JASEM ISSN 1119-8362 All rights reserve Full-text Aville Online t https://www.jol.info/index.php/jsem http://ww.ioline.org.r/j J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mnge. Vol. 22 (3) 313 317. Mrch 2018 Effect of rice husk Biochr (RHB) on some of chemicl properties of n cidic soil nd the sorption of some nutrients 1 GHORBANI, M; 2 AMIRAHMADI, E Soil Science, Deprtment of Soil Science, University of Guiln, Rsht, Irn Forestry & Forest Ecology Sri University of Agriculturl Sciences & Nturl Resources Sri, Irn m.ghorni.7091@gmil.com. mirhmdielnz@gmil.com ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to evlute the iochemicl effects of rice husk iochr (RHB) otined from pyrolysis of rice husk under limited oxygen conditions for three hours t temperture of 500 C. Then, the effect of ddition of 2 nd 4% iochr to cidic soil ws studied. The smples were stored in greenhouse conditions for three months, nd then soil chrcteristics including ph, electricl conductivity, ction exchnge cpcity nd orgnic cron content, potssium forms nd totl nitrogen content of soil were mesured. The results showed tht RHB cused significnt increse in soil ph. RHB lso incresed significntly the orgnic cron content nd electricl conductivity. Solule, exchngele nd non-exchngle potssium were ffected y the ddition of RHB. RHB cused 5-fold incresed solule potssium. The exchnge rte of potssium incresed from 76 mg / kg, with RHB of 2% to 112 mg / kg with 4% RHB ppliction. Non- exchngle potssium lso incresed from 290 in control to 532 mg / kg in 4% RHB. The usility of nitrogen nd phosphorus ws not ffected y iochr. Considering the significnt increse in the mounts of different forms of potssium nd considering the lck of potssium in some cidic soils of Mzndrn province, we cn consider the use of iochr s source of potssium in soil fertility mngement. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jsem.v22i3.4 Copyright: Copyright 2018 Ghorni et l. This is n open ccess rticle distriuted under the Cretive Commons Attriution License (CCL), which permits unrestricted use, distriution, nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the originl work is properly cited. Dtes: Received: 02 Jnury 2018; Revised: 24 Ferury: 2018; Accepted: 20 Mrch 201 Keywords: ph of soil, ction exchnge cpcity, potssium Corresponding uthor Emil: m.ghorni.7091@gmil.com
Effect of rice husk Biochr (RHB) on some of chemicl. 314 Biochr is the result of the pyrolysis of orgnic compounds. Pyrolysis of orgnic compounds such s crop nd forest residues in low oxygen nd no oxygen conditions nd high tempertures cuses some voltile cron compounds s well s some residul cron compounds, nd sh contins significnt mounts of clcium nd potssium (Adul nd Adul, 2017; Burrel et l., 2016). Tody, ddition of iochr to soils s method for sequestrtion cron inside the soil nd reducing the concentrtion of cron dioxide hs ttrcted lot of ttention (Lrid et l., 2010; Lehmnn nd Joseph, 2009). Adding iochr to the soil cn e importnt given the role cron plys in the chemicl, iologicl nd physicl processes of the soil. Lrid et l. (2010) showed tht significnt reduction in the nutrient leching of nutrients such s nitrogen, phosphorus, mgnesium, nd silic occurred y Addition of iochr derived from niml fertilizers to griculturl soils. Mukherjee et l. (2014) showed superfluid impct on the elementl cycle nd the prevention of cron lekge, nitrogen nd phosphorus in the soil, nd stted tht iochr hd rnge of forms of food elements tht were relesed t different rtes nd they hve different effects on soil fertility. Extrct output from lumens soils treted with wlnut iochr hve higher potssium nd sodium content nd less phosphorus, clcium, mgnesium nd zinc thn the control soil (Ouyng nd Zhng, 2013). Biochr from moo cn