Solar thermoelectric cooling technology

Transcription

1 Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Energy Engineering Faculty of Energy engineering - Aswan University - Aswan - Egypt December 28-30, 2015 Solar thermoelectric cooling technology M MAbo Elmaaref, Ahmed A Askalany, M Salem Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Education, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt K Harby Mechanical Power Engineering and Energy Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia 61517, Egypt Abstract In the current scenario, HVAC system (commonly used in the air conditioners) is very efficient and reliable but it has some negatives It has been observed during the last two decades that the O3 layer is slowly destroyed because of the refrigerant (CFC and HFC) used for the refrigeration and air- conditioning purposes The common refrigerant used is HFC s which are leaked and slowly ascend into the atmosphere When they reach to O3 layer they act on O3 molecules and the layer of O3 is destroyed A single molecule of HFC can destroy thousands of O3 molecules and that's why it has created a threat for the not only to maintain earth eco system stable but also to of existence of earth So turn the world to discuss the use of nontraditional means such as thermoelectric and thermionic units which could be derived from clean energy from the solar cells have already been used on a small scale in cooling technologies such as a refrigerator emitting there is a trend toward the use of air conditioning, so we ate in this search all what is possible to control the using emitting units to improve the performance of the benefit of technology in refrigeration and air The present paper also better semi-conductor materials, which consists of thermoelectric, which was given to the best Number deserved to improve the performance of thermoelectric cooling function, as well as for some uses of thermoelectric refrigeration and air conditioning and access to good results could be improved in the future if we build mutual thermal design and manufacture of better and less thermal resistance Finally, our vision for the future use of clean energy from the solar energy and thermoelectric Keywords thermoelectric cooler; Peltier effect; solar cell; Coefficient of performance I INTRODUCTION Energy crisis, ozone depletion, and global warming have become more and more serious with the social development The amount of energy consumed by air conditioners, refrigerators, and water heaters is increasing rapidly, and occupies about 30% of the total power consumption [1] Electricity consumption for air conditioning systems has been estimated around 45% for residential and commercial buildings [2] Because of the rapid growth in world population and economy, the total world energy consumption is projected to increase by about 71% from 2003 to 2030 [3] In Egypt, the rate of electricity consumption growth more than 7% annually and would need to double its current generation capacity by 2020 Furthermore, primary energy requirement in Egypt increases by 26% every year [4-5] So clean energy contribute to the creation of a clean environment, so we used for solar cells with thermoelectric air conditioning The most widely used refrigerators and air conditioning systems are employ the conventional vapor compression cycle due to its high COP These systems use a liquefiable vapor as the refrigerant and require mechanical power for driving the compressor, which is usually provided electrically However, these systems are now less attractive because the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) refrigerants have a high ozone depletion potential (ODP), high global warming potential (GWP), high consumption of electrical energy, which is usually supplied by fossil fuel combustion, producing greenhouse gases and other pollutants [6] In addition, there are several areas where grid electricity is not available at the moment and is unlikely to be available in the next few decades due to the huge financial outlays involved These include These include villages, rural areas and remote locations in developing countries Middle East region, particularly Egypt enjoys the availability of a huge amount of solar energy and long daily sunny hours Hence, solar powered cooling cooling systems such as thermoelectric cooling systems consider interesting green cooling technology in this region In these systems, can be achieved using thermoelectric effect, which refrigeration converts electrical energy supplied by photovoltaic cells directly into a temperature gradient Thermoelectric cooling and heating influenced predominantly by the Peltier effect, James Peltier discovered in 1834 Peltier effect occurs when a direct current (DC) is passed between two electrically dissimilar materials, either heating or cooling occurs at the junction, depending on the direction of the electric current [7] The conversion of electricity into heat is called thermoelectric cooling, whereas the opposite effect, that is, the conversion of heat into electricity, is called thermoelectric generation Thermoelectric cooling systems have no mechanical moving parts and do not employ working fluids, which transfer heat from the cold side of the modules to the hot side with consumption of electricity [8] Due to the advantages such as high reliability, low weight, and 1

