impct of chemicls on soil. It is hypothesis tht orgnic griculturl prctices might e potentil lterntive to mitigte the soil helth degrdtion prolem nd my e gve higher yield nd BCR. However, concept of orgnic frming is very preliminry in Bngldesh. This prctice mintins crops yield t optimum level y ssuring soil helth. From the ove discussion it is reveled tht cowdung, vermicompost nd Trichoderm compost re highly eneficil with vrious properties influencing soil fertility, growth nd yield of products. So this reserch ws conducted with following ojective: - To ssess the effect of different comintion of mnures nd fertilizers on growth nd yield of tomto II. Mterils nd Methods 2.1 Plnt mteril nd growth condition The field experiment ws conducted t Hogldng villge under the Btightupzil of Khuln district during Novemer, 21 to Mrch, 214. Climte wssu-tropiclwhich wschrcterizedy hevy rinfll, high humidity, high temperture nd reltively long dy during the Khrifseson(ApriltoSeptemer)ndscntyrinfll,ssocitedwithmodertely low temperture nd short dy period during the Ri seson (Octoer to Mrch). Plentyofsunshinendmodertelylowtempertureissuitlefor growingtomto, which previls during Ri seson in Bngldesh. The soil of experiment re ws medium high in topogrphy nd cly lom to sndy lom in texture elonging to the Gnges Tidl Floodplin Trct under the Agro Ecologicl Zone-1 (FAO, 1988).The tomto cultivr used in the experiment ws Surksh, which ws high yielding determinte nd cteril wilt resistnt vriety ("Nmdhrimlik Compny", Indi). Vermicompost ws collected from Plnt Breeding nd Biotechnology lortory under Agrotechnology discipline, Khuln University, Khuln. Trichoderm compost ws collected from GrmeenKrishokSohykSngsth (GKSS), Gtli, Bogr.Tomto seedlings were rised on one seeded with specil cre (Hogldng, Khuln). Twenty five dys old helthy nd uniform size seedlings were trnsplnted in the experimentl plots on 6 Decemer, 21. In totl, there were 21 unit plots in the experiment. The unit plot ws 2.4 m 1.6 m in size. Thus ech unit plot rrnged with 16 plnts where plnt to DOI: 1.979/28-911616 www.iosrjournls.org 7 Pge
Yield Response of Tomto under Different Comintion of Mnures nd Fertilizers plnt nd row to row distnce were 4 cm nd 6 cm, respectively. Furrow irrigtion methods ws followed for irrigtion of tomto crops. Chemicl nlysis of soil smple ws done fter fertiliztion nd fter hrvesting (SRDI, Dultpur, Khuln). Different interculturl ws done such s gp filling, stking, weeding, nd crop protection (Mlthion 57 EC @ 2 ml litre -1, Dithne M-45@ 2g litre -1, Furdn5G,Sundomil 72 WP ws used) etc. Hrvesting ws strted from 1 th Mrch nd completed y 9 th April. Fruits were hrvested t four dys intervl during erly ripe stge when they ttinedred color. During hrvesting mrketle nd unmrketle fruits were divided. 2.2 Tretments nd design The single fctor experiment ws lid out in the Rndomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replictions which consisted of seven tretments such s T 1 = Recommended doses of NPK (Ure 5 kg h -1, TSP 25 kg h -1, MoP kg h -1, respectively.),t 2 = Cowdung @1 t h -1,T = Vermicompost @ 1 t h -1, T 4 = Trichoderm compost @1 t h -1, T 5 = 5 % Cowdung + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, T 6 = 5 % Vermicompost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, T 7 = 5 % Trichoderm compost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer. 2. Dt collection Ten plnts were selected rndomly from ech unit plot for dt collection. Dt were recorded from smple plnts during the period of the experiment. 