lso reduce mmoni leching y 15% over 70 dys (Ding et l., 2010). Although studies hve een conducted on the effects of vrious iochr on the leching sttus, the cycle of elements nd the mounts of nutrients relesed to the soil, so fr, no study hs een done on the effect of rice husk Biochr (RHB) on different types of potssium in soil. High mounts of potssium present in plnt deris nd the resulting extrcts cn hve significnt effect on the potssium sttus of soils. Since potssium is one of the most widely used plnt elements nd its deficiency is common in cid soils, it cn e studied s modifying gent for improving the fertility of potssium in soil. Considering the undnce of rice cultivrs in the northern regions of Irn, nd due to mismngement of the lnd tht urns these residues, we used these ntive wstes to prepre iochr in this study. After tht, the effect of RHB on some chemicl properties of lumenny soil collected from fields of Sri University of Agriculturl Sciences nd Nturl Resources in northern Irn ws investigted. MATERIALS AND METHODS Soil properties: Soil used ws collected from from 0 to 30 centimeters depth in lnds under cultivtion of the Fculty of Agriculture nd Nturl Resources of Sri. After ir drying of soil smples. They were molded nd pssed through 2 mm sieve. Different physicl nd chemicl tests, including soil prticle size distriution (Rowell, 1994), ph, clcium cronte equivlent, electricl conductivity, ction exchnge cpcity nd orgnic cron content (Nelson et l., 1996) on soil smples were exminted. The totl nitrogen of the soil ws mesured y Kjeldhl nd ville phosphorus y extrction with sodium icronte method ws mesured (Olsen, 1954). Mesurement of different forms of potssium ws mesured y method of Helmke nd Sprks (1996). Solule potssium in soil sturtion extrct, exchngele potssium with mmonium cette norml (ph = 7) nd potssium non-inder with nitric cid norml oiling wter ws mesured. The concentrtion of potssium in the extrcts ws mesured using the Jenwy PFP7 Flme Photometer. Non-exchngle potssium ws mesured y dding nitric cid from mmonium cette to potssium frction. Tle 1 shows the physicl nd chemicl properties of the studied soil. Preprtion of iochr: Residues of rice husk Biochr (RHB) used to prepre iochr, collected from the fields of Sri city. The collected residues fter ir drying were plced in n luminum cn to crete limited oxygen vilility conditions. The pyrolysis of the smples Ws performed in n electric furnce t temperture of 500 C for 3 hours. The temperture increse of the furnce ws out 10 degrees Celsius per minute. One dy nd night, the specimens were llowed to rech the mient temperture. Then, the percentge of cron nd cron monoxide ws mesured y elementl decomposition of the VrioMx CHO model. Also, ph vlues, electricl conductivity nd solule potssium levels were mesured in the sme wy s in the soil. Tle 2 indictes the chemicl properties of used iochr in this study. Tle 1: Physico-chemicl chrcteristics of the soil smple Prmeter Amount Soils elements Amount Snd (%) 26/9 N (mg kg -1 ) 0/14 Silt (%) 13/5 P (mg kg -1 ) 41 Cly (%) 59/6 Solule K (mg kg -1 ) 7/7 Orgnic mtter (%) 0/46 Exchngle K (mg kg -1 ) 73 ph (1:1) 5/78 Non-Exchngle K (mg kg -1 ) 219 EC(dS/m) 0/76 CEC (cmol.kg -1 ) 31/5 CEC: Ction exchnge cpcity; EC: Electricl conductivity Ghorni, M; Amirhmdi, E
