International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology

Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. Technol., 12(1) (2012), pp. 21-28 International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology ISSN 2229-6107 Available online at www.ijopaasat.in Research Paper Some Plant Regulators on Different Peach (prunus persica Batsch) Budding Sulaiman M. Kako 1, *, Shams-Aldeen M. Karo 2 and Shamal I. Tawfik 3 1 University of Duhok, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, School of Plant Production, Department of Horticulture, Duhok, Iraq 2, 3 Foundation of Technical Education, Akrey Technical Institute, Duhok- Iraq * Corresponding author, e-mail: (d.sulaimankako@yahoo.com) (Received: 29-7-12; Accepted: 26-8-12) Abstract: This study was conducted to test the effects of on budding of three peach cultivars. The treatments tested included 60 and 120, 2,4,5-T 20 and 40, Kinetin 5 and 10, Kinetin 5+ 60, Kinetin 5+ 120, Kinetin 10 + 60, Kinetin 10+ 120. The budding process was performed on the end of September, 2011. The results showed that the tested cultivars caused significant effects on increasing budding success percentages,transplants height, number and length of branches formed and chlorophyll content in leaves. The treated scions with significantly affect the tested traits as well including budding success percentage, length, diameter and number of produced branches and chlorophyll content in leaves. The highest budding success percentage (99.05%) was achieved from the interaction between the cultivars and 2,4,5-T (20 ). Silver King cultivar gave the highest average length of transplants, branch length and chlorophyll content in leaves with the use of and 2,4,5-T. While the highest number of branches was found in Silver King and the highest transplant diameter in Coronet both with the use of kinetin. Keywords: Peach, Prunus persica, budding,, cultivars. 1. Introduction: Peach (Prunus persica Batsch) is one of the temperate regions fruits belongs to Rosaceae family. It is of high economic importance for Iraqi Kurdistan Region and its culture is continuously increasing. But unfortunately peach quality and quantity is still poor and do not meet the local demand. Budding is usually applied for the famous commercial cultivars in which suffer from difficult or noneconomic vegetative propagation furthermore getting good characters for some rootstocks especially

22 those tolerant to certain diseases, insects or drought. Budding is very common in peach propagation by doing it on peach seed rootstocks (Hartmann et al., 2002). Ullah et al. (2000) doing budding of some almond on peach stocks found that success percentage was high for all tested cultivars except Genco which gave the lowest success. Al-Safi and Al-Djaili (2000) studied the effects of three apple cultivars scions on the budding success percentage on three different apple rootstocks. They found that Sharaby and Saify apple cultivars gave increases in budding success percentages reached to 70.92% and 70.19% respectively as compared with Kuffi apples which gave only 61.67%. Furthermore, they gave increases in vegetative of the successful scions when compared to Kuffi apples which were estimated at 84.47, 84.89 and 74.81 cm respectively. Concerning the effect of cultivar on the length of vegetative, Gryzban and Czynczyk (1975) declared that the reason behind the poor of sweet cherry transplants was due to the cultivar and service operations. Medikovic and Djakovic (1985) found that cultivar was highly effective on vigor and transplants viability when budded three plum and three apricot cultivars on plum Pixy rootstock. Since apricot transplants were more viable than plum transplants. Concerning scion stem diameter, Bolat (1995) got apricot transplants with different diameter since he got 10.15 mm for Salek cultivar while it was 11.8 mm for Hasanbey cultivar. Al-Kayssi (2011) referred that the cultivar had significant effect on budding of Plum on apricot stocks by increasing the success percentage, length rates of branches and the number of lateral vegetative branches. Treatment with plant like Auxins and cytokinins has a great role in inducing cells enlargement and elongation and producing callus which is considered as a condition for uniting the scion with the stock or for injuries healing. Auxins and cytokinins are the most commonly used in plant propagation in both conventional and micro propagation. Salman (1988) declared the role of auxin in inducing the longitude while been added as foliar application on poor-endogenous content plants. Various auxin had significant effects on fruit trees budding by affecting xylem and phloem differentiation and on lignifications process which is considered as very important factors in formation of a strong unite area in grafting and budding. Salisbury and Ross (1978) referred that semiendogenous auxin compounds have a main role in expanding and elongating cells through their role in inducing cambium activity and cell division. Starrantino and Caruse (1986) found that the treatment with plant has increased apical grafting success percentage. Since when lemon, orange and mandarin were treated with 2,4,5-T (10 ) the highest grafting success was achieved. Hana and Yousif (2000A,2000 B) studied the effects of budding date and the treatment with IAA and kinetin on pistachio success percentage and budding. He found that using kinetin at 2 mg/l -1 significantly increased the success percentage and the length and diameter of transplants. The interaction between kinetin and IAA was effective as well on the length and diameter of transplants AL-Safi (2002) studied the effect of auxin on the of transplants of three local apple cultivars (Ajamy, Sharaby and Kuffi). His results declared that the treatment with IAA at 25 and 50 significantly increased budding success percentage as well as increased the vegetative rates as compared with the control. Saleh (2004) while studying the effect of auxin (IAA) at 0, 30 and 60 on pistachio budding success on two kinds of rootstocks. The IAA treatment was done by immersion method for 5 seconds. He found that the treatment was ineffective in increasing branches rates. To increase budding success percentage in the transplants of peach and improving their vegetative, this investigation was carried out to meet this important aim by testing various auxin and cytokinins. 2. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted during the growing season of 2010 and 2011 in the Horticulture nursery to test the effect of different peach cultivars and some plant on the percentage of budding success and of peach transplants budded on seed stocks of peach. Certified seeds for three months were sown on rows apart from each other by 70 cm at sowing distances of 15 cm on

23 March 2 nd 2010. Transplants were budded on September 25 th and 26 th 2010. Scions were prepared from matured annual from a public nursery and the buds were taken from the mid of the branch on morning. Budding was performed on the stem of the stock on height of 15-20 cm from the ground. Stem diameter was about 6.5 to 9.5 mm. Inverted T-budding which is the most commonly used method in the local nurseries. Scions were soaked in according to the tested concentrations. The unite area between scion and stock was tightly banded to grantee the success of budding process to avoid drought and increase their unity. In the later spring the bandages were removed and transplants were punched above the budding area of about 15 cm to enhance buds flushing. The suckers below budding area were removed till the soil ground. The experiment was arranged according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The required service operations were performed for the transplants till the end of the experiment. The following parameters were measured in this experiment: 1. Budding success percentage on May 2 nd 2011 2. The height of budded transplants by using meter tape 3. Diameter of the grown scions by using vernier 4. Number of lateral branches 5. Length of lateral branches 6. Leaves relative chlorophyll content 3. Results and Discussion: Table (1) declares that the cultivar had a significant effect on budding success percentage when Silver King cultivar was significantly superior upon Coronet cultivar but did not significantly differ from May Grand cultivar.the highest budding success percentage (69.52%) was achieved from Silver king cultivar. This is in agreement with what has been found by Al-Safi(2000) on apple and the reason behind that might be due to the differences among cultivars in their budding response. Table (1) cultivar and on the percentage of budding success of transplants (%) 60 76.43d-f 70.00f-g 66.78f-g 71.07b 120 63.80g-i 73.10e-g 48.60i-j 61.83c 20 95.60a-b 71.00e-g 99.05a 88.88a 40 76.53d-f 93.50a-b 85.00b-d 85.01a 5 90.10b-c 71.00c-e 50.00ij 73.70b 10 67.71f-g 68.67f-g 72.96e-g 69.78b 60 + 5 45.71i-j 66.35f-g 27.67l 46.58e 120 + 5 52.58i 50.43i-j 64.00g-h 55.67d 60 + 10 76.66d-f 40.53j-k 54.82h-i 57.34c 120 + 10 50.10 i j 52.17i 34.00k-l 45.42e cultivar 69.52a 66.68a 50.49b *Numbers followed by similar letters indicate no significant difference statistically when compared

24 The same table reveals that had significant effect on budding success percentage since the treatment of 2,4,5-T at 20 was significantly better than the rest of treatments except the treatment of 2,4,5-T at 40. These results are in agreement with those published by Starrantino and Caruse (1986) on lemon, orange and mandarin. Concerning the interaction between the cultivar and the, the treatment of Coronet cultivar treated with 2,4,5-T at 20 was the best. This might be due to the enhancement of this auxin to the cambium activity which reflected in a better unity than the other cultivars or might be due to the co-effect of both the cultivar and the auxin. Table (2) reveals a significant effect of Silver King cultivar on the length of budded transplants as compared with Coronet cultivar which no significant differ with May Grand cultivar. This agrees with what has been found by Medikovic and Djakovic (1985). The reason of this might be due to the genetic variations among the tested peach cultivars. The longest budded transplants were achieved when 2, 4, 5-T was used at 20 which was significantly cultivar with (120 ). Table (2) cultivar and on length transplants (cm.transplant ) 60 120 20 99.33b-e 106.33a-d 97.67b-c 101.11a-c 139.00a 128.67a-b 86.67c-e 118.11 a 113.67a-d 121.00a-c 128.33a-b 121.00a 40 122.33a-c 106.67a-d 109.00a-d 112.67ab 5 115.67a-d 123.33a-c 115.33a-d 118.11a 10 79.33d-e 106.67a-d 86.00c-e 90.67c 60 + 5 110.33e-d 105.00a-d 87.00c-e 100.78a-c 120 + 5 84.67c-e 78.33d-e 79.00d-e 80.67c 60 + 10 88.00c-e 94.67b-e 65.67e 82.78 c 120 + 10 112.67a-d 76.00d-e 92.33b-e 93.67 b-c cultivar 106.50a 104.67a-b 94.70b Table (3) reveals no significant differences among the cultivars on the trait of budded transplants diameter. This disagrees with what has been published by Bolat (1995) on apricot transplants. Whereas significant difference were notices between as affecting transplants diameter. The best diameter was found from the treatment 2,4,5-T (20 ) which gave 15.06 mm while the least diameter (8.9 mm) was recorded from 120 and kinetin 5 The combined treatment between May Grand cultivar and kinetin 10 gave the highest diameter. While the least diameter was found for the same cultivar but with 120 and kinetin 5. The reason behind these results is due to the combined beneficial effect between the cultivar and the.

25 Table (3) cultivar and on diameter transplants (cm. transplant ). 60 12.23a-e 15.20a-b 13.27a-d 13.57a-b 120 12.17a-e 14.20a-c 12.13a-e 12.83a-b 20 14.87a-b 14.17a-c 16.13a 15.06a 40 12.47a-e 14.83a-b 16.10a 14.47a 5 14.17a-c 16.50a 13.80a-c 14.82a 10 8.00d-e 11.10a-e 10.20b-e 9.77c 60 + 5 14.17a-c 8.77c-e 10.43b-e 11.12b-c 120 + 5 10.50b-e 7.43d 8.77c-e 8.90c 60 + 10 10.10b-e 9.83b-e 8.83c-e 9.59c 120 + 10 11.93a-e 8.13d-e 9.14c-e 9.73c cultivar 12.06a 12.02a 11.88a Table (4) reveals that the cultivar had a significant effect on the number of formed branches on the stem, since Silver King was superior upon May Grand and Coronet. The reason might be due the genetic variations among peach cultivars. Concerning the effects of, the highest number of branches (9.33 branch/ transplant) was achieved from (120 ). The interaction treatment between the cultivars and kinetin (5 ) gave the highest number of branches per transplant reached to 13.68 in Silver King whereas the least number (0.67 branch/ transplant) was recorded for (120 )+ kinetin (5 ) in My grand. Table (4) cultivar and on branches number of transplants (branch. transplant) 60 11.00b-c 6.33a-f 10.33a-d 9.22a 120 13.66 a 10.33a-d 4.00b-f 9.33a 20 11.33a-b 6.67a-f 9.33a-e 9.11a 40 7.00a-f 3.67b-f 6.33a-f 5.67a-c 5 13.68a 5.67a-f 3.00b-f 7.44a-b 10 6.33a-f 3.67b-f 3.67b-f 4.56b-c 60 + 5 11.00b-c 2.67c-f 6.33a-f 6.67a-c 120 + 5 7.33a-f 0.67 f 1.33ef 3.11b-c 60 + 10 2.33d-e 2.67c-f 4.33b-f 3.11b-c 120 + 10 3.67b-f 0.67e 3.33b-f 2.56c cultivar 8.73a 4.30b 5.20b

26 Data presented in Table (5) refers that cultivars had significant effects on the length of formed branches, since Silver King was better than May Grand and Coronet which both were not significantly different. This is in agreement with what has been found by Al-Safi (2000) on apple. The same table reveals that 2,4,5-T (20 ) was significantly superior on the other treatments except (120 ) by giving (36.33cm) length of branches per transplant. The interaction treatment between 2,4,5-T (20 )and Silver King gave the highest length of branches (51.00 cm) while the least branches length was recorded for the ( 120 ) + Kinetin (5 ) with Coronet cultivar which gave only ( 2.00 cm). Table (5) cultivar and on length branches of transplants (cm. transplant) 60 120 20 40 5 10 60 + 5 120 + 5 60 + 10 33.33b-e 6.33f-i 11.67e-i 17.11c 40.33b-c 50.33a 6.67f-i 32.44a-b 51.00a 17.33e-i 34.67b-e 36.33a 32.33b-f 17.00c-i 9.33e-i 19.56c 38.33b-d 12.00e-i 17.00c-i 22.44b-c 28.00b-h 9.00e-i 13.67d-i 16.89c 42.67a-b 2.67h-i 13.33d-i 19.56b-c 44.67a-b 4.00h-i 2.00 i 16.88c 8.33e-i 2.33h-i 16.67c-i 9.11c 120 + 5 12.77b 35.57a 13.17b 12.77b cultivar 35.57a 13.17b 12.77b Data presented in Table (6) refers to there were no significant differences among the tested cultivars in chlorophyll leaves content. While the use of 2,4,5-T 40 gave the highest chlorophyll content in leaves estimated at (38.10%) whereas the least content (30.40%) was recorded for (120 )+ Kinetin (10 ). The interaction treatment between (60 )+ Kinetin (5 ) gave the higher chlorophyll content in leaves (39.33%) in Silver king while the least content (29.37%) was recorded for the interaction treatment between (120 )+ Kinetin (10 ). The interaction treatment between (60 )+ Kinetin (5 ) gave the higher chlorophyll content in leaves (39.33%) in Silver king while the least content (29.37%) was recorded for the interaction treatment between (120 )+ Kinetin (10 ).

27 Table (6) cultivar and on Leaves relative chlorophyll content of transplants (%). 60 31.63a-b 34.47a-b 32.90a-b 33.00a-c 120 30.90a-b 35.67a-b 37.53a-b 34.70a-c 20 36.33a-b 37.83a-b 37.37a-b 37.18a-b 40 39.63a 38.30a-b 36.37a-b 38.10a 5 35.57a-b 35.47a-b 36.57a-b 35.87b 10 35.67a-b 36.17a-b 32.60a-b 34.81a-c 60 + 5 39.93a 34.53a-b 39.33a 37.83a 120 + 5 32.07a-b 32.93a-b 32.07a-b 32.36b-c 60 + 10 38.10a-b 30.70a-b 39.43a 36.08a-b 120 + 10 29.38b 32.47a-b 29.37b 30.40c cultivar 34.88a 34.85a 35.35a References [1] A.A.N. Al-Kayssi, budding date and variety on budding success percentage and vegetative characters for five commercial varieties of plum (Prunus salicin L.) budded on Apricot seedling root stock in gypsum soil, 5th Scientific Conference of College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, (2011). [2] S.A.A. Al-Safi, The effect of cultivar, time budding and indole acetic acid on bud survival percentage and in apple, Journal Technical Agriculture Research, 15(109) (2002), 114-123. [3] S.A.A. Al-Safi and J.A.H. Al-Djaili, The effect of three types apples rootstocks on bud survival percentage for three cvs, Iraq Journal Agriculture Science, 31(4) (2000), 208-214. [4] I. Bolat, The effect of the date of fall budding on bud-take and the quality on shoot development from the inserted bud in apricot, Turkish National Horticulture Congress, Volume 1 Fruits. Trkiye 2, Ulusal Bache Bitkileri Kongresi, cilt2 Meyve, Adana(Turkey), Cukurova University Faculty of Agriculture, 780(1995), 35-39. [5] Z.S. Grzyban and A. Czynczyk, The effect of certain factors on the take of shield buds of sour cherries and on the production of maidens in the nursery, Prace Instyatuta Sadownictwa Serias A, 19(1975). [6] K.R. Hana and Y.H. Yousif, time, indole acetic acid and kinetin on quality parameters of Pistachio, Rafidain Journal Science, 32(2) (2000 A), 16-21. [7] K.R. Hana and Y.H. Yousif, time, indole acetic acid and kinetin on fall budding success of Pistachio, Rafidain Journal Science, 32(2) (2000B), 8-15. [8] H.T. Hartmann, D.E. Kester, F.T. Davies and R.L. Geneve, Plant Propagation, Principles and Practices (7 th Edition), New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002. [9] J.M. Medikovic and M.M. Djakovic, Investigation of some plum and apricot cultivars on Pixy rootstock, Jugoslovensko Vocarstro, 19(73-74) (1985), 349-352. [10] F.M. Saleh, IAA, kinetin and dates on T-budding success of Pistcia vera on two rootstocks, Ph. D Dissertation, University of Sulmania, Iraq, (2004). [11] F.B. Salisbury and C. Ross, Plant Physiology (2 nd Ed.), Wadsworth Publishing Co. Inc., Belmont, Calif., USA, 1978.

28 [12] M.A. Salman, Horticulture Plants Propagation, Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research, Baghdad University, Iraq, 1988. [13] A. Starrantino, A. Caruse and G. Zhi Yong, Influence of some on the taking of shoot tip grafting in citrus, Rivista. Della Ortoflorofru. Tticolture Italian, 70(2) (1986), 117-126. [14] I. Ullah, W. Muhammad, G. Nabi, N. Rehman, M. Arshed and N. Naeem, Bud take success of different almond varieties on peach rootstock, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 3( 11 ) (2000), 1805-1806.