2..1 Plnt height Plnt height ws mesured from the smple plnts in centimeter from the ground level to the tip of the longest stem nd men vlue ws clculted. Plnt height ws recorded from 1 dys of plnting up to 7 dys to oserve the growth rte of plnts. Men vlue of the ten selected plnts were clculted for ech unit plot s expressed in centimeter (cm). 2..2 Plnt spred Plnt spred ws mesured from the smple plnts in centimeter from the tip of the longest lef one side to nother nd men vlue ws clculted. Plnt spred ws recorded from 1 dys of plnting up to 7 dys to oserve the spred rte ofplnts t 1, 2,, 4, 5, 6, 7 Dys fter Trnsplnting () nd men vlue ws clculted for ech unit plot nd expressed in centimeter (cm). 2.. Numer of leves plnt -1 The totl numer of leves plnt -1 ws counted from 1 smple plnts from 2 dys of plnting up to 8 dys to oserve lef no. ofplnts. Men vlue of the ten selected plnts were clculted for ech unit plot s expressed in centimeter (cm). 2..4 Dys to first flowering Dte of first flowering for ech tretment ws recorded during pre-flowering seson nd the numer of dys required for first flowering ws clculted. 2..5 Numer of flower clusters plnt -1 The numer of flower clusters ws counted from the smple plnts periodiclly during flowering seson, nd verge numer of flower clusters plnt -1 ws recorded. 2..6 Numer of flowers cluster -1 The numer of flowers cluster -1 ws clculted s follows: Numer flowers cluster -1 = Totl numer of flowers from ten plnts Totl numer of flower cluster from ten plnts 2..7 Numer of fruit clusters plnt -1 The numer of fruit clusters ws recorded from the ten smple plnts, nd the verge numer of fruit clusters produced plnt -1 ws recorded. 2..8 Numer of fruits cluster -1 The numer of fruits cluster -1 ws clculted s follows: Numer of fruits cluster -1 = Totl numer of fruits from ten plnts Totl numer of fruit cluster from ten plnt DOI: 1.979/28-911616 www.iosrjournls.org 8 Pge
Yield Response of Tomto under Different Comintion of Mnures nd Fertilizers 2..9 Numer of fruits plnt -1 The numer of fruits plnt -1 ws recorded from the ten smple plnts nd the verge numer of fruits produced per plnt ws recorded. 2..1 Fruit length The length of fruit ws mesured with slide clipers from the neck of the fruit to ottom of selected mrketle fruits from ech plot nd their verge ws clculted in centimeter (cm). 2..11 Fruit dimeter Dimeter of fruit ws mesured t the middle portion of selected mrketle fruits from ech plot with slide clipers nd their verge ws clculted in centimeter (cm). 2..12 Weight of individul fruit The weight of fruit ws mesured with n electric weighing mchine of selected mrketle fruits from ech plot nd their verge ws clculted in grm (g). 2..1 Weight of fruits plnt -1 It ws recorded from the weight of fruits otined from the selected plnts nd their verge ws clculted in kilogrm (kg). 2..14 Fruit yield plot -1 Totl weight of fruits from five hrvests of smple plnts ws mesured. A pn scle lnce ws used to tke the weight of fruits plot -1. It ws mesured y totling of fruit yield from ech unit plot seprtely during the period from first to finl hrvest nd ws recorded in kilogrm (kg). 2..15 Fruit yield hectre -1 It ws mesured y the following formul: Fruit yield (t hectre -1 ) = Fruit yield plot 1(kg ) 1 Are of plot in squre meter (m2 ) 1 2.4 Benefit cost rtio of tomto To find out the BCR the following formul ws used: Benefit cost rtio (BCR)= Gross return Totl cost of production 2.5 Sttisticl nlysis Recorded dt were nlyzed sttisticlly with the help of computer pckge progrm MSTAT -C nd the men differences were djusted with Duncn s New Multiple Rnge Test t 1% nd 5 % level of proility (Gomez nd Gomez, 1984). III. Results nd Discussion.1 Plnt height