Applied Mechanics and Materials Online: 2013-09-03 ISSN: 1662-7482, Vols. 409-410, pp 955-959 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.955 2013 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Conservation Study on Xiaoling Mausoleum Sacred-way from the Perspective of Historic Landscape LIU Qi 1,a, JIA Bin 2,b 1 University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China 1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China 1 Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou,China 2 Gansu Institute of Architectural Design and Research,, Lanzhou,China a liubt1978@sina.com, b 646593939 @qq.com Keywords: Xiaoling Mausoleum, Historic Landscape, Conservation planning, Protection principle Abstract. Firstly, the conservation issue in the Xiaoling Mausoleum Sacred-way area is discussed, and the form and development of the historic landscape is revealed. Secondly, the protection goals and principles are put forward by the analysis of historical landscape concepts. Finally, an appropriate ways and methods for complicated historical landscape is demonstrated with the planning practice in this area. Introduction Xiaoling Mausoleum is famous for its large scale, long history and unique style across the world. It has been listed by UNESCO as World Heritage in 2003. During the past six hundred years, the nature and social environment has experienced tremendous changes. In order to make better protection and management for this cultural heritage, the Management Office has organized a conservation planning for Xiaoling Mausoleum Sacred-way in 2007. How to pick up the key of landscape protection from the perplexing history background is the primary condition and fundamental reason for the study. Historical evolution and Current Issues of Xiaoling Mausoleum Sacred-way In 1413, the major part of Xianling Mausoleum has been completed, and then, the supporting construction in front of the sacred-way has kept on for the next two hundred years before the Jinyue monument was made in 1641. After that, the whole part of Xiaoling Mausoleum Sacred-way has become the Guarding Zone of Xiaoling Mausoleum. The motto Thousands of trees and animals has pictured a combination of natural, cultural and historical landscape. In the year 1853, the Southern part has become a focal point for the battle between Qing Dynasty and Taiping Kingdom, and nature landscape and buildings have been greatly destroyed. During the period of Republic of China, the spatial sequences have been cut off as the construction of Dr. Sun Yat-sen s Mausoleum, which built form the Cemetery Road of Sifang Cheng (Shengong Shengde Monument) to the Great Golden Gate. After that, the national government has made a school at the south part of Si fang Cheng for the Orphans who were children of the heroes died in the Northern Expedition. The school was designed by the famous architect, Lv Yanzhi, and finished by the architect Zhu Baochun. The Nanjing military group has taken charge of it for chorus (Fig. 1). During the war with Japan, a teaching team in the Dr. Sun Yat-sen s Mausoleum has engaged in a fierce battle with the Japanese Nakajima Sixth Division, half officers and soldiers has been sacrificed. When Nanjing has been All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications, www.ttp.net. (#69829061, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA-19/09/16,06:33:18)
956 Sustainable Development and Environment II occupied, the school buildings have been largely destroyed by Japanese, and the rest was used for the temporary military hospitals. After the great liberation, the precise machinery processing industry, the Nanjing Watch Factory, has been moved to this site, thanks for the beautiful vegetation and fresh air. The Zhongshan watch has been the representatives of Nanjing s local industry during the 60s and 80s in the last century. It could be seen from above that, the landscape of the sacred-way has been transformed from hillside, jungles, and mountains into schools, factorials and residential as the passage of time. Fig. 1 Several important incidents for the spatial evolution of Xiaoling Mausoleum Sacred-way. Source: Management Office of Zhongshan Park Rethinking of the conservation concept for historical landscape 2.1 The meaning of historical landscape Historic Landscape is a relatively wide concept. In 1960s, the historical landscape has embraced a certain history, rich cultural connotation, and synthesis of the natural, human and artificial structure, in order to distinguish it from spatial form of natural landscape. The importance of historical meaning and cultural value for landscape space got more recognition, as public awareness for heritage protection has been raised. Just as the view of a cultural geographer J. B. Jackson pointed out: Landscape is not only the high quality aesthetics style,but also means builders common hope, spiritual, memory and In other words, landscape history is not only the land and scene,but also means historical context and the spirit of place. 2.2 Historical landscape for the place protection As the historical landscape can hardly be separated from social development, its spatial form must also be changed with the historical development. This point has been proved in the previous statement. In reality however, it has a large number of historical landscape case still use Museum Protection, an architectural heritage protection mode. Such a negative protection is often dominated by a single historical value, which separates the necessary connection between scenes, suppresses the sustainable growth of the space, and undermines the landscape value. If we understand the meaning of landscape, it is not hard to see the physical protection is only a one sided solution. That is to say, protection is not to retain the past scene deliberately just to satisfy some nostalgia, but to modify existing heritage as the social life changes. Therefore, the historical landscape protection should firstly answer, how to continue the spirit of space environment. This view also has been fully affirmed in Xi an Declaration and Quebec Declaration. 2.3The protection principle for historical landscape Based on the discussion above, three basic principles could be concluded for protection planning of historical landscape.
