Comparative Study on MEPS and Energy Labeling for Refrigerator

Transcription

1 Comparative Study on MEPS and Energy Labeling for Refrigerator Prepared by: Brunei National Energy Research Institute (BNERI) JANUARY 27, 2016 (REVISED)

2 1 Company: Brunei National Energy Research Institute (BNERI) Science & Technology Research Building UBD Tungku Link BE1410 Brunei Darussalam Author: Azmi Kitar Student Intern (Intake Session: 2013/2014) Faculty of Science (Applied Physics) Universiti Brunei Darussalam Supervisor/Reviewer: Majid Haji Sapar Senior Researcher Energy Efficiency & Conservation Department

3 2 Table of Contents List of Acronyms and Abbreviations... 4 Foreword... 6 Abstract Introduction What is MEPS? What is Energy Labelling? Principle of Refrigeration Aim Methodology Overview MEPS Energy Labeling Key Findings Singapore Malaysia Korea Australia China Japan Hong Kong European Union USA Products Available in Brunei Darussalam Discussions Which test standard should Brunei Darussalam choose? Which type of energy label? How to obtain the MEPS? Conclusions Recommendations References... 46

4 3 9. Appendices Appendix A: Summary Appendix B: Sample calculation Appendix C: Testing Laboratory... 50

5 4 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Ad tot Awi AV or AEC AHAM ANSI AS/NZS α external door allowance ice-maker allowance Adjusted Volume Annual Energy Consumption Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers American National Standards Institute Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand Alpha, one of the variables for Standard Energy-Consumption Equation. The gradient of the graph. δ Delta, one of the variables for Standard Energy-Consumption Equation. The y- intercept of the graph. E a E max E ref EEF I eff IEC ISO JISC Ka Kf Kv KSC Actual appliance Annual Energy Consumption obtained from energy consumption test. Maximum Energy consumption Energy consumption on the reference line Energy Efficiency Factor Energy Efficiency Index International Electrotechnical Commission International Organization for Standards Japanese Industrial Standards Committee adaptive defrost factor fixed allowance factor for its appliance group variable allows factor Korean Industrial Standard Committee

6 5 ΔLCC MEPS N NPV ΔPC r TEPS or Vadj tot V f 1-star compartment 2-star compartment Life Cycle Cost Minimum Energy Performance Standards Lifetime(years) Net present Value Purchase Price Discount Rate of NPV Test room ambient temperature Temperature of a frozen food compartment the rated temperature in the individual compartment concerned the rated temperature in the fresh food compartment Targeted Energy Performance Standard Total adjusted volume Volume of fresh food compartment Volume of *-star compartment weighted to frozen food compartment Weighting Factor Means a compartment in which the storage temperature measured is not warmer than -6 o C Means a compartment in which the storage temperature measured is not warmer than -12 o C 3-star compartment 4-star freezer Means a compartment in which the storage temperature measured is not warmer than -18 o C Means a three-star compartment with the added capability of freezing a certain amount of foodstuff which is no less than 4.5 kg per 100 litres, with a minimum of 2.0 kg within 24 hours.

7 6 Foreword Brunei Darussalam has been blessed with abundant energy resources which have continued to aid in fueling the country s prosperity. The quality of life of the populace has also improved greatly with this wealth. However, this also led to an increase in the consumption of energy in the country. The residential sector has become the primary focus of this study as a large percentage of energy consumption in Brunei Darussalam comes from this sector. The energy consumption is projected to increase as the population of the country increases. This report is a follow up to an earlier effort of establishing energy label and MEPS for air-conditioners which now already have a proposed energy label and MEPS. The main purpose of this work is to act as a reference to provide policy makers or researchers with updated information on the energy efficiency standards of other countries particularly on energy label and MEPS of refrigerators. This is in preparation of establishing similar requirements for this appliance. This is in support of Brunei Darussalam s Energy White Paper under KP15 Policy 1: Appliance Energy Efficiency Standards and Labelling.

