Aville online t www.pelgireserchlirry.com Pelgi Reserch Lirry Europen Journl of Experimentl Biology, 2014, 4(1):608-612 ISSN: 2248 9215 CODEN (USA): EJEBAU The growth of cmelli in growth medi contining composted orgnic wstes of penut Mndn Asi nd Ali Mohmmdi Torkshvnd* Deprtment of Horticulture, Rsht Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Rsht, Irn ABSTRACT An experiment sed on rndomized completely locks design ws conducted to investigte the impct of penut shelles compost s the growth medium of Cmelli. The different rtios of penut shelles compost (PSC) contining control (without PSC), 20, 40, 60 nd 100% v/v of PSC were used. Five tretments, every tretment t 3 replictes nd 15 plots were used for experiment. The rooted cuttings of Cmelli were plnted nd periodic wtering ws performed 2 times per week. After 5 months, the plnts growth indices were mesured. Results showed tht the increse of PSC in the plnting ed ws led to increse in the growth indices of Cmelli plnt s compred with control. The growth of plnt ws etter t 40% PSC, ut using 100% PSC decresed the growth. Key words: Compost, Ornmentl, Penut, Pot experiment. INTRODUCTION The use of pet s growth medium of ornmentl plnt is doutful due to ecologicl dmges to environmentl nd economic dvntgeous for ornmentl plnts producers. These fctors cused those reserchers think to eds with high qulity nd chep insted of pet [1]. Million tons of different griculture wstes eing produced nnully cross the country tht cn hs role on prepring orgnic mterils ut unfortuntely mjor prt is urned or leved somewhere nd leds to environment pollution [2]. With incresing wreness of environmentl dngerous of wstes, in ddition to need to snitry lndfill or recycle them nd lso in order to decrese useof non-renewle sources like pet, further use of composted iosolids hs een suggested in frming [3,4]. Some studies showed tht the pet cn e replced y orgnic wstes such s municipl wstes, sewge sludge, livestock mnure, pper, wste of pruning nd fungi eds nd other orgnic wste fter composting [5]. Investigtions on Ficus enjmin vriety Strlight in growth medium contins one prt pet nd one olive wste (s volume) showed tht the highest height of plnt hs otined during 10 month growth [6]. Ppfotiou et l. [4] used olive wstes compost s lterntive of pet to cultivte some ornmentl plnts nd suggested tht this compost cn e replced mounted 25%, 75% nd 75% v/v insted of pet for cultivting Ficus enjmin, Cordyline nd Syngonium podophyllum, respectively. Appliction of mnure, wood chips nd pper wstes mixed with volcnic mteril in providing cultivtion ed of Croton (Codieum vriegtum) nd Chrysnthemum showed tht these mterils cn e used s plnting ed [7]. The rk of rod lef nd conifer trees, sewge sludge, swdust, mushroom compost, municipl wstes compost re the mterils tht cn e used s plnting eds [8,9,10]. Penut shelles s remined wstes of cultivting penut hs considerle volume which its compost cn e used s ville sources of ornmentl plnts medium. Cultivted re of penut in Irn is out 3218 hectres which 2718 hectres is locted in Guiln province. It is estimted to produce out 3388-3873 tons penut shelles wstes in Irn Pelgi Reserch Lirry 608
Mndn Asi nd Ali Mohmmdi Torkshvnd Euro. J. Exp. Bio., 2014, 4(1):608-612 in every yer [11]. Thus, there is high extent import of penut in Irn. Therefore, it hs een decided to evlute the possiility using this orgnic wste s growth medium of Cmelli. MATERIALS AND METHODS An experiment sed on rndomized completely locks design ws conducted to investigte the impct of penut shelles compost s the growth medium of Cmelli. Five growth medi ws used include: 1. 50% perlite + 50% snd (v/v) 2. 20% penut shelles compost + 40% perlite + 40% snd (v/v) 3. 40% penut shelles compost + 30% perlite + 30% snd (v/v) 4. 60% penut shelles compost + 20% perlite + 20% snd (v/v) 5. 