Effect of rice husk Biochr (RHB) on some of chemicl. 315 Tle 2: Chemicl chrcteristics of RHB ph H2O (1:1) EC (dsm -1 ) Cron (%) Molr rtio of H/C Solule K (mg kg -1 ) 9/19 0/38 49/1 0/63 19/2 Tretments nd incution: The mounts of 2% nd 4% RHB were mixed with the soil in three replictes. Soil smples without iochr considered s control. The smples were incuted in plstic pots t temperture of 25 C nd moisture content for period of three months. The moisture content of the field cpcity ws considered to e hlf the mount of sturted soil moisture content. The moisture content of the smples ws kept t field cpcity level with dily weighing. After the end of the third month, the smples ir drying then ph vlues, electricl conductivity, ction exchnge cpcity nd orgnic cron, different forms of potssium including solule, exchngele nd non-exchngele, totl nitrogen, phosphorus were mesured y explined methods for the initil soil. Sttistic nlysis: For sttisticl nlysis of the smples ws used SPSS version 24.0 nd Duncn's test t 5% significnce level to compre the mens. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION RHB Effect on Soil Properties nd Usility of Elements: Tle 3 shows the vrition of soil properties due to the use of RHB. Both levels of RHB ppliction incresed significntly soil ph. Ling et l. (2006) lso showed significnt increse in soil ph s result of iochr ppliction. RHB lso significntly incresed the electricl conductivity of the soil. Both levels of RHB significntly incresed the mount of orgnic cron, ut the 4% RHB showed the most effect. So, RHB 2% incresed the soil slinity y 0.16 ds / m while the increse for RHB 4% ws 0.43 ds / m. It seems tht incresing the electricl conductivity ssocited with the ddition of solule slts, s well s the iochr effect on soil compositions nd the relese of solule elements. However, more detiled study is needed in this regrd. The orgnic cron content of the soil ws lso ffected y RHB nd its ppliction level. ut the 4% RHB showed the most effect. The ction exchnge cpcity of the soil ws not influenced y the iochr ppliction, which grees with the results of Hefele et l. (2011) nd different from the results of Ling et l. (2006), which stted tht iochr increses the ction exchnge cpcity of the soil. The results of Tle 3 lso show tht RHB significntly incresed the mount of nitrogen in soil. Yoo et l. (2014) showed tht the use of sewge iochr incresed the usility of nitrogen nd phosphorus in soil. Of course, Yoo et l. (2014) hve shown tht the mount of elements in iochr depends on its production temperture, nd with incresing production tempertures, the mount of nitrogen is reduced nd the mount of elementl compounds is incresed. Xu et l. (2013) concluded tht fter dding iochr to the soil increses the speed of nitrogen deformtion in the short term. As result, the incresed nitrogen utiliztion of the soil is converted into orgnic compounds y minerlizing orgnic resistnt soil nd de-immoilizing nitrogen. Dong et l. (2015) rgued tht iochrs cn e relesed into soil when they re dded to the soil nd cn relese significnt mounts of elements such s nitrogen nd phosphorus. Soil phosphorus decresed under the influence of RHB ppliction. Mendez et l. (2012) lso showed tht the use of phosphorus s result of unsustinle ppliction to sewge sludge ws significntly reduced y using sewge sludge nd iomss produced from it in n cidic soil. This cn e due to the mount of cly nd the resulting ction exchnge cpcity, which is one of the fctors influencing the usility of this element (Crvlho et l., 2016). Tle 3: The impct of RHB on some of the soil chrcteristics nd the use of elements Tretments ph EC CEC OC N P (1:1) (ds.m -1 ) (cmol.kg -1 ) (%) (mg.kg -1 ) (mg.kg -1 ) Control 5/8 0/74 31/3 0/26 0/15 40 RHB 2% 8/11 0/9 31/6 0/51 0/38 33 RHB 4% 8/38 1/13 31/8 0/63 0/41 31/6 RHB Effect on Different Potssium Deformtions: The results of Figure 1 show tht soil solution potssium is ffected y the ddition of RHB nd its surfce. In generl, the ddition of 4% RHB improves the 5-fold incresed solule potssium. Positive nd significnt correltion coefficient etween solule potssium in iochr (Tle 2) nd soil treted with iochr cn e indicte the difference in mounts of solule potssium in Vrious levels of iochr. The ppliction of 4% RHB hd significnt effect on soil soluility of potssium compred to the control. The trend of exchnge of potssium in soil s result of RHB ppliction (Figure 1) shows tht Ghorni, M; Amirhmdi, E
Effect of rice husk Biochr (RHB) on some of chemicl. 316 exchngele potssium hs significntly incresed with RHB ppliction in soil. These results re consistent with the findings of Olriet et l. (2011) nd Gskin et l. (2010). The rte of exchngle potssium from 3.73 mg / kg in control reched to 163 mg / kg in RHB 2% nd 215 mg / kg in RHB 4%. There is usully direct reltionship etween the mount of exchngele potssium nd the ction exchnge cpcity in soils (Li et l., 2016). But since the pplied iochr hve no effect on the ction exchnge cpcity of the soil, it cn e concluded tht this increse is due to the equilirium reltionship etween potssium forms. This mens tht with the ppliction of iochr to the soil, the potssium enters the solule phse nd due to the equilirium etween the solule nd exchngele potssium, little mount of the potssium enters in exchngele phse. As result, oth solule nd exchngele forms of potssium incresed. Positive nd significnt correltion (correltion coefficient of 0.97**) etween solule nd exchngele potssium in control soil nd in treted soil with iochr cn confirm the vlidity of this hypothesis. Also, the reltionship etween non-exchngele potssium nd exchngele potssium nd solule potssium ws oserved (0.99** nd 0.96**, respectively), which indictes the equilirium reltions of these three forms of potssium. The non-exchngele form of potssium, which contins the potssium tht is fixed etween the lyers of the minerls in the soil, ws lso ffected y the use of iochr. Appliction of iochr cuse to incresed non-exchngele potssium from 218 mg / kg in the control smple to 313 mg / kg in smple treted with RHB 2% nd 426 mg / kg in RHB 4%. This increse, which is due to the diffusion of solule potssium etween the lyers of minerls such s illite, vermiculite nd smectite nd their stiliztion, cn cuse smll chnges in soil minerls nd the conversion of these minerls to mic (Gl et l., 2016). The results of Hefele et l. (2011) out the effects of rice residues on lkline elements of soil hve shown tht iochr incresed the usility of potssium, ut reduced the mount of clcium, mgnesium nd exchngele sodium. In generl, dding RHB cused significnt increse in solule potssium in soil smples. Due to the equilirium reltionships etween the three forms of potssium nd the sufficient time for incution of smples (three months), potssium ions re trnsfered from the soil solution to exchngele nd nonexchngele points in soil. The level of iochr produced ws lso ffected y the increse of different potssium forms, so tht RHB 4% tretment significntly incresed the mount of ll three potssium forms, including solule, exchngele nd non-exchngele, s compred to RHB 2% tretment. mg/kg 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Control RHB 2% RHB 4% Fig 1: The impct of RHB on Different Potssium Deformtions However, the trnsformtion of the form of potssium in the form of exchnge nd non-exchngele solution of the leching of this element, especilly in corse soils nd in res with high rinfll, increses the potssium uffer cpcity of the soil nd, due to its exchnge with ctions such s clcium, Mgnesium nd sodium, nd sometimes the mmonium present on exchnge points, cn lter the composition of the ionic solution of the soil (Xu et l., 2013). It need for further studies on the effect of iochr on the ionic composition of soil solution is suggested. Conclusion: In generl, it cn e concluded tht the ddition of iochr cuses chnges in some soil properties such s electricl conductivity, ph, nd the mount of orgnic cron in the soil, nd the usility of some primry mcroelements (especilly potssium). Significnt increse in the mounts of different forms of potssium, nd therefore usle potssium with the ppliction of RHB used in this study, shows tht it cn e used s source of potssium in fertility mngement of this element in soils with potssium deficient, especilly in cidic soils. REFERENCES Adul, RNF; Adul, RNS (2017). The effect of iochr ppliction on nutrient vilility of soil plnted with MR219. J Micro Biochem Technol. 9: 512-519. Solule K Exchngle K Non-Exchngle Ghorni, M; Amirhmdi, E
Effect of rice husk Biochr (RHB) on some of chemicl. 317 Burrell, LD; Zehetner, F; Rmpzzo, N; Wimmer, B; Soj, G (2016). Long-term effects of iochr on soil physicl properties. Geoderm. 282: 96-102. Crvlho, M; Mdri, B; Bstins, L; Oort, PV; Lel, W; Heinemnn, A (2016). Properties of cly soil from 1.5 to 3.5 yers fter iochr ppliction nd the impct on rice yield. Geoderm. 276: 7 18. Ding, Y; Liu, YX; Wu, WX; Shi, DZ; Yng, M; Zhong, ZK (2010). Evlution of iochr effects on nitrogen retention nd leching in multilyered soil columns. Wter, Air, & Soil Pollution. 213(1-4):47-55. Dong, D; Feng, Q; McGrouther, K; Yng, M; Wng, H; Wu, W (2015). Effects of iochr mendment on rice growth nd nitrogen retention in wterlogged pddy field. J Soils Sediments. 15:153 162. Gl, T; Plmowsk, J; Zleski, T (2016). Effect of iochr ppliction on soil hydrologicl properties nd physicl qulity of sndy soil. Geoderm. 281: 11-20. Hefele, SM; Konoon, Y; Wongoon, W; Amrnte, S; Mrift, AA; Pfeiffer, EM (2011). Effects nd fte of iochr from rice residues in ricesed systems. Field Crops Res. 121(3): 430-40. Helmke, P; Sprks, D (1996). Lithium, sodium, potssium, ruidium, nd cesium. Methods of soil nlysis Prt 3-chemicl methods (methodsofsoiln3). 551-740. Lird, DA; Fleming, P; Dvis, DD; Horton, R; Wng, BQ; Krlen, DL (2010). Impct of iochr mendments on the qulity of typicl midwestern griculturl soil. Geoderm. 158: 443-449. Li, JH; Lv, GH; Bi, WB; Liu, Q; Zhng, YC; Song, JQ (2016). Modifiction nd use of iochr from whet strw (triticum estivum L.) for nitrte nd phosphte removl from wter. Deslin Wter Tret. 57(10): 4681-4693. Mukherjee, A; Ll, R; Zimmermn, AR (2014). Impcts of iochr nd other mendments on soil-cron nd nitrogen stility: A lortory column study. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 78(4): 1258-1266. Nelson, DW; Sommers, LE; Sprks, D; Pge, A; Helmke, P; Loeppert, R (1996). Totl cron, orgnic cron, nd orgnic mtter. Methods of soil nlysis Prt 3-chemicl methods (methodsofsoiln3). 961-1010. Olriet, JR; Pdrò, R; Msip, G; Rodríguez-Ocho, R; Tello, E (2011). Formiguers, historicl system of soil fertiliztion (nd iochr production?). Agr Ecosyst Environ. 140(1 2): 27-33. Olsen, SR (1954). Estimtion of ville phosphorus in soils y extrction with sodium icronte. United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture; Wshington. Ouyng, L; Zhng, R (2013). Effects of iochrs derived from different feedstocks nd pyrolysis tempertures on soil physicl nd hydrulics properties. J Soils Sediments. 13: 1561-1572. Rowell, DL (1994). Lortory methods for studying minerliztion. Soil science: Methods nd Applictions. Longmn Scientific nd Technicl, Longmn Group UK Ltd., Longmn House, London, Englnd. Xu, G; Sho HB; Sun, JN (2013). Wht is more importnt for enhncing nutrient iovilility with iochr ppliction into sndy soil: direct or indirect mechnism. Ecol Eng. 52: 119-124. Yoo, GY; Kim, HJ; Chen, JJ; Kim YS (2014). Effects of iochr ddition on nitrogen leching nd soil structure following fertilizer ppliction to rice pddy soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 78: 852-860. Méndez, A; Gómez, A; Pz-Ferreiro, J; Gscó, G (2012). Effects of sewge sludge iochr on plnt metl vilility fter ppliction to Mediterrnen soil. Chemosphere. 89(11):1354-1359. Ghorni, M; Amirhmdi, E