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 409-410 957 Identity Principle. Identity means the tangible or intangible landscape resources can be easily found and understand, such as landscape pattern, characteristic vegetation, featured and history etc. Planning not only needs to respect the current spatial form, but also to strengthen the sense of spatial identity. Diversity Principle. Diversity includes spatial types, forms, and the meaning. Diversity ensures the landscape as an informative space, makes different subjects to have different experiences. Sustainable Principle. Sustainability is a long lasting and continually progress process of the historical landscape. Landscape has changed with the progress of society and development of history, which provides a mutual connection between the diversity and sustainable emerged in the new media and methods. Conservation planning practice in the Xiaoling Mausoleum Sacred-way area The historical study and theoretical guidance indicates the plan should start from historical landscape, and then through stratification and route combination, to present and continue the reality and diversity of history and in this area. 3.1 Hierarchy of multi- In order to reduce the interference by subjective historical concept, the first steps of planning and design is to separate this perplexing historical mixture, in order to better consider the different cultural information comprehensively. It also helps to search historical information thoroughly and use different ways of protection based on the seven function units (fig.2). For example, the plan made the watch factory into a multi-functioned complex, with clear axis and multi layers exhibition space, by lowering the layer, reducing volume, increasing platform, retaining member and a series of other building techniques (Fig.3). Besides, it made the old site of the school into an important part to show the war of Nanjing, by restoration of historical buildings and enriching the site environment. Another example in the plan is to change the factory dumps into green space, removing the temporary buildings, restoring vegetation area terrain and, emphasis the original natural appearances of the tomb area. By using the stratification approach, it has effectively represented the complete spatial sequences of the tomb, and has protected the integrity of historical routes (Table 1). Fig.2 Seven cultural functions within planning Fig.3 The revitalization for the watch factory
958 Sustainable Development and Environment II Table1 Hierarchy of multi in the Xiaoling Mausoleum Sacred-way area Original Land-use Planning Function Historical Culture Approach South entrance of Bo ai Entrance square, park tourist and exhibition R.C. Culture Ecological restoration House square site Civic square Ming tomb Eco restoration Factory dumps Open green space Ecological Vegetation restoration Empty space on south Architectural Service complex side of factory New built building Chorus Memory hall for Building renovation, War Culture school space integration Nanjing Watch Factory Sifangcheng park Museum/ Cultural services Green garden Taiping Kingdom Culture Mausoleum Building transformation/ spatial integration Conservation/vegetat ion integration 3.2Integration of spatial sequences According to the archaeological excavations and literature reading, this plan has put forwards two routes, historical sacred-way and green travel, for the integration of south space based on the cultural stratification. The so called historical sacred-way, according to historical ye ling route, started from Xiamafang park to the south entrance of the chorus, then turn north to the shield monument and great golden gate through the original school site. This route is almost the same to the historical sacred-way entrance, and it has used a few methods to strength the feel of solemn and historical sense, such as retention of street trees, change of ground paving and other approaches. Green travel starts from the Xiamafang garden to the west side of the park, and freely got through the green plates the great golden gate (Fig.4). This line represent current tour situation, emphasis the combination of the historical meaning, cultural heritage and nature landscape, highlighting the densely mountain, undulated terrain and gurgling water. The southern section of sacred-way is a transaction zone from the city to the main body of mausoleum. The two lines above can be connected into an organic whole, and fairly undertake the guidance function in the southern landscape area in the mausoleum (Fig. 5). Fig.4 Planning for the two historic routes Fig5 Planning for the sacred-way area
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 409-410 959 Conclusion The use of hierarchical protection in the southern section planning of Xiaoling Mausoleum, is to demonstrate the special history s different section in the transition of 600 years to the world. But the local authority has transformed the factory into an non-traditional and non-modern residential form, which has never happened in the history. And it is a shame that, this alteration has disturbed the historical continuity. Despite of this, the practice has provided valuable experiences. First of all, any form of historical landscape is in specific political, economic and background, and should be seen in a dynamic historical background. Thus, the truth of history should be explored scientifically during the study process, aided by literature and archaeological data, to protect other useful information from the dominated form. Secondly, the conservation based on current background cannot stay in the nostalgia and physical level, but also to hold the spatial growth logic, and pay attention to the spatial spirit of the historical landscape. Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by Construction Department of Gansu Province(JK2009-15), and by National Natural Science(51208243). References [1] LIANG Renbao: The historical study of Taiping kindom (SDX Joint Publishing Company, Beijing, 1955). [2] JIANG Zanchu: The history of Nanjing (Nanjing press, Nanjing, 1995). [3] Zhongshan Cemetery Administration, Nanjing Tomb Museum: Ming Xiaoling mausoleum (Heilongjiang people s publishing house, Harbin, 2002). [4] ZHU Xie: Jinglin monument study (Zhonghua Book Company, Beijing, 2006). [5] Ding Hongwei: Historic environment restoration and site conservation. Journal of Ancient garden and Technology Vol.18 (1996) p. 21 [6] Ding Hongwei: The evolvement of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Sacred-way. Journal of Ancient Southeast University Vol.26 (1998) p. 130