Sharing experiences in landscape Approaches Yogyakarta, December 2009) Cora van Oosten, Cora.vanoosten@wur.nl
What is a landscape? Imagine a landscape...
Reading landscapes
Reading landscapes
Reading landscapes
Reading landscapes
Reading landscapes
Reading landscapes
Reading landscapes
Mind scape
Mind scape
Mind scape
Mind scape
Definition of a landscape scape or schap : View, appearance, shape, creation Social construct which changes over time Property, archaic form of governance
Definition of a landscape Neef (1967): "a landscape is a concrete part of the earth's surface shaped by uniform structure and same process pattern"
Definition of a landscape Turner (2001): spatially heterogeneous geographic areas characterized by diverse interacting patches or ecosystems, ranging from relatively natural terrestrial and aquatic systems such as forests, grasslands and lakes to human-dominated environments including agricultural, urban ( and industrial ) settings".
Multi-functional mosaics
Elements to take into account Defined by its core, not by its boundaries Its definition lies in the eyes of the beholder (Maginnis, 2004) Concept of space rather than place Characterised by its internal processes Influenced by external factors (change drivers) Processes steered by stakeholders, and their drivers behind Not necessarily co-incides with administrative boundaries
Does the landscape approach offer something new? Response to: Previous attempts to plan development Withdrawal of central states, new scope for local stakeholders Search for stronger regional identities Climate change: shorter production chains
Landscape approach Making use of existing experiences: Decentralised NRM Participatory land use planning Community forestry
See the bigger picture
Taking a landscape
Which are the options? High value timber Rich biodiversity Well forested catchment Subsistence farm land Ancestral homeland Grazing land Commercial farm land Biofuel production Sub-soil richness Attractive scenery, tourism Human settlement
Which are the options? High value timber Rich biodiversity What are the Well forested catchment claims? Subsistence farm land Ancestral homeland Grazing land Commercial farm land Biofuel production Sub-soil richness Attractive scenery, tourism Human settlement
Which are the options? High value timber Rich biodiversity What are the Well forested catchment claims? Subsistence farm land Ancestral homeland Grazing land Commercial farm land Who are the claimants? Biofuel production Sub-soil richness Attractive scenery, tourism Human settlement
What drives them? District policy Ability to invest Land ownership Land pressure Food needs Need for firewood Power relations education Need for money Local Market prices Empowerment Labour force
What drives them? Globalisation Need for minerals Population growth Growing food demand Food needs District policy Ability to invest Land ownership Land pressure Power relations Commodity prices up Increased exploitation Growing demand Animal feed Need for firewood education Climate change Increased Interest in biodiversity Need for money Demand for (bio)fuels Local Market prices Empowerment Labour force Increased mobility Direct foreign investments Land grabbing
What drives them? Globalisation Need for minerals Population growth Growing food demand Growing demand Animal feed Food needs Need for firewood District policy Ability to invest Competing claims Land ownership Land pressure Power relations education Commodity prices up Increased exploitation Climate change Increased Interest in biodiversity Need for money Demand for (bio)fuels Local Market prices Empowerment Labour force Increased mobility Direct foreign investments Land grabbing
Drivers at multiple levels and multiple scales Giller et al, 2008
Glocalisation
Exercise Go back to your own landscape What is the major change process? What are the major drivers behind? What are the major impacts of this change? Which are the responses to this change?
Landscape dynamics Change Driver Response From destruction to restoration?
What is the difference?
Simple and complex systems Cooking Puzzle Machine Landscape Simple Simple Complicated Complex Predictable Predictable Not predictable Not predictable Recipe Single solution Guidelines Research Trial & error Problem tree Social learning Planning Scenarios Adaptive management
Cynefin Framework Complex Complicated Chaotic Simple Source: Cognitive Edge (www.cognitive-edge.com)
Mismatches in levels and scales Bio-geographical scales governance scales juridical scales Individual family Local Community Municipality municipal Province/district department Country provincial National Region International
A landscape is... Not easy to understand Cannot easily be controlled or planned Can be influenced By addressing the entire system From planning to emergence Co-design
From planning to co-design Planned Co-design Emergent
From planning to co-design participatory Flexible and adaptive Creating synergies across boundaries Searching for win-win options Creating positive environment to learn
From planning to co-design Describe Resources, stakeholders, institutions Discover Processes, driving factors, scales, changes, responses Deliver Implement, monitor, learn Design Multi-stakeholder process Mediation, negotiation & trade-offs
From planning to co-design Governance Protection Describe Resources, stakeholders, institutions Deliver Implement, monitor, learn Discover Processes, driving factors, scales, changes, responses Design Multi-stakeholder process Mediation, negotiation & trade-offs Production Conflict
What is new about this? Introducing new understanding Introducing new planning perspectives Introducing new forms of collaborative action
Planning...
Co-design...
Thinking in systems
Thinking in systems
Thinking in systems
Thinking in systems
Thinking in systems systems thinking Flows and feedback loops Perspectives Inter-relationships Boundaries Systemic interventions Dynamic aspects Non-linear aspects Entangled inter-relations Delay
Flows and feedback loops
Perspectives
Inter-relations
Perceptions
Perceptions
Boundaries
Boundaries
Boundaries
Systemic interventions
Systemic interventions Dynamic aspects Non-linear aspects Entangled inter-relations Delay
Expect the unexpected... Watch Closely. And Enjoy this Artwork Sound on