100% penut shelles compost Five tretments, every tretment t 3 replictes nd 15 plots were used for experiment. The rooted cuttings of Cmelli with the sme size nd height of 20 cm nd the leves numer of 5-7, were prepred. The experiment durtion ws 5 months to pper the uds. Perlite with dimeter of 1 to 2 mm (fine) ws used nd snds of the river hve een wshed to e free from ny mud. Penut shelles compost ws prepred from Lhijn, s Ornmentl Flowers nd Plnts Reserch Sttion. In the eginning, FC (field cpcity) of pots ws mesured to determine irrigtion wter requirement per pot in ech time period, tht this rte ws 250 ml. Periodic wtering ws performed 2 times per week. The plnts were hrvested fter 5 months nd the plnt height, stem dimeter, flower ud numer; fresh nd dry shoot nd root weight were mesured t every tretment. The su smples of dry leves (t 70 C for 48 h) were ground nd then dry-shed in furnce t 550 C nd then extrcted with 2M HCl. The concentrtions of Fe, Mn nd Zn were mesured in the extrcts y tomic sorption spectrophotometry, K y flme photometry, nd P y spectrophotometry. Totl kjeldhl nitrogen (TKN) of leves nd PSC nd the totl orgnic cron (TOC) of the PSC were estimted y using microkjeldhl method [12] nd Wlkey nd Blcks Rpid titrtion method [13], respectively. Tle 1 indicted some properties of PSC (Penut Shelles Compost) used in experiment. The ph nd EC of PSC ws determined on wter extrct from compost using compost to wter rtio of 1:5 y weight. Thus, the phosphorus nd potssium of PSC were determined y spectrophotometric nd flme photometric methods, respectively. Tle 1. Some properties of PSC (Penut Shelles Compost) used in experiment Property PSC Totl Nitrogen (%) 2.76 Totl Phosphorus (%) 0.67 Totl Potssium (%) 1.48 Orgnic Cron (%) 27.1 C/N rtio 9.8 ph (1:5) 5.06 EC (ds/m) 4.30 The experiment ws completely rndomized design in three replictions nd MSTATC softwre ws used for vrince nlysis of dt y Lest Significnt Difference (LSD) test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of Tle 2 showed the effect of tretments on the growth indices of plnt is significnt t 1% level. The effect of plnting sustrtes on the growth indices includes lef numers, plnt heights, root dry weights nd shoot dry weights is oserved in figures 1, 2, 3 nd 4, respectively. The results showed tht the growth of Cmelli plnts in the tretments of 40 nd 60% penut shelles compost ws more thn control nd 100% penut shelles. The chieved results were ccordnce to the results of Ad et l. [14] nd Mhou Khommi nd Pdsht [15]. Pdsht [16] survey the different effects of rk, te wstes, municipl wste compost nd rice hull on the growth of Beucrne nd Drcen nd concluded tht these compounds significntly incresed the numer of leves, plnt height nd other growth prmeters. Chen et l. [6] found tht the preference of compost sustrtes is due to the high level of nutrients nd microil popultion in the root Rhizosphere led to more growth. Pelgi Reserch Lirry 609
Mndn Asi nd Ali Mohmmdi Torkshvnd Euro. J. Exp. Bio., 2014, 4(1):608-612 Tle 2. The nlysis vrince of dt relted to effect of tretments on plnt growth indices Vrition resources Freedom degree Men Squred Lef numer Plnt height Dry weight of root Dry weight of shoot Growth medium 4 91.4 ** 97.5 ** 4297.2 ** 29.9 ** Error 24 11.8 22.1 4569.9 0.39 16.0 Lef numer 12.0 c Tretment Figure 1. Effect of tretments on lef numer The growth of plnt decresed significntly in 100% Penut shelles s compred with control nd other tretments of Penut shelles compost. It seems tht in 100% Penut shelles compost, the mount of plnt growth decresed due to the high percentge of pores nd reduction of wter retention cpcity nd incresing of slinity. A desirle ed must hve proper wter retention cpcity. The more growth of roots in the 40 nd 60% Penut shelles compost cn hve mjor role on the effectively uptke of wter nd nutrients in the future, in ddition to the estlishment of the plnt. The prts of compost impcts cn e due to humic mterils. Chen et l [6] lso stted tht the prt of the effects of compost on growth of Ficus enjmin could e due to similr role in plnt growth regultors. Accordingly, the root growth of the plnt hs incresed in the presence of compost in the growth medium nd improvement of ed physicl conditions. Plnt height (cm) 2 2 16.0 12.0 Tretment Figure 2. Effect of tretments on the height of plnt Tle 3 shows results of vrince nlysis of dt relted to the effect of tretment on nutrients concentrtion of shoot. The effect of tretment on iron nd zinc concentrtion wsn t significnt t 5% level. Tle 4 indicted effect of tretments on the concentrtion of nutrients in shoot. Tle 3. The nlysis vrince of dt relted to effect of tretments on nutrients concentrtion of shoot Vrition resources Freedom degree Men Squred Nitrogen Phosphorus Potssium Iron Zinc Mngnese Growth medium 4 0.43 ** 41 ** 3.39 ** 1650.7 ns 16.5 ns 115.7 ** Error 36 0.24 05 0.54 920.8 8.2 29.8 Pelgi Reserch Lirry 610
Mndn Asi nd Ali Mohmmdi Torkshvnd Euro. J. Exp. Bio., 2014, 4(1):608-612 dry weight of root(g) 6.0 2.0 Tretment Figure 3. Effect of tretments on dry weight of root 1 Dryweight of shoot (g) 6.0 2.0 c Tretment Figure 4. Effect of tretments on dry weight of shoot Tle 4. Effect of tretments on the concentrtion of nutrients in shoot Tretment Nitrogen Phosphorus Potssium Iron Zinc Mngnese PSC 0 2.65 0.43 2.41 c 71.8 7.1 16.1 PSC 20 2.95 0.43 2.81 c 100.6 10.4 11.2 PSC 40 2.66 0.54 3.75 81.4 7.7 1 PSC 60 2.84 0.41 3.30 98.1 9.3 11.5 PSC 100 2.38 0.55 2.29 c 102.3 9.6 19.8 An importnt point is increse in potssium concentrtion of shoot remrkly thn in the control. Increse in K concentrtion is 1.55 nd 1.36 times higher thn control in 40 nd 60% PSC tretments, respectively. The results of this study were consistent with the results of Alidust [17]. Also it hs een reported tht vermicompost ffect on the increse in potssium uptke in the medicl plnts of Chmomile [18]. The similr results were reported on the confirmtion of the effect of vermicompost on the incresing of potssium uptke in the tomtoes tht it is effective on the microil ctivity improvement, the existence of plnt growth regultor nd incresing uptke of minerl elements such s potssium [19]. As regrds, the nutrient concentrtion in the plnts orgn ffected y different fctors like plnt growth, ionic competence nd deposition, sometimes it cnnot use from elements concentrtion in plnt s relile prmeter for exmining of plnt growth. In this regrd, the use of nutrient uptke y plnts from the soil is more relile prmeter. Since the uptke rte otined from multiplying of nutrient concentrtion of plnts nd dry weight of plnt, therefore, nutrient dilution effect disppers. Dilution effect on the plnt growth nd reduction of ingredients concentrtion in plnt re due to increse in plnt size (plnt growth). In generl, the results showed tht penut shelles compost increses the growth indices of Cmelli plnt. Incresing of penut shelles compost to 100% ws led to decrese in growth nd qulity of plnt. This orgnic wste hd considerle on potssium concentrtion in shoot. It is suggested tht this ed mixed with low pores eds nd it cn e used s n lterntive imported eds. Pelgi Reserch Lirry 611
Mndn Asi nd Ali Mohmmdi Torkshvnd Euro. J. Exp. Bio., 2014, 4(1):608-612 REFERENCES [1] L.A. Krumfolz, S.B. Wilsonnd, P.J. Stoffell, SNA Reserch Conference, 2000, 45, 69-72. [2] A. Mohmmdi Torkshvnd, Aust J Crop Sci, 2010, 4 (4), 252-257 [3] J.G. Bugee, Composition Sci. Utiliz., 2002, 10, 92 98. [4] M. Ppfotiou, M. Phsyhlou, G. Krgs,I. Chtzipvlidis, HortScience, 2005, 102, 167-175. [5] G.Y. Gysinghe, I.D. Liyn Archchi, Y. Tokshiki, Resour Conserv Recy, 2010, 54, 1412-1418. [6] Y. Chen, Y. Inr, Y. Hdr, Soil Sci., 1989, 145, 298-303 [7] D.C. Cull, Act Hort., 1981, 126, 69-81. [8] D.R. Fred, H.M. Hriss, R. Wtne, R.W. Stnley, R. Horticulture Reserch Note. Unversity of Hwii, 1977, 4 pp. 14. [9] H.W. Schrpenseel, K. Kunth, Azoll utiliztion (IRRI), 1987, 241-245. [10] O. Verdonck, R. Griels, I.. Act Hort., 1992, 302, 169-179. [11] Agriculture Orgniztion of Guiln Province, Crops dt of Guiln province, Rsht, Guiln province, Irn, 2010. [12] R. Singh, K. Prdhn, Determintion of nitrogen nd protein y Kjeldhl method. In: Forge Evlution Science. Pvt. Pulishers Ltd., New Delhi, 1981. [13] J.A. Wlkey, J.A. Blck, Soil Sci., 1934, 37, 29-31. [14] M. Ad, P. Noguer, S. Bures, Bioresource Technol., 2001, 77, 197 200. [15] A. Mhou Khommi, M.N. Pdsht, Effect of composted Azoll in different growth medi on nutrition nd growth indices of Ficus Benjmin, 2 nd Interntionl Conference of Agriculturl Products Wstes, Irn, 2001. [16] M.N. Pdsht Dekei, Selecting the est growth medium of Drcen mrginnt nd Beucrne recurt, In the Proceeding of 3th Irnin Congress of Horticulture, 2002, 99-100. [17] M. Alidoust, A. Mohmmdi Torkshvnd, A. Mhou Khommi, Ann. Biol. Res., 2012, 3(2), 789-794. [18] A. Slehi, A. Ghlvnd, F. Sefidkon, A. Asghrzdeh, Irnin J. Aromtic Med. Plnt, 2011, 27(2), 188-201. [19] J.G. Zller, Sci. Hort., 2007, 112, 191 9. Pelgi Reserch Lirry 612