8 7 Abstract Many countries around the world have chosen to adopt policy to reduce their energy consumption. One such policy is the implementation of MEPS and energy label to electrical appliances to reduce inefficient appliances in the market and to encourage consumers to buy more efficient products. This report was made to assist policy makers in determining the energy standard and label for refrigerators that is most relevant with the socioeconomic condition of Brunei Darussalam by doing a comparative study with various other countries that already have MEPS or energy label in place. The steps involved and the different types of MEPS and energy labeling that can be implemented were explained in detail. A summary of the MEPS and energy label used by 9 different countries which includes Singapore, Malaysia, Korea, Australia, China, Japan, Hong Kong, European Union and USA were made. By referring to the energy label for air conditioners that is already proposed in Brunei, a categorical star rating labeling system would be an ideal choice for the purpose of consistency. An attempt was also made to construct a graph of Annual Energy Consumption against Volume for Brunei which resembles those from other countries. However, the lack of regulation for refrigerator in Brunei may lead to the increased in inefficient product in the market. Adopting a similar policy with those of neighboring countries will be helpful to increase harmonization between the countries.

9 8 1. Introduction 1.1 What is MEPS? MEPS which stands for Minimum Energy Performance Standards is one of the three types of energyefficiency standards used in regulating energy usage in a country. It functions by restricting the sale of products that are less efficient than the minimum level (The annual energy consumption exceeds the maximum energy consumption allowed for a specific adjusted volume). The minimum efficiency is based on a specified test protocol such as ISO and IEC. Other standards are Prescriptive Standards and Class-average Standards. Prescriptive Standards installed a particular parts or device to all new products which increases their efficiency before they can be sell. Class-average Standards states the average efficiency of a manufactured product which makes it possible for manufacturer to select the efficiency level for each model to achieve the overall average. This standard also needs the manufacturers or governments to take action in promoting higher energy-efficiency product to reach the average efficiency goal. (Wiel & Mcmahon, February 2005, p. 136) See Chapter 3.2 for a more detailed explanation on these standards. 1.2 What is Energy Labelling? Energy efficiency labels are descriptive labels that are pasted onto manufactured products which display the energy performance of the product. This allows the consumers to purchase carefully by understanding the energy consumption of these products. Other use is to provide a common energy benchmark that will be helpful for utility companies and government energy conservation agencies to encourage consumers in purchasing energy efficient products. The successfulness of energy label is heavily affected by information campaigns or other related programs to keep the consumers well informed. There 2 main types of energy labels namely endorsement labels and comparative labels. Endorsement Labels are typically seals of approval given to products that achieved or exceed a certain efficiency goal. Comparative Labels shows the relative energy use of a product compared to other models available on the market. There are three forms of comparative labels that are displayed around the world: Categorical Labels uses a categorical ranking system to compare the relative energy use with other models on the market while Continuous Labels use a bar graph to show relative energy use. Information only labels displays data on the technical performance of products but does not compare with other products which makes it unsuitable to promote energy efficiency. (Wiel & Mcmahon, February 2005, p. 94) See Chapter 3.3 for a more in depth description on different types of energy labeling

10 9 1.3 Principle of Refrigeration The main principle of refrigeration is the use of the evaporation of a liquid to absorb heat. The liquid used in a refrigerator or freezer is called refrigerant which evaporates at an extremely low temperature, so it can create freezing temperatures inside the refrigerator. A thermostat detects the temperature inside the freezer compartment and switched on the compressors when needed. This is also one of the most common repairs needed on a freezer. If the thermostat was broken, the freezer will either keep running or not come on at all. The freezer system is sealed, especially the refrigerant as the refrigerant are highly toxic and should not be handled by anyone who is not certified to do so. There are two types of refrigeration: compression-type refrigeration and absorption-type refrigeration. Compression-type refrigeration is effected by means of a motor-driven compressor, whereas for an absorption-type refrigeration, an absorption process using heat as energy source effects the refrigeration. This leads to about a factor three in higher energy efficiency for a compression-type appliance. Therefore, only compression-type appliances are described here. Fig.1-1: Compression type refrigeration process From Figure 1-1, there are 5 important steps in this process: 1. The coolant is a liquid as it enters the expansion valve. As it passes through, the sudden drop in pressure makes it expand, cool, and turn into a gas. [Liquid evaporates into Gas at low pressure, low temperature]