2 flexibility in packaging and integration, thermoelectric cooling systems have been widely used in military, aerospace, instrument, and industrial products [9-10] Thermoelectric cooling systems can be powered directly by a photovoltaic (PV) without the help of AC/DC inverter, which greatly reduces the costs Moreover, these systems are Freon free, causing no harm to the environment Therefore, the thermoelectric coolers and the solar cells combined technologies are beneficial to solar energy using and environment protection, which fully fulfill the demand of ZEBs [11] II WORKING PRINCIPLE The thermoelectric effect is a process of the production of electromotive force out of temperature difference on two conductor- or semiconductor-based electronic components, and backwards-temperature difference obtained by applying a DC power In the second backward case, heating and cooling are controlled by changing a polarity on the voltage source The working principle is based on the Seebeck and the Peltier effects as described in the literature [12] At the elementary level, a thermoelectric unit module has a p-leg and an-leg made of p-type and n-type semiconductor materials, respectively A thermoelectric module operating as a thermoelectric cooler or heat-pump is shown below in Fig 1 The direct current (DC) is passed from a negative to positive type semiconductor material The temperature T L of the interconnecting conductor decreases and heat is absorbed from the environment (cooling effect) by the cold end of the thermoelectric module, and transferred or pumped through to the hot end of the module TH due to the Peltier effect cooling effect occurs, as shown in the Figure, when electrons pass from a low energy level in the positive type material through the interconnecting conductor to a higher energy level in the n-type material [13] Normally, the hot end of the module will be attacehd to a heat sink in order to reject this heat into the atmosphere among solar cooling technologies [17] The potential uses of this system range from cooling of the electronic components, to domestic refrigerators and air conditioners for cooling/ heating a room space Thermoelectric refrigeration replaces the three main working parts with: a cold junction, a heat sink and a DC power source The refrigerant in both liquid and vapor form is replaced by two dissimilar conductors The cold junction (evaporator surface) becomes cold through absorption of energy by the electrons as they pass from one semiconductor to another, instead of energy absorption by the refrigerant as it changes from liquid to vapor The compressor is replaced by a DC power source which pumps the electrons from one semiconductor to another A heat sink replaces the conventional condenser fins, discharging the accumulated heat energy from the system The difference between two refrigeration methods, then, is that a thermoelectric cooling system refrigerates without use of mechanical devices, except perhaps in the auxiliary sense, and without refrigerant III SOLAR THERMOELECTRIC COOLING SYSTEM Solar thermoelectric refrigerator is a special type of refrigerator which utilizes solar energy instead of conventional electrical energy to power the thermoelectric modules that has been used to cool the refrigeration space The main components of these systems are the photovoltaic cells and the thermoelectric refrigeration system The theory of photovoltaic sizing and optimum tilt angle for photovoltaic array is being applied here also; different components should be selected according to the system type, configuration, site location and applications However, the PV array is the most expensive component in these systems [18] is shown in schematic diagram Fig 2, Fig2 Schematic of solar-driven thermoelectric refrigeration system Fig1 Schematic diagram of a thermoelectric cooling module [13] Practical thermoelectric devices emerged in the 1960 s and have developed significantly since then with a number of manufacturers now marketing thermoelectric modules for cooling, heating and power generation applications Nowadays, more ambitious applications are coming out, such as thermoelectric domestic refrigerators [ ] Thermoelectric method is one of the investigated methods icomponents OF THE SOLAR THERMOELECTRIC COOLING SYSTEM A normal solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according to the system type, configuration, site location and applications A complete PV cooling system may be consists of the following major components: photovoltaic panels, a solar charge controller, a battery bank Fig3, an inverter circuit, and an electrical vapor compression AC unit [19] 2