Plntheightwsrecordedtdifferentdysftertrnsplnting(). Amrkedvrition inplntheightwsoserved duetotheinfluence ofdifferent orgnicmnuresnd fertilizers.sttisticlly the resultwshighlysignificnttdifferent. Themximumheight(88.4 cm)t 7 wsfoundin theplntsgrownundert6tretment which ws sttisticlly identicl with T 7 (85.87 cm), T 5 (8.1 cm) nd T 1 (8.5 cm) tretments,while theshortestplnt(78.57cm)wsoservedintheplntstreted with T4 tretmentwhich ws sttisticlly identicl with T 2 (78.87 cm) tretment (Tle 1). Plnt height is one of the importnt growth contriuting chrcters for tomto highly relted with yield condition. From the result it cn e concluded tht comined tretment of inorgnic fertilizer nd orgnic mnure gve etter result thn whole NPK or whole mnure. But whole vermicompost @ 1 th -1 lso gve significnt result. Njr nd Khn (21) found highest shoot length (76 cm) with ppliction of vermicompost @ 6 th -1. Aduliet l. (21) oserved the highest plnt height with vermicompost: soil (1:1) rtio. Rodge nd Ydlod (29) ndsenptiet l. (27) found significnt plnt height from the tretment comintion (5% recommended dose of fertilizer + 5% vermicompost). Singh et l. (21) recorded higher plnt height of tomto from tretment comintion T 4 (5% NPK + 5% vermicompost) thn control T 1 (1% NPK) or T 4 (1% vermicompost) tretment. Vermicompost hd significnt effect on plnt height s reported y different uthors. Vermicompost nd inorgnic fertilizer comintion gve higher plnt height. It is ecuse vermicompost is reservoir of mny nutrients nd it fcilittes plnt growth. It lso cret es good soil DOI: 1.979/28-911616 www.iosrjournls.org 9 Pge
Yield Response of Tomto under Different Comintion of Mnures nd Fertilizers environment nd helps to grow plnt vigorously. In cse of whole mnure tretment minerliztion is slow process ut in comined condition improved minerliztion is found. It is ecuse of rpid conversion of inorgnic fertilizer into ville form of nutrients to plnts. As result plnt height incresed dy y dy significntly t this tretment comintion..2 Plnt spred Plntspredwsrecordedtdifferentdysftertrnsplnting(). Asignificnt vrition inplntspredwsoserved duetotheinfluence ofdifferent comintion of orgnic mnuresnd fertilizer tdifferent. The mximum spred (16.8 cm) t 7 ws found in the plnts grown under T 6 tretment which ws sttisticlly identicl with T 7 (1.8) tretment, while the lowest plnt spred (88.1 cm) ws oserved in the plnts treted with T 4 tretment which ws sttisticlly identicl with T 1 (9.5 cm), T 2 (89.47 cm) nd T (89.1 cm) tretments (Tle 1). Plnt spred increses due to progress of time. It is ecuse vermicompost nd recommended doses of fertilizers cretes helthy nd optimum condition on the soil. As result, plnt spred incresed vigorously in the open ir. According to Islm (211) higher tomto plnt spred ws found from vermicompost nd Trichoderm compost with NPK fertilizer thn NPK. Tretm Plnt height (cm) Plnt spred (cm) ents 1 2 DA 4 5 DA 6 7 1 DA 2 4 5 6 7 T T T T 1 2.7 29. 4.2 7 54.2 65.6 7 76.7 8.5 21.9 1.7 45.47 58.6 c 71.67 81.1 9.5 T 2 24.62 29.4 8.9 52.2 61.2 68.1 c 78.87 19.9 29. 42.7 54.67 c 67.4 c 76.8 89.47 T 24.1 29.47 8.4 52.6 62.7 72.9 c 81.7 21.. 45. 56.9 c 69.5 c 79.7 89.1 T 4 24..5 41.4 7 51.7 61. 7 68. c 78.57 21. 7 2. 4.47 56.27 c 69.1 c 78.47 88.1 T 5 2.67 28.87 8. 52.1 62.2 7 74.7 8.1 21. 2.4 7 45.6 6.6 c 71.9 82.27 9. T 6 25.5 2.7 4.2 56.8 66.4 79.47 88.4 21.9 4.7 47.8 64. 79. 95.87 16.8 T 7 24.17 29.7 4. 