11 10 2. As the coolant flows around the chiller cabinet (usually around a pipe buried in the back wall), it absorbs and removes heat from the food inside. [Gas at low pressure, absorbing heat for the liquid to evaporate] 3. The compressor squeezes the coolant, raising its temperature and pressure. It's now a hot, highpressure gas. [Gas at high pressure and high temperature] 4. The coolant flows through thin radiator pipes on the back of the fridge, giving out its heat and cooling back into a liquid as it does so. [Gas condense into Liquid at high pressure but low temperature] 5. The coolant flows back through the insulated cabinet to the expansion valve and the cycle repeats itself. So heat is constantly picked up from inside the refrigerator and put down again outside it. More info can be obtained from 2. Aim In order to choose a standard and label that is most compatible with Brunei Darussalam, a comparative study need to be made undertaken with other nations especially ASEAN countries that have high similarities in term of its socio-economic. These will be used as references in making the decision on which policy or methodology to adopt for Brunei Darussalam. 3. Methodology A brief summary for the current requirement of household refrigerator in other countries are as follows: Singapore: MEPS and comparative labelling (green tick label from 1 to 4 ticks); Malaysia: MEPS and energy labelling (star rating), Korea: MEPS and Categorical label from 5 to 1 Australia: MEPS and star rating label China: MEPS and categorical label from 5 to 1 Japan: Top Runner program and star rating label from 1 to 5 Hong Kong: Voluntary Energy Label Europe: MEPS and Categorical Label D to A+++ USA: MEPS and Energy Star program

12 Overview This report is made based on the guidelines provided by Energy-Efficiency Labels and Standards: A GUIDEBOOK FOR APPLIANCES, EQUIPMENT, AND LIGHTING. Therefore, the steps provided in the book are also included for clarification. An alternative to this book, will be the report titled A review on test procedure, energy efficiency standards and energy labels for room air conditioners and refrigerator freezers by T.M.I. Mahlia, R. Saidur which provides the information in a more concise form. Figure 3-1 : Typical steps in the process of developing consumer product energy-efficiency labels and standards (Wiel & Mcmahon, February 2005, p. 26) First Step D elaborates mainly on the situation of the country that can influence the effectiveness of the program. It also evaluates on the capability of the country in developing and implementing the program in particular the authority that will be in charge of maintaining the program. The data required such as current level of efficiency available in the marketplace to formulate a suitable scope for the program and also from other countries

13 12 Second Step T elaborates on the need for a uniform product-testing procedure. Countries which mostly imports appliances from foreign manufacturers are advised to depend on the existing test facilities from the country of origin. Reduced cost for the government and product marketing delays are avoided if governments only use private testing and conduct audits themselves. It is recommended to adopt existing test protocols than to create a new one as to achieve harmonization at the highest possible level. This will be beneficial in the long run as to lessen non-tariff trade barriers and also increases the likelihood of harmonization with other countries. Table 3-1 was taken from A review on test procedure, energy efficiency standards and energy labels for room air conditioners and refrigerator freezers by T.M.I. Mahlia, R. Saidur. Please refer to this article for more information on the test procedure. This report will focus on Step S and Step L for energy performance standards and energy labeling.