3 The form of the section is intended to charge the battery from solar cells Fig3 PV module: produce electricity by converting light energy (from the sun) into DC electrical energy Solar charge controller: regulates the voltage and current coming from the PV panels going to battery and prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the battery life Inverter: is an electrical circuit that converts DC output of PV panels or battery into a clean AC current and then delivers the electrical energy to the AC load Battery: stores energy (DC voltages) at a charging mode when sunlight is available for supplying DC electrical energy to electrical appliances when there is a demand or absence of daylight The vapor compression AC or DC unit: is actually a conventional cooling or refrigeration system that is run by the power received from the inverter or directly from the battery ii COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP) Using solar energy to power the thermoelectric devices (DC current) is thought to be an attractive way to serve the needs for thermoelectric refrigeration system, since the TECs consume a large amount of electricity, this meet demand for energy conservation and environment protection According to the energy efficiency of a thermoelectric device, operating in a cooling or refrigeration mode, is based on the amount of heat that it removes compared to the amount of work that it requires This value is referred to as coefficient of performance, COP [20] COP TE= For the solar-driven thermoelectric systems, the performance of whole system (Ƞsystem) can be written as the product of the performance of the thermoelectric refrigeration system (COP TE) and the PV efficiency (Ƞ PV), that is, Ƞsystem= COP TH Ƞ PV The COP TE of the thermoelectric refrigeration system reported is usually less than 06, and the Ƞ PV average 10%, so the Ƞsystem of a solar-driven thermoelectric system is usually less than 006 [21] IV THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS Semiconductors are the optimum choice of material to sandwich between two metal conductors because of the ability to control the semiconductors charge carriers, as well as, increase the heat pumping ability Metals are used to sandwich the semiconductor Table I Figure shows the merit of each substance used in forming a thermoelectric TABLE1 Figure of Merit for Different Materials [22] Material Figure of merit Pb Te 12 x 10-3 Pb Se 12 x 10-3 Pb2 Te3 12 x 10-3 Bi 2 Te 3 13 x 10-3 (BiSb) 2 Te 3 33 x 10-3 V ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PELTIER EFFECT As any technology, Peltier effect has both advantages and disadvantages They are valuable and have to be estimated in each area where Peltier effect is going to be integrated It allows previewing if the technology is reasonable to be used, or some alternative is relevant to be found However, the main drawbacks and benefits have to be mentioned at this point to understand the main problems to deal with Sumup its shortcomings in several score:[23] Peltier element takes a large amount of current and power, while the heat production is not huge Condensation is obvious when cooling of one side of the element is strong, while the other side becomes excessively hot Thermoelectric emitting no possibility of mechanical Able to dissipate limited amount of heat flux Lower coefficient of performance than vapor-compression systems Relegated to low heat flux applications More total heat to remove than without a TEC The advantages of thermoelectric: There is no by moving mechanical parts and therefore does not have the votes of the need not to passage of a boat cooling pipes inside this be installed simple small size VI EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICALSTUDY OF RECENT LITERATURE REVIEWS A COOLING SYSTEM There are several studies on the thermoelectric cooling Models where he presented each of Abdullah et al[24] have carried out an experimental study on cooling performance of a developed hybrid Solar Thermoelectric- Adsorption cooling system The developed system produced cooling via the Peltier effect during the day, by means of thermoelectric elements, and through adsorption (activated carbonmethanol) process at night They evaluate the coefficient of performance by using derived equations, the average COP values of the hybrid cooling system were found about 0152 for thermoelectric system and about 0131 for adsorption Riffat et al [25] compared the performance of three types of domestic air-conditioners, namely the vapor compression air Conditioner, the absorption air-conditioner 3

