Review of Residential Fire Sprinkler Systems for One- and Two-Family Dwellings Reprinted with permission from NFPA 13D Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and two-family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, Copyright 2007, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02169. This reprinted material is not the complete and official position of the NFPA on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its entirety. Part 1 - Design and Installation Concepts
2007 Edition used in this program 1975 Edition was the first published Residential fires result in 80% of fire deaths New edition includes information on: Ceiling pockets Sloped ceilings Ceiling Fans Pressure boost pumps 2
Purpose Aid in detection of fires, provide control of fires Reduce level of injuries and deaths due to fire Prevent flashover Improve chances for occupant escape Differs from NFPA-13 System Not a density-area approach Not a suppression mode approach Specific flow criteria established by the listing 3
4 Complete protection recommended Exceptions: [NFPA-13D, 8.6.1-8.6.5] Bathrooms which do not exceed 55 ft 2 area Closets and pantries which do not exceed 24 ft 2 in area, with a least dimension not greater than 36, and are surfaced with non- or limitedcombustible materials Garages, open attached porches, carports Attics, penthouse equipment rooms, elevator machine rooms, concealed spaces, crawl spaces, etc, not used or intended for storage or occupancy
Exceptions: [NFPA-13D, 8.6.6-8.6.7] Covered unheated projections at building entrances or exits, provided they are not the only means of egress from the dwelling unit Ceiling pockets, which meet the following criteria Total ceiling pocket volume is not greater than 100 ft 3 Finish of pockets is non-combustible or limited-combustible Each unprotected pocket is at least 10 from any similar pocket Entire floor under pocket it protected by sprinklers in low ceiling Skylights may have a plastic cover, if they do not exceed 32 ft 2 5
Water Supplies Elevated water storage tank ASME compliant pressure tank with reliable pressure source Stored water source with an automatically operated pump Connection to reliable waterworks system, with or without an automatically operated pump 6
Water Supplies Static pressure no water flowing in system Residual pressure measured quantity of water flowing, pressure measured at same point as static pressure STATIC PRESSURE = 0.433 PSI PER FOOT OF ELEVATION 7
Water Supplies Well, with sufficient Storage capacity Including water in the well, and Water in holding tank if tank supplies sprinkler system Pressure capacity to meet sprinkler system demand as established from hydraulic calculations With or without pressure boost pump Any pump must meet testing requirements 8
Water Supplies Multi-purpose water systems Supplies both domestic water demand, and Residential fire sprinkler system All pipe supplying sprinkler system must be listed Pipe connected to only domestic must meet local plumbing and health codes Warning sign must be added at common shutoff valve Water treatment or filtration systems accounted for in calculations 9
Water Meters Measures water usage Various models, manufacturers Not required to be listed for sprinkler service Main considerations for sprinkler system design: Capacity of meter while maintaining reliability Friction loss at various flows 10
Backflow Preventers Protect potable water from contamination Various types Double check detector assembly Double check valve assemblies Reduced pressure detector assembly Not required to be listed Friction loss must be accounted for 11
Sprinkler Spacing and Location - Original Original criteria was for smooth, flat ceiling spaces only Maximum spacing was for areas no larger than 12 x 12 Criteria established for: Single sprinkler flowing (18 gpm) Multiple sprinklers flowing (13 gpm) Density was equivalent to 0.125 gpm/ft 2 UL and (then) Factory Mutual developed testing standards (UL 1626) 12
Sprinkler Spacing and Location Today! Flat, sloped, beamed ceiling design criteria Maximum spacing 20 x 20 Sidewall sprinkler throw up to 22 Flow criteria normally the same for single/ multiple flows Certain conditions have different flows based on manufacturer s testing Underwriters Laboratories UL 1626 criteria revised 13
Residential Sprinkler Coverage Areas Pendent sprinklers Per manufacturer s listing criteria for spacing and demand in flow and pressure Based on squares of 2-0 increments to 20 x 20 maximum Minimum separation generally 8-0 Minimum distance from walls 4 Distance from ceiling 1 to 4 below 14
Residential Sprinkler Coverage Areas Sidewall sprinklers Minimum separation generally 8-0 Per manufacturer s listing criteria for spacing and demand in flow and pressure Based on squares of 2-0 increments Distance from ceiling 4-6 and 6-12 below 15
Sloped ceiling conditions Possible increased flow & pressure required Possible reduced coverage areas Additional positioning requirements Relative to adjacent sprinklers Relative to peak of slope 16
Ordinary Temperature Sprinklers Rated from 135ºF to 170ºF Maximum ambient temperature 100ºF Intermediate Temperature Sprinklers Rated from 175ºF to 225ºF Maximum ambient temperature 150ºF Temperature rating Thermal Sensitivity 17
Obstructions to discharge - pendents Section 8.2.5 of NFPA-13D Ceiling mounted obstructions Ceiling mounted fans Exposed beams Ceiling elevation changes Soffits and mechanical chase Manufacturer s requirements Reprinted with permission from NFPA 13D Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and two- Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, Copyright 2007, Na tional Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02169. This reprinted material is not the complete and official position of the NFPA on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its entirety. 18
Obstructions to discharge - sidewalls Section 8.2.5 of NFPA-13D Soffits and mechanical chase Ceiling mounted obstructions Exposed beams Ceiling elevation changes Ceiling mounted fans Manufacturer s requirements Reprinted with permission from NFPA 13D Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and two-family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, Copyright 2007, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02169. This reprinted material is not the complete and official position of the NFPA on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its entirety. 19
Pipe Per table 5.2.1.1 Steel or copper Or per 5.2.2 Per section 5.2.2 Other than in table 5.2.1.1 if listed for sprinklers Table 5.2.2 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (CPVC) Polybutylene Pipe (PB), per Table 5.2.2 Reprinted with permission from NFPA 13D Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and two-family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, Copyright 2007, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02169. This reprinted material is not the complete and official position of the NFPA on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its entirety. 20
Fittings Steel Threaded, flanged, welded, grooved, listed Copper Brazed, soldered, wrought or cast, listed CPVC Solvent weld fittings, per manufacturer s listing Reprinted with permission from NFPA 13D Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and two- Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, Copyright 2007, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02169. This reprinted material is not the complete and official position of the NFPA on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its entirety. 21
Cross Linked Polyethylene (PEX) Very flexible tubing Conform to ASTM F876 Special fittings Conform to ASTM F1960 Conform to ASTM F2080 Small diameters Multipurpose systems Pressure rated to 175 psi (5.2.1.2) 130 psi at 120ºF in systems with no FDC (5.2.1.3) MUST BE LISTED FOR SPRINKLER SYSTEMS 22
Multipurpose Piping System Network & Tree Configurations 23 Reprinted with permission from NFPA 13D Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and two- Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, Copyright 2007, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02169. This reprinted material is not the complete and official position of the NFPA on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its entirety.
Hydraulic Calculations GPM and PSI requirements from manufacturer Based on spacing, including ceiling slope and temperature rating modifications Basic equation for sprinklers Q = K x P K-factor = 4.2 x 7.0 psi = 11.11 gpm K-factor = 4.9 x 7.0 psi = 12.96 gpm K-factor = 5.6 x 7.0 psi = 14.81 gpm 24
Flow and Pressure Requirement Examples 25
Hydraulic Calculations domestic demand 5 gpm should be added to the sprinkler system demand if more than one dwelling unit is served by the system Check with local authorities having jurisdiction Not required if: System is dedicated, and serves only sprinklers Provision is made to shut-off domestic demand upon activation of sprinkler system 26
Fixed pressure loss devices Backflow prevention valves Various models and configurations Normally required by water authority Consult manufacturer s data for pressure loss data 27
Fixed pressure loss devices Water meters Various models and configurations Chart in NFPA-13D is an average of available models Consult manufacturer s data for actual pressure loss 28
Hydraulic Calculations NFPA-13 Method when: Looped or Gridded System Municipal supply from main less than 4 Acceptable when supply from stored water Acceptable when pump is part of supply system Simplified NFPA-13D method Tree or Straight Run systems Municipal supply from mains 4 and larger Acceptable when supply is from stored water Acceptable when pump is part of supply system 29
NFPA-13D, Section 8.4.4 Calculations Step 1 Establish system flow rates Step 2 Determine water pressure in the street Step 3 Make initial estimate of pipe sizes Step 4 Deduct pressure loss for meter (if any) Step 5 Deduct loss or gain in pressure due to elevation Step 6 Deduct pressure loss from main to inside control valve 30
NFPA-13D, Section 8.4.4 Calculations Step 7 Deduct pressure loss for piping within the building Step 8 Deduct pressure loss for valves/fittings Step 9 Repeat steps 1-8 for each level in multi-level buildings Step 10 Evaluate remaining pressure Step 11 Size pipe in remaining areas based on the results, unless additional calculations are provided for those areas 31
PROGRAM 501 - CONCLUSION Review of Residential Fire Sprinkler Systems for One- and Two-Family Dwellings Design & Installation Concepts Please continue on to PROGRAM 502 of this series Reviewing the plans and Submittals 32