14 13 Variable ANSI/AHAM ISO AS/NZS CAN/CSA- GB JIS C 9607 KS C NOM-015-ENER-97 CNS C300-M91 Energy consumption Ambient temperature 32.3±0.6 o C 25±0.5 o C 32±0.5 o C 32.2±0.6 o C 25±0.5 o C 15/30±1 o C 30±1 o C 32.2±0.6 o C 30±1 o C Energy consumption fresh food temperature Energy consumption freezer temperature Freezer for energy consumption Operation test ambient temperatures 3.3/7.22 o C 5 o C 3 o C 3.3/7.22 o C 5 o C 3±0.5 o C 3±0.5 o C 3.3/7.2 o C 3±0.5 o C -15/-17.8 o C -18 o C -15 o C -9.4/-15/-17.8 Sometimes loaded 21.1/32.2/43.3 o C o C Loaded Unloaded Sometimes loaded -18 o C -6/-12/-18 o C -6/-12/-18 o C -9.4/-15/-17.8 o C -6/-12/-15/-18 o C Loaded Sometimes loaded Sometimes loaded Sometimes loaded 16/32 o C 10/32/43 o C None 16/32 o C 15/30 o C 15/30 o C None 15/30 o C Operation test fresh 1.1 to 5 o C 0 to 5 o C 0.5 to 6 o C None 0 to 5 o C 2 or 5 o C 5 o C None 5 o C Food temperatures Operation test freezer -15/ o C -18 o C -15 o C None -18 o C -18/-12/-6 o C -18/-12/-6 o C No -18/-15-12/-6 o C temperatures Pull down test Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Freezing capacity test No Yes No Chest and Yes Yes Yes No Yes upright freezers only Ice-making capacity Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Temperature rise time No Yes No No Yes No No No No Other performance tests Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Gross volume Not specified Total only Compartment Not specified Total only Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified (not specified (including (not specified at at sub-compartment) sub-compartment subcompartm level) ent level) Storage volume All levels All levels All levels All levels All levels All levels All levels All levels All levels Volume used for MEPS and energy Storage Storage in EU Gross Storage Storage in EU Storage Storage Storage Storage labeling Freezer compartment NA NA adjustment factor (adjusted volume) Separate freezer energy Adjustment 0.7/0.85 No No 0.7/0.85 No No No 0.7/0.85 No Energy sources and refrigeration systems covered All electric A.C. single phase systems Any Mains powered electric vapour compression All electric A.C., 60 Hz, 110V within volume limits Any Mains powered electric vapour compression Mains powered electric vapour compression with volume limits All electric A.C., 60 Hz, 115V Humidity Not specified 45 75% Not specified Not specified 45 75% 75±5% 75±5% Not specified 75±5% Anti-sweat heaters during energy Average on Only when On Average on Only when On On Average on and off On consumption tests and off needed and off needed Door openings No No No For variable No Every 12 min, No No No defrost 50 times systems 23 Table 3-1: Summary of requirements international test procedure Loaded Mains powered electric vapour compression with volume limits

15 MEPS Figure 3-2-1: Major steps in analyzing and setting standards (Wiel & Mcmahon, February 2005, p. 138) Step S focused on the 3 different approaches to establish the standards, namely: 1) Statistical approach 2) Engineering/economic approach 3) Consensus approach The statistical approach is based on market research of the given appliance. This approach requires data that can show the characteristic of marketplace for the targeted products. An observation will be made on the products available at a particular time and a regression analysis will be performed to show the relationship between energy consumption and adjusted volume. (An adjusted volume is the sum of the volumes of the different compartments weighted by the difference in temperatures between interior of the compartment and the ambient temperature). After calculation of the regression line/reference line, desired goal can then be selected such as 5 and 10% energy savings lines are drawn from the reference line or the number of models that can be removed from the market. The minimum efficiency line or reference line is defined as the line of maximum efficiency index. The efficiency index is the percentage that the energy is above or below the reference line can be explained by the following equation: Equation (1)

16 15 E a = Actual appliance Annual Energy Consumption obtained from energy consumption test. E ref = Energy consumption on the reference line An energy efficient appliance is located by a point below the reference line and therefore has an index lower than 1. Appliance that is located above the reference line have an efficiency index value greater than 1 which is considered to be less efficient as shown in Figure Figure 3-2-2: Graph of Annual Energy Consumption against Adjusted Volume for E.U. Minimum efficiency standards will prohibit the least energy efficient units from the market. The manufacturers will have to improve or replace the energy efficiency of given models within the time allowed before prohibition comes into force Hence, minimum efficiency standards are defined as a linear equation above which all units are forbidden from the market. Standard Energy-Consumption Equations: Energy consumption as a function of adjusted volume can be expressed by the following equations: Emax=α Vadj+δ Equation (2) E max Maximum Energy consumption α Alpha, one of the variables for Standard Energy-Consumption Equation. The gradient of the graph. δ Delta, one of the variables for Standard Energy-Consumption Equation. The y-intercept of the graph.