4 and the thermoelectric air-conditioner It was concluded that that solar thermal-driven air-conditioning systems are attractive in many regions due to the increase of the cooling demand, lightweight, fast start-up, noiseless, environmental friendly (completely CFC free), simple, reliable, and easy control and wide operating temperature (-40 to -70 o C) But it still very expensive at present, because the use of PV Hongxia Xi et al [26] presented an overview of the development solar-based thermoelectric technology (ie, solar-driven refrigeration and solar-driven thermoelectric power generation) and their applications They concluded that the solar-driven thermoelectric technologies could be used in a wide variety of fields They are attractive technologies that not only can serve the needs for refrigeration, air-conditioning applications and power generation, considerationwei et al [27] presented experimental study on a thermoelectric cooling and heating system driven by solar cell The system consists of solar cells, experimental room which is installed with thermoelectric device, heat exchanger and storage tank As shown fig4,the experiments have been done in a model room whose volume is 0125 m3, in summer condition, using solar panel whose area is 05 m2 The minimum temperature 17 C was achieved, with COP of the thermoelectric device higher than 045 The temperature of water in the storage tank with a volume of 185 L has raised about 9 o C It concluded that COP of the system is higher than 045, the thermal efficiency was 1206%, and electrical efficiency 1027% The energy saving system is acoustically silent, environmentally friendly, and can reduce cooling and heating load in room Fig4 Experimental investigation and simulation on a thermoelectric cooling and heating system driven by solar Dai et al [28] developed a thermoelectric refrigeration system powered by solar cells and carried out experimental investigation and analysis to meet the needs for outdoor use (2-3 persons) Two solar cell panels They can turn 13% of the total energy received from solar radiation into electric power For each panel, the area is 04 m2 The thermoelectric refrigerator consists of a thermoelectric cooling module, whose specific input power is 45 W, and specific voltage is 12 V the experiment set-up It is concluded that the studied refrigerator can maintain the temperature in refrigerated space at 5-10 C, and has a COP about 03 under given conditions As shown in Fig5, Fig 5, Schematic of solar cell driven, thermoelectric refrigerator (prototype) Mengetal et al [29] conducted numerical studies of the cooling load and coefficient of performance of a commercial water-cooling thermoelectric refrigerator with a maximum cooling load of 233 W and a maximum COP of 054 The results demonstrated that the heat convection of the heat exchanger and the heat leakage through the air gap are the main factors that can cause irreversibility and decrease the performance of the system In the past years Ewert et al [30] designed and developed an affordable solar thermoelectric refrigerator for the desert people living in Oman where electricity is not available In this study, 10 thermoelectric modules were used in the design of the refrigerator The PV solar cells used in this study had the efficiency of 14% The experimental results indicated that the temperature of the refrigeration was reduced from 27oC to 5oC in approximately 44 min under outdoor conditions Wahab et al [31] The coefficient of performance of the refrigerator was calculated and found to be about 016 The system performance was strongly dependent on the intensity of solar insulation and the temperature difference of hot and cold sides between the thermoelectric modules Mei et al [32] studied a solar-assisted automobile thermoelectric airconditioner and other studies related to solar thermoelectric refrigerators have been reported (Dai et al [33] The research of thermoelectric device combined with the solar energy is expanding Xia et al [34] The solar energy is convenient, environmental protection and inexhaustible In the past years, a lot of work has been reported on thermoelectric cooling Van Sark et al [35] reported the performance of the thermoelectric hybrid modules Hara researched a solar cell driven thermoelectric cooling prototype headgear for outside personal cooling Hara et al [36] Atta studied solar water condensation by using thermoelectric coolers [37] Their research on solar thermoelectric cooling has provided a wealth of valuable data and analysis B Thermoelectric air conditioning system The research of thermoelectric device combined with the solar energy is expanding Xia et al [38] The solar energy is convenient, environmental protection and inexhaustible In the past years, a lot of work has been reported on thermoelectric cooling Van Sark et al [39] reported the performance of the thermoelectric hybrid modules Hara researched a solar cell TABLE 2 Summary of the main results on the level of previous studies to use thermoelectric coolercontent of the 4

5 table reference and cold side temperatureand hot side temperature ( ₒ C) and coefficient of performance,cooling capacity (w) Ref Thot Tcold COP Pw cooling capacity Driven thermoelectric cooling prototype headgear for outside personal cooling Hara et al [40] Atta studied solar water condensation by using thermoelectric coolers Lert et al [41] Their research on solar thermoelectric cooling has provided a wealth of valuable data and analysis Investigated the cooling performance and thermal comfort of a TE ceiling cooling panel (TE-CCP) system Thermal acceptability assessment was performed to determine whether the indoor environment met the ASHRAE Standard-55 s 80% acceptability criteria8 A suitable condition occurred at 1 A of current low with a corresponding cooling capacity of 201W, giving a COP o082 with 27ₒC average indoor temperature and 08 m/s indoor air velocitythe aim of the investigation described herein is to evaluate the thermal comfort and find the optimum COP of a compact TE air conditioner The effects of electrical current supplied to the TE modules and air velocity on thermal comfort are discussed Liu et al [42] presented theoretical and experimental investigations of a novel solar thermoelectric air conditioner with hot water supply From this study, the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system can be about 259 in cooling mode and 301 in heating mode Yazeed-Alomair et al [43] studied the use of thermoelectric and thermionic to cool water, and then the through coil air access to the file to take advantage of cooling using The solar- thermoelectric liquid chiller system is composed of an array of six thermoelectric modulefig6, Fig 6, shows the experimental phase of the study on the air conditioning thermoelectric VII CONCLUSIONS The objective of this review is to identify the best standards to use solar energy with technological system for refrigeration and air conditioning such as thermoelectric and thermionic for application on a large scale because its performance arrived at least 30% this is very promising for use in climate of Egypt A thermoelectric air-condition was designed and built which can be used for personal cooling & heating Four TECs were used for achieving the cooling with a DC power supply through external power supply After we had earlier studies the importance of thermoelectric in refrigeration and airconditioning, especially after their integration with clean energy, where derive their energies of solar cells feeding DC and then the assessment of thermoelectric performance labs, as was the best wineries of the performance of a large cooling capacity at 430 W was 26 thermoelectric technology also witnessed great development, use the water to cool and absorb heat from the hot side to improve efficiency and proved its worthiness reliability high so I see in the future to improve the And we have worked on this review in order to work on the stand toward the best of the hand cooling technologies, unconventional and found that the energy consumption of thermoelectric and thermionic solar energy less than conventional energy, which caused damage environment so Abdul review found that the coefficient of thermoelectric and thermionic performance can be improved through good design thermal exchanges and improve Articles semi-connected configuration in thermoelectric and thermionic as well as availability of solar energy in our Arab Republic of Egypt, which facilitates the use of thermoelectric and thermionic to take advantage of them in refrigeration and air-conditioning in remote areas REFERANCES [1] Jahangeer KA, Andrew AO, Raisul Md,2011 Numerical investigation of transfer coefficients of an evaporatively cooled condenser Appl Therm Eng;31: [2] Kalkan N, Young EA, Celiktas A 2012 Solar thermal air conditioning technology reducing the footprint of solar thermal air conditioning Renew Sust Energ Rev;16: [3] Wimolsiri P Solar cooling and sustainable refrigeration, tainrefrig2005wp pdf Prof N B Totala, Prof V P Desa2, Rahul K N Singh et al August 2014) Study and Fabrication of Thermoelectric Air Cooling and Heating System, International Journal of Engineering Inventions e- ISSN: , p-issn: Volume 4, Issue 2 (PP: [4-5] Elsafty A Al-Daini A 2002, Economical comparison between a solar-powered vapor absorption air-conditioning system and a vapour compression system in the Middle, East Renewable Energy; 25: [6] A M Abu-Zour, S B Riffat, 2007 Solar-Driven Air- Conditioning Cycles: A Review, the Journal of Engineering Research Vol 4, No

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