7 5.7 6.6 7 78.4 85.87 2.8 4.6 7 5.1 6.4 75.1 91.67 1.8 Level ** * ** ** * ** ** ns ns * ** ** ** ** of signific nce CV (%).49 5.21 4.6.1 4.28.27.77 6.2 11.8 7 6.91 5.5.69.17 5.8 Tle 1. Effect of different comintions of mnures nd fertilizers on plnt height nd plnt s pred of tomto t different dys fter trns plnting T 1 = Recommended doses of NPK (Ure @ 5 kg h -1, TSP @ 25 kg h -1, MoP @ kg h -1 ) T 2 = Cowdung @1 t h -1, T = Vermicompost @ 1 t h -1 T 4 =Trichoderm compost @1 t h -1, T 5 = 5 % Cowdung + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer T 6 =5 % Vermicompost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, T 7 =5 % Trichoderm compost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer ** Significnt t 1 % level of proility *Significnt t 5 % level of proility ns Non significnt, Different letters indicte significnt vrition mong tretments ss per DMRT. Numer of leves plnt -1 Numer of leves plnt -1 wsrecordedtdifferentdysftertrnsplnting().up to 4, there ws no significnt vrition, ut t 6 nd 8 noticele vrition hd een oserved. Themximumnumer of leves plnt -1 (116.2)t 8 wsfoundin theplntsgrownundert6tretment which ws sttisticlly identicl to T 7 (112.7) nd T 5 (11.12) tretments,while the lowest numer of leves plnt -1 (97.7)wsoservedintheplntstreted with T2 tretmentwhich ws sttisticlly identicl to T 1 nd T 2 tretments (Tle 2).Orgnic mnure minly vermicompost cretes good soil environment. It fcilitted proper vegettive growth of tomto plnts. On the other hnd, plnt sored more sunlight nd produced more food for plnt growth, tht s why the leves plnt -1 incresed dy y dy. Joshi nd Vig (21) found higher no. of leves from % vermicompost nd soil mixture. DOI: 1.979/28-911616 www.iosrjournls.org 1 Pge
Yield Response of Tomto under Different Comintion of Mnures nd Fertilizers.4 Dys to 1 st flowering Dys required to 1 st flowering of tomto vried significntly due to the ppliction of different levels of orgnic mnures nd fertilizers. Erlier flowering (28.67 dys) ws found in cse of T tretment which ws sttisticlly similr to T 6 (29.67) nd T 4 (.) tretments, on the other hnd, T 1 tretment produced flowers lter thn tht ll other tretments (2. dys) though it ws sttisticlly similr to T 5 (1.67) nd T 7 (1.) tretments (Tle 2).Vermicompost helps to initite flowering erlier nd ws more effective thn other tretments. This might e due to vermicompost undergoes minerliztion nd releses dequte quntities of N, P, K nd s mller mount of micronutrients thn other orgnic sources nd helps to vigorous plnt growth nd flowering. Prodhnet l. (214) nd Nizmet l. (214) oth found erlier flowering with vermicompost @ 5 th -1 nd vermicompost @ 1 th -1 with different spcing, respectively thn other mnure sed tretments.5 Numer of flower clusters plnt -1 Numer of flower clusters plnt -1 showed significnt vrition due to the ppliction of different orgnic sources of nutrients. The highest numer of flower cluster (14.4) ws oserved in T tretment which ws sttisticlly identicl with T 6 tretment (14.) nd the lowest numer of flower cluster (12.27) ws found from T 4 tretment which ws sttisticlly identicl with T 2 tretment (12.57) nd T 7 tretment (12.5) (Tle 2). Vermicompost incresed the numer of flower clusters plnt -1 thn other tretments. This mighteoccured ecuseof vermicompostctssnutritive orgnicfertilizer richinnpknd micronutrients,eneficil soilmicroeslikenitrogen-fixingcterindmycorrhizlfungi whichpromotesthegrowthnd floweringof plnt. This resultisingreementwiththe findingsofnizmet l. (214) nd Prodhnet l. (214) where they reported tht, vermicompoststimultes flowering, incresing the numer nd iomss of theflowers producedin tomto..6 Numer of flowers cluster -1 Numer of flowers cluster -1 showed significnt vrition due to the ppliction of different orgnic nd inorgnic sources of nutrients. Vermicompost incresed the numer of flowers cluster -1 thn other tretments. The highest numer of flowers cluster -1 (7.41) ws oserved from T 6 tretment which ws sttisticlly identicl to T tretment (7.4) nd the lowest numer of flowers cluster -1 (6.) ws found from T 4 tretment which ws sttisticlly identicl to T 1 tretment (Tle 2). Findings of Nizmet l. (214) lso otined higher numer of flower cluster -1 with vermicompost nd recommended doses of fertilizer. Numer of flowers cluster -1 incresed in vermicompost nd recommended doses of fertilizers. It is due to vermicompost undergoes minerliztion nd return dequte quntities of mcro nd micro nutrients thn other sources nd helps to vigorous plnt growth nd increses flower numer..7 Numer of fruit clusters plnt -1 No significnt vrition ws found in respect of numers of fruits cluster -1 due to the ppliction of different orgnic nd inorgnic source of nutrients. The highest numer of fruits cluster -1 (9.7) ws recorded from T 6 tretment while the lowest numer (8.4) derived from T 2 tretment (Tle ). Vermicompost helps in vegettive growth nd could e ttriuted to physiologicl chnges within the plnt nd trnsloction of sugr t development of the flowering nd fruiting stges. Nizmet l. (214) reported tht higher numer of fruit cluster plnt -1 ws oserved in vermicompost @ 1 t h -1 tretment compring with other orgnic sources (cowdung, lef rottern compost)..8 Numer of fruits cluster -1 Thenumeroffruitscluster -1 oftomto ws not significntduetotheppli ctionof d if fe re nt orgnic mnure nd inorgnic fertilizer. The highest numer of fruits cluster -1 (4.6) ws found in cse of tretment T 6 while the lowest numer ws otined from T 2 tretment (.62) (Tle ). Vermicompost fcilitted proper vegettive growth of tomto plnt nd could e ttriuted to physiologicl chnges within the plnt nd helped to develop numer of fruit cluster -1..9 Numer of fruits plnt -1 Numer of fruits plnt -1 of tomto showed significnt differences for the ppliction of orgnic mnure nd inorgnic fertilizers. The highest numer of fruits plnt -1 ws recorded from T 6 tretment (7.61) followed y T 7 tretment (.49) nd T 5 tretment (.15), respectively. On the other hnd, the lowest numer (27.) ws oserved from T 4 tretment (Tle ). This result is in greement with the findings of (Nizmet l. 214, Prodhnet l. 214) where they reported tht, vermicompost produces the higher numer of fruits plnt -1 thn other mnure. Chnd et l. (21) suggested higher numer of fruits plnt -1 from vermicompost supplemented with NPK treted plots. Rodge nd Ydlod (29) found higher numer of fruits plnt -1 from the tretment comintion 5% RDF (Recommended dose of fertilizer) nd 5% vermicompost. Vermicompost nd other DOI: 1.979/28-911616 www.iosrjournls.org 11 Pge
Yield Response of Tomto under Different Comintion of Mnures nd Fertilizers recommended doses of fertilizers helps to proper growth of plnts. It lso supports to physiologicl chnges within the plnt. As result, numer of fruits plnt -1 incresed in this comintion. Trichoderm with NPK lso gve good results. Here it should e concluded tht higher numer of fruit cuses the fruit size in comined tretment ws lower thn whole orgnic tretment..1 Weight of individul fruit Significnt vrition ws oserved in respect of weight of individul fruit. The highest weight of individul fruit (75.14 g) ws found from T 6 tretment followed y T5 nd T 1 (7.6 g nd 7.4 g) tretments, respectively. The lowest weight (7.97 g) ws oserved in T 7 tretment (Tle ). Prodhnet l (214) found higher individul fruit weight of tomto in cse of vermicompost @ 5 th -1 (5.14 g) compring with cowdung @ 1 th -1 (45.25 g) nd lef rotten compost @ 1 th -1 (46.2 g). Vermicompost nd recommended dose of fertilizers cretes helthy environment in soil. So plnt grows vigorously in tht environment. Finlly, these vigorous plnt produced lrger fruit. As result, individul fruit weight increses t tht comintions..11 Length of fruit Applictionofdifferent comintion oforgnicmnure nd inorgnic fertilizersshowed significntvritiononlengthoffruitoftomto.thehighestlengthoffruit(4.84cm)wsrecordedfro m T 6 tretmentwhich ws sttisticlly identicl with ll other tretments except T 1 tretment hving lowest length of fruit (4.6 cm) (Tle ). Optimum doses of orgnic mnure nmely vermicompost nd other NPK fertilizers fcilittes proper growth of the fruit to plnt nd could e ttriuted to physiologicl chnges within the plnt nd helps to increse fruit length. Higher length of fruit in cse of T6 tretment gve unique shpe to ttin consumer ppel..12 Dimeter of fruit Dimeteroftomto fruit vried significntly due to the ppliction of different sources of orgnic nd inorgnic fertilizer.thehighestdimeteroffruit(5.cm)wsrecordedfromt 5 tretment whichwssttisticllysimilrtoll other tretments except T 6 (4.29 cm) tretment (Tle ). In cse of T 5 tretment there ws comprtively lower no. of fruits tht gve more spce to grow up tht s why fruit dimeter ws found higher. In cse of T6, tretment fruit numer ws highest which gve elongted shped fruit with comprtively lower dimeter thn other tretments. Tle 2. Effect of different comintions of mnures nd fertilizers on leves numer nd flower chrcters of tomto Tretments Numer of leves plnt -1 Flower chrcters 2 4 6 8 Dys to 1 st flowering No. flower cluster plnt -1 DOI: 1.979/28-911616 www.iosrjournls.org 12 Pge of No.of flower cluster -1 T 1 7.86 14.5 55.1 c 12. cd 2. 1.67 6.8 c T 2 7.26 1.8 5.6 c 97.7 d.67 12.57 6.89 T 8.6 14.1 57. c 14.5 cd 28.67 14.4 7.4 T 4 8.14 14.1 54. c 11.2 cd. 12.27 6. T 5 7.54 14.2 58.7 c 11.4 c 1.67 1.8 6.7 T 6 7.6 14.2 6. 116.2 29.67 14. 7.41 T 7 8. 14.2 61.5 112.7 1. 12.9 6.57 Level of ns ns ** ** ** ** ** significnce CV (%) 7.51.7 4.9.4 5.67 5.55 6.24 T 1 = Recommended doses of NPK (Ure @ 5 kg h -1, TSP @ 25 kg h -1, MoP @ kg h -1 ) T 2 = Cowdung @1 t h -1, T = Vermicompost @ 1 t h -1 T 4 =Trichoderm compost @1 t h -1, T 5 = 5 % Cowdung + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer T 6 =5 % Vermicompost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, T 7 =5 % Trichoderm compost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer ** Significnt t 1 % level of proility * Significnt t 5 % level of proility ns- Non significnt, Different letters indicte significnt vrition mong tretments ss per DMRT.1Fruit weight plnt -1 There ws significnt vrition in weight of fruits plnt -1 in respect of different orgnic mnures nd fertilizers. The highest weight of fruit yield plnt -1 (2.55 kg) ws oserved from T 6 tretment which ws sttisticlly identicl with T 7 (2. kg), T 5 (2.2 kg), T 1 (2.7 kg) tretments nd the lowest fruit weight plnt -1 (1.2 kg) ws found from T 2 tretment which ws sttisticlly identicl with T 4 (1.2 kg) nd T (1.92)
Fruit Yield (Kg / Plot) Fruit Weight (Kg/Plnt) Yield Response of Tomto under Different Comintion of Mnures nd Fertilizers tretments (Fig. 1). Vermicompost enriched tretment showed higher fruit weight plnt -1 lthough other comined tretment could hve shown good result. This result is in greement with the findings of Singh et l. 21, Njr nd Khn, 21, where they confirmed tht, the incresed yield potentil of veg etles chieved through ppliction of vermicompost. Prodhnet l. (214) found higher fruit weight plnt -1 with vermicompost. Vermicompot undergoes minerliztion nd relese ville plnt nutrients which fcilitted proper plnt growth. As result vigorous plnt produced lrger quntities of fruits. 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 2.7 c 1.2 e 1.92 cd 1.65 d 2.1 c 2.55 2. T1 T2 T T4 T5 T6 T7 Tretments Fig. 1. Fruit weight plnt -1 s influenced y cowdung, vermicompost, Trichoderm compost nd NPK fertilizers. T 1 = Recommended doses of NPK (Ure @ 5 kg h -1, TSP @ 25 kg h -1, MoP @ kg h -1 ) T 2 = Cowdung @1 t h -1, T = Vermicompost @ 1 t h -1, T 4 = Trichoderm compost @1 t h -1 T 5 = 5 % Cowdung + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, T 6 = 5 % Vermicompost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, T 7 = 5 % Trichoderm compost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer,different letters indicte significnt vrition mong tretments ss per DMRT.14Fruit yield plot -1 Orgnic mnures nd inorgnic fertilizers comintion exhiited significnt effects on the yield of fruits plot -1. The mximum yield plot -1 (. kg) ws chieved y the ppliction of 5% vermicompost + 5% of recommended dose of NPK (T 6 ) which ws identicl with T 7 tretment (27. kg), while lowest yield plot -1 (16.27) ws found from T 2 tretment (Fig. 2). Vermicompost nd other recommended doses of fertilizer helps to crete good soil environment nd fcilittes proper plnt growth. Finlly, plnt produced higher numer of fruits in ech plot. 5 25 2 15 1 5. 27. 2.82 c 21. de 2.2 e 22.12 d 16.27 f T1 T2 T T4 T5 T6 T7 Tretments Fig. 2. Fruit yield plot -1 s influenced y cowdung, vermicompost, Trichoderm compost nd NPK fertilizers. T 1 = Recommended doses of NPK (Ure @ 5 kg h -1, TSP @ 25 kg h -1, MoP @ kg h -1 ) T 2 = Cowdung @1 t h -1, T = Vermicompost @ 1 t h -1, T 4 = Trichoderm compost @1 t h -1 T 5 = 5 % Cowdung + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, T 6 = 5 % Vermicompost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, T 7 = 5 % Trichoderm compost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, Different letters indicte significnt vrition mong tretments ss per DMRT DOI: 1.979/28-911616 www.iosrjournls.org 1 Pge
Fruit Yield (ton/hectre) Yield Response of Tomto under Different Comintion of Mnures nd Fertilizers.15Fruit yield hectre -1 Significnt vrition ws recorded on yield hectre -1 due to the different levels of orgnic mnures. The highest yield hectre -1 (78.2 t) ws otined from T 6 tretment which ws followed y (71.18 t) with T 7 tretment, while the lowest yield (42.6 t) from T 2 tretment (Fig.). Prodhnet l (214), found higher fruit yield hectre -1 (58.99 t) from vermicompost @ 5 th -1 compring with compost @ 1 th -1 (5.94 ton). Thisresultis lsoingreementwiththefindingsofrodge nd Ydlod, 29, Singhetl.21,Theunissenet l.21, NjrndKhn21 nd Nizmet l. 214, where they confirmedtht, the incresed fruit yield per hectre chieved from vermicompost tretment. Orgnic mnure minly vermicompost goes minerliztion nd retin ville nutrient for proper plnt growth nd ttriuted to physiologicl chnges within the plnt nd helps to increse the numer of fruits plot -1 nd finlly the totl yield hectre -1 incresed. 8 7 6 5 4 2 1 78.2 71.18 61.91 c 55.55 de 52.69 e 57.29 d 42.6 f T1 T2 T T4 T5 T6 T7 Tretments Fig.. Fruit yield per hectre s influenced y cowdung, vermicompost, Trichoderm compost nd NPK fertilizers. T 1 = Recommended doses of NPK (Ure @ 5 kg h -1, TSP @ 25 kg h -1, MoP @ kg h -1 ) T 2 = Cowdung @1 t h -1, T = Vermicompost @ 1 t h -1, T 4 = Trichoderm compost @1 t h -1 T 5 = 5 % Cowdung + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, T 6 = 5 % Vermicompost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, T 7 = 5 % Trichoderm compost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, Different letters indicte significnt vrition mong tretments ss per DMRT.16Benefit cost rtio The comintion of orgnic mnure nd fertilizer for enefit cost rtio ws different in ll tretment comintions. The highest enefit cost rtio (.15) ws oserved in T 6 tretment followed y T 7 tretment (2.8) nd T 1 tretment (2.79). The lowest enefit cost rtio (1.1) ws otined from T 4 tretment (Fig. 4). Vermicompost with recommended doses of fertilizers (T 6 ) ws focused s more profitle thn ny other tretment giving highest enefit cost rtio (.15) which is not only for higher yield ut lso qulity fruit. Unique shpe, size nd color crried higher mrket vlue thn other tretments. Trichoderm with recommended doses of fertilizers (T 7 ) lso gve etter yield with qulity fruit, ut enefit cost rtio ws lower due to high price of compost. So, it is proved tht positive effect of vermicompost on growth nd yield of tomto esily cn compete with inorgnic fertilizer hving higher enefit cost rtio. DOI: 1.979/28-911616 www.iosrjournls.org 14 Pge
Benefit cost rtio(bcr) Yield Response of Tomto under Different Comintion of Mnures nd Fertilizers 4.5 2.5 2 2.79 2.47 2.1.15 2.8 1.5 1 1.27 c 1.1 c.5 T1 T2 T T4 T5 T6 T7 Tretments Fig. 4. Benefit cost rtio s influenced y cowdung, vermicompost, Trichoderm compost nd NPK fertilizers. T 1 = Recommended doses of NPK (Ure @ 5 kg h -1, TSP @ 25 kg h -1, MoP @ kg h -1 ) T 2 = Cowdung @1 t h -1, T = Vermicompost @ 1 t h -1, T 4 = Trichoderm compost @1 t h -1 T 5 = 5 % Cowdung + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, T 6 = 5 % Vermicompost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, T 7 = 5 % Trichoderm compost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, Different letters indicte significnt vrition mong tretments ss per DMRT Tle. Effect of different comintions of mnures nd fertilizers on fruit chrcters of tomto Tretments Fruit chrcters Numer of Numer of fruit Length of Dimeter of fruit fruit clusters cluster -1 Numer of fruits plnt -1 Weight of individul fruit (cm) (cm) plnt -1 fruit (g) T 1 8.9.76 28.2 c 7.4 4.61 5.5 T 2 8.4.62 27.55 c 72.6 4.61 5.54 T 8.9.75 29. c 7.18 4.629 5.74 T 4 8.64.72 27. c 72.4 4.521 4.987 T 5 9.4.76.5 c 7.6 4.64 5.2 T 6 9.7 4.9 7.61 74.62 4.845 4.295 T 7 9.66.96.49 7.97 c 4.9 5.152 Level of ns ns ** * * ** significnce CV (%) 1.29 12.4 8.75.8 8.5 4.44 T 1 = Recommended doses of NPK (Ure @ 5 kg h -1, TSP @ 25 kg h -1, MoP @ kg h -1 ) T 2 = Cowdung @1 t h -1, T = Vermicompost @ 1 t h -1 T 4 =Trichoderm compost @1 t h -1, T 5 = 5 % Cowdung + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer T 6 =5 % Vermicompost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer, T 7 =5 % Trichoderm compost + 5 % Recommended doses of fertilizer ** Significnt t 1 % level of proility * Significnt t 5 % level of proility ns- Non significnt, Different letters indicte significnt vrition mong tretments ss per DMRT IV. Conclusion The present study reveled tht vermicompost comined with NPK fertilizers incresed the tomto growth nd yield. Bsed on the findings of the experiment, tretment T 6 (5% Vermicompost + 5% recommended dose of NPK) ws most profitle thn rest of the tretment comintions. So vermicompost cn e suggested s orgnic source to minimize inorgnic fertilizer otining higher yield of tomto (Surksh vriety).however, the present reserch work ws crried out t Hogldng villge under the Btightupzil of Khuln district under the Agrotechnology Discipline of Khuln University in one seson only. Further tril of this reserch work in different loctions of the country is needed efore finl recommendtion in pplied level. DOI: 1.979/28-911616 www.iosrjournls.org 15 Pge
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