17 16 = Equation (3) Total adjusted volume = (Volume of fresh food compartment V f) + (Volume of *-star compartment weighted to frozen food compartment V ffc) = Equation (4) ( = Weighting Factor, Ta = Test room ambient temperature, T i = The rated temperature in the individual compartment concerned, T r =The rated temperature in the fresh food compartment) Sub Equation (4) into Equation (3) = ( )+ ( ) Equation (5) (T ffc = Temperature of a frozen food compartment) Significance of Using Adjusted Volume: Refrigerator freezers energy consumption depends on the appliance volume and on the temperature difference between the surroundings and the inside of the refrigerator freezers. The adjusted volume is a measure of the refrigerator freezers volume adjusted to reflect the various operating temperatures of different compartments. This also takes into account the climate class of the region (e,g: China located in temperate region uses the ambient temperature 25 o C while Singapore located in the tropical region uses the ambient temperature 32 O C). The engineering/economic approach is more complicated than statistical approach. The analysis is determined by the potential efficiency improvements, cost improvement and the impact on the appliance cost through economic analyses, including life cycle cost and payback period. The advantage of this approach is the possibility of considering new design with higher efficiency improvement than any existing models. However, the data for efficiency improvement and cost of the projected models are difficult to collect and may be subject to significant uncertainty because it has not been mass-produced yet. Essentially, the following seven steps are the basis for an engineering analysis: (i) selection of the appliance classes; (ii) selection of the baseline units; (iii) selection of the design options for each class; (iv) calculation of efficiency improvement from each design option; (v) calculation of efficiency improvements for combine design options; (vi) develop cost estimates (include installation and maintenance) for each design option; (vii) determination of the cost-efficiency curves. Once these steps are completed, it is possibly to analyze the economic impact of the potential efficiency improvement on the consumers by carrying out a life cycle cost analyses and payback periods. (Mahlia & Saidur, September 2010) Life cycle cost analysis: One measure of the effect of proposed standards on consumers is the change in operating cost as compared to the change in purchase price, both resulting from standards. This is

18 17 quantified by a difference in life cycle cost (LCC) between the base and standards case for the appliance analyzed. Life cycle cost is analyzed as a function of five variables: discount rate, fuel price, appliance lifetime, incremental price and incremental energy savings. The frequency of occurrence of the minimum LCC at each design option determines the optimum efficiency level. The LCC is the sum of the purchase price and the operating expense discounted over the lifetime of the appliance. It can be defined by following equation. Life cycle cost (LCC)=Purchase price+npv (Energy cost per year) Equation (6) Where, Equation (7) (r = Discount Rate of NPV, N = Lifetime in years) Payback period: The payback period measures the amount of time needed to recover the additional consumer investment in increased efficiency through lower operating costs. Payback period (PAY) can be defined by following equation. Equation (8) The payback period is the ratio of the increase in purchase price (ΔPC) from base case to the standards case to a decrease in the annual operating costs (ΔOC). A payback period greater than the lifetime of the product means that the increased purchase price is not recovered in reduced operating costs. A payback period greater than its lifetime is not economically viable for energy efficiency improvements. (Wiel & Mcmahon, February 2005) The consensus approach is when usually two or more groups get together and decide the standards through a joint process. These groups could be some combination of a government regulatory agency, environmental/consumer s groups and electrical appliances manufacturers. This approach was used in Japan where the standards are set by a group of industry and government participants using limited analyses but knowledgeable about the market and the availability of technologies for a particular product. (Mahlia& Saidur, September 2010)

19 Energy Labeling Figure 3-3-1: Major steps in designing and implementing an energy-labeling program (Wiel & Mcmahon, February 2005, p. 103) Step L explains on the reason of implementing energy labeling and its categories. The purpose of introducing energy labels is to encourage the consumers to buy and manufacturers to produce energy efficient appliances. An energy label is a mandatory or voluntary sticker that is affixed to products and their packaging containing information on the energy efficiency or energy consumption of the product. It was predicted that energy efficiency improvements of the product through energy efficiency standards and labels will result in a market transformation. The distributions of appliance as a function of energy efficient products normally correspond to a normal distribution curve. The appliance efficiency is forcing from the present average towards the standards average efficiency that causes transformation in the market. Meanwhile, introducing energy labels is encouraging the availability of more efficient products which also caused transformation in the market. It is expected consumer will purchase the more efficient models from the market due to the labels. This will pull the availability of the high efficient models in the marketplace. The result is shown in Figure

20 19 Figure 3-3-2: Expected market transformation of products distribution due to standards and labels implementation There are three categories of energy labels used in various countries: (a) Endorsement (b) Comparative (1) Categorical (2) Continuous-scale (3) Information-only a. Endorsement labels offer essentially a seal of approval that a product meets certain pre-specified criteria. They are generally based on a yes no procedure and offer little additional information. b. Comparative label is divided into three subcategories: (1) The categorical labels use a ranking system that telling the consumers how energy-efficient of a model is compared to other. The main emphasis is on establishing clear categories so that the consumer can easily understand, by looking at a single label, how energy-efficient of a product relative to others in the market. (2) The continuous-scale labels provide comparative information that allows consumers to choose between models, but do not use specific categories. (3) The Information-only labels provide information on the technical performance of the single labeled product and offer no simple way (such as a ranking system) to compare energy performance between products. These types of labels are generally not consumer-friendly because they contain only technical information.

21 20 4. Key Findings The findings will be a summary of the policy adopted by the countries where the manufacturers are originated from, comparison of the test protocol used and the products available in Brunei which will be used to draw a graph for MEPS in the discussion. 4.1 Singapore Overview: Singapore has a mandatory energy label for household refrigerators. This uses green tick marks; with one tick being the lowest rating and 4 ticks the highest rating. There is a separate endorsement label for products. Singapore has established MEPS for refrigerators since MEPS: MEPS for household refrigerators was introduced in In simple terms the minimum permitted efficiency from 2011 was 2 tick marks (meaning that products with 1 tick or no tick were no longer permitted). MEPS levels were upgraded in Singapore in September As a result, only refrigerators with 4 ticks and refrigerator-freezers with 3 ticks are now permitted to be sold. Test Procedure: Singapore uses the ISO15502 test procedure (or IEC62552 Edition 1, which is equivalent). The energy test is conducted at an ambient of 32 C (ISO Tropical). The freezer is loaded with ISO freezer test packages for energy tests. Adjusted volume: The following factors are used to calculate adjusted volume in order to determine energy efficiency requirements: Compartment Type K Fresh food 1.00 Four-star freezer 1.79 Three-star freezer 1.79 Two-star freezer 1.57 One-star freezer 1.36 Chill 1.13 Cellar 0.75

22 21 Approach to determining energy/efficiency categories: Three product categories are defined: refrigerator (no freezer), refrigerator-freezer, refrigerator-freezer with through the door ice and water (TTD) (the latter product is not examined in this report). The MEPS of a refrigerator is determined as an annual energy consumption (AEC in kwh) using the adjusted volume. The applicable equations and limit are as follows (for adjusted volume up to 900 litres): Refrigerator (without freezer): (0.892 Vadj) x 0.64 Refrigerator (with freezer): (1.378 Vadj) x Refrigerator- with freezer with through the door ice (TTD): (1.378 Vadj) x The tick mark levels are determined as follows: Tick Marks Without Freezer With Freezer Rating 1 [( x V adj tot) x 0.64] AEC > [( x V adj tot) x 0.461] [( x V adj tot) x 0.585] AEC > [( x V adj tot) x 0.427] 2 [( x Vadj tot) x 0.461] AEC > [( x Vadj tot) x 0.332] [( x Vadj tot) x 0.427] AEC > [( x Vadj tot) x 0.312] 3 [( x Vadj tot) x 0.332] AEC > [( x Vadj tot) x [( x Vadj tot) x 0.312] AEC > [( x Vadj tot) x 0.228] 4 [( x Vadj tot) x 0.239] AEC [( x Vadj tot) x 0.228] AEC Source Information:

23 Malaysia Overview: Malaysia has a mandatory energy label for household refrigerators, this uses a star rating approach with 1 star the lowest efficiency and 5 stars as the highest efficiency. There is also a separate endorsement label for products that can achieve 5 stars. MEPS: MEPS for household refrigerators has been developed and is expected to be implemented in May MEPS is defined as a minimum 2-star rating. Test Procedure: Malaysia uses the ISO15502 test procedure (or IEC62552 Edition 1, which is equivalent). The energy test is conducted at an ambient of 32 C (ISO tropical). The freezer is loaded with ISO freezer test packages for energy tests. Adjusted volume: The following factors are used to calculate adjusted volume in order to determine energy efficiency requirements: k defrost 1.2 (frost free) (frozen compartments) k (***) 2.22 k (**) 1.96 k (*) 1.69

24 23 Approach to determining energy/efficiency categories are set out below: Two product categories are defined: 1 door and 2 door products (refrigerator-freezers). The energy efficiency of a product is determined as the Energy Efficiency Factor (EEF), which is based on the adjusted volume divided by the energy consumption (in kwh/day). A reference value for EEF (called EEFAverage) is given for each of the two product categories defined: EEFAverage (1 Door) = 1.37 VAdjusted 63.3 EEFAverage (2 Door) = VAdjusted The star index is then calculated for the product based on the EEF for the tested product and the EEF for the average product as defined above. = 1 In this equation, a star index of 0 is effectively a product that is at the EEF average line. This is equivalent to 2.5 stars in the rating scheme (but only whole stars are shown). A more efficient product (with a higher litres per kwh value) will have a star index of greater than 0, while a less efficient product will have a star index of less than 0. The star rating is allocated according to the star index above. Star Rating Star Index 5 Star index 25% 4 25% > Star index 10% 3 +10% > Star index -10% 2-10% > Star index -25% 1 Star index < -25% Note: Star index values can be expressed as an absolute decimal (e.g for 5 stars) Star rating of 1 will be eliminated by MEPS. Source Information:

25 Korea Overview: Korea launched the Energy Efficiency Standards & Labeling Program (Included MEPS) in Adopted the High-Efficiency Appliance Certification Program and voluntary certification scheme since MEPS: the lowest value of the 5 th grade Test Procedure: KS C IEC Adjusted volume: The standard formula to calculate adjusted volume is used. Approach to determining energy/efficiency categories: (a)energy efficiency standards Product type MEPS (kwh/month) TEPS (kwh/month) Refrigerators 0.067AV AV Refrigerator-freezers AV < 500 liter 0.045AV AV Refrigerator-freezers AV >500 liter 0.078AV AV MEPS As of Jan 1, Targeted Energy Performance Standard (TEPS) by the end of 2002 *Note: 1. AV(Adjusted Volume, liter) = Refrigerator volume + K x Freezer volume 2. Adjustment factor K = for Refrigerator-freezers 3. Formula for adjustment factor (K) = (T1 T3) / (T1-T2) Where, T1: Ambient temperature in testing (30 o C) T2: Average indoor temperature of the fresh compartment T3: Average indoor temperature of the freezing compartment (-18 o C)

26 25 (b)energy Efficiency rating criteria, R is R = Energy consumption of commercial refrigerator-freezer (kwh/month) / TEPS (kwh/ month) (c)energy efficiency rating standards R Grade R< <R< <R< <R< <R< (d)test methods of energy consumption, complying with KS C 9305 Source Information: Workshop/ICF EE SL in Asia.pdf

27 Australia Overview: Australia has had mandatory energy label for household refrigerators since It uses categorical system from 1 star to 10 stars (best) although the best products currently on the market are only 5 stars. MEPS levels were applied in 1999 and An upgrade to MEPS is proposed for 2017 based on US 2014 levels. MEPS: MEPS for household refrigerators was applied in 1999 and Some adjustments to level were made in 2010 with a revised test procedure (at an equivalent stringency). An upgrade of MEPS is proposed for Test Procedure: AS/NZS was originally based on US test methods but has evolved since then. The ambient temperature is 32 C is used for energy tests. The freezer is unloaded (no test packages) and temperatures are average air temperatures. Temperature of fresh food is 3 C and the freezer is -15 C. Adjusted volume: A fixed value for adjusted volume is applied of 1.6 for freezers, 1.4 for short term freezers and 1.2 for icemakers. Other compartment types are also defined (cellars, chill, special). Approach to determining energy/efficiency categories: A total of 10 product Groups are defined. These are: Group 1: All refrigerator; Group 2: Refrigerator with 1* compartment; Group 3: Refrigerator with 2* compartment; Group 4: Refrigerator with 3* compartment; Group 5T: Refrigerator-freezer automatic defrost top freezer;

28 27 Group 5B: Refrigerator-freezer automatic defrost bottom freezer; Group 5S: Refrigerator-freezer automatic defrost side freezer; Other products are defined (Group 6 and 7 = freezers) but are not relevant to this study. For this report, the following policy elements are analysed: AU1 = energy labelling thresholds for Group 1 (2010 algorithm) AU2 = energy labelling thresholds for Group 5T (2010 algorithm) AU3 = MEPS 2005 for Group 1 AU4 = MEPS 2005 for Group 5T AU5 = MEPS 2017 for Group 1 (proposed) AU6 = MEPS 2017 for Group 5T (proposed) The base energy is defined as standard annual fixed plus variable value. Reference lines are defined for each product type. There are some feature allowances for MEPS only (through the door ice dispenser, additional doors) that are not examined in this report. To calculate the MEPS cut off level, the following equation is used: MEPS 2010 cut-off level = +( ) + + in kwh/yr Where: Kf = fixed allowance factor for its appliance group (kwh/yr); Kv = variable allows factor (kwh/y/l); Ka = adaptive defrost factor; Vadj tot = total adjusted volume; Ad tot = external door allowance; Awi = ice-maker allowance. The MEPS 2010 cut-off level factors are shown in the table below: Appliance Group MEPS Fixed Allowance (Kf) kwh/y MEPS Variable Allowance (Kv) kwh/y/l T B S C U Labelling threshold are defined differently to MEPS, in that a function of adjusted volume to the power of 0.67 is used (this is more reflective of surface area, which reflects heat gain and therefore energy consumption). The other difference to MEPS is that groups that perform a similar function are grouped

29 28 together for the purposes of energy labelling. So there are only 3 categories for energy labelling (compared to 10 groups for MEPS). To calculate the star rating the Base Energy Consumption (BEC = 1 star line) is calculated: BEC = + ( ). The values for Cf and Cv are determined by Group, with similar products rated on a common basis as set out in the following table. Appliance Group Labelling Fixed Allowance (Cf) kwh/y Labelling Variable Allowance (Cv) kwh/y/l 1, 2, , 5T, 5B, 5S U, 6C, To determine the Star Rating Index (SRI) of an appliance, an energy consumption reduction factor (ERF) of 0.23 is used for all groups. The SRI is given by the following equation: Where: = + ( ) ( ) CEC = comparative energy consumption for the model in kwh/year; BEC = base energy consumption for the model in kwh/year; and ERF = 0.23 (energy reduction per addition star). Source Information:

30 China Overview: China has a mandatory energy label for household refrigerators. This uses categorical system from 5 (worst) to 1 (best). MEPS levels applied in 2009 and were upgrade in MEPS: MEPS for household refrigerators was applied in 2009 at Grade 5 (less than Grade 5 not permitted) with an upgrade in 2013 (MEPS 2013 at Grade 4, Grade 5 eliminated). Regulatory requirements are set out in GB Test Procedure: The local GB standard GB/T8059 is equivalent to ISO15502 test procedure (or IEC62552 Edition 1, which is equivalent). The ambient temperature of 25 C is used for energy tests (ISO temperate). The freezer is loaded with ISO freezer test packages for energy tests. Adjusted volume: The standard formula to calculate adjusted volume is used. Additional factor of 1.4 applies for forced air frozen compartments with automatic defrost (frost free). There is also a climate class adjustment of 1.1 for sub-tropical rated products and 1.2 for tropical rated products. The climate related factors have not been included in this analysis. Approach to determining energy/efficiency categories: A total of 7 product categories are defined. These are: Type 1: All refrigerator; Type 2: Refrigerator with 1* compartment; Type 3: Refrigerator with 2* compartment; Type 4: Refrigerator with 3* compartment; Type 5: Refrigerator-freezer (2 door with automatic defrost); Other products are defined (Type 6 and 7 = freezers) but are not relevant to this study.

31 30 The base energy is defined as standard annual fixed plus variable value plus 50 kwh/year for a chill compartment >15 litres and also a size adjustment factor (1.10 for refrigerators with a volume 100 litres, 1.1 for refrigerators with a volume > 400 litres and through the door ice facility, 1 for others). Reference lines are defined for each product type. Sometimes these are annual and sometimes daily. Only annual equations are shown. Chiller allowance is not shown below. Type 1: AV; (CN1) Type 2: AV; (CN2) Type 3: AV; (CN3) Type 4: AV; (CN4) Type 5: AV. (CN5) Efficiency grades and MEPS are allocated for each type as set out in the following table. Grade Refrigeratorfreezers Other types 5 (worst) 0.7 < E < E < E < E < E < E < E < E (best) E 0.4 E 0.5 Grades are a ratio of the measured energy to the relevant reference line (E). MEPS in 2009 is Grade 5 (T1) while MEPS in 2013 is Grade 4 (T2). Source Information: Benchmarking-Study.pdf

32 Japan Overview: The energy-saving labeling System has been introduced to inform consumers of energy efficiency of home appliances and to promote energy-efficient products. It has been introduced since August Japan has been implementing the ENERGY STAR program for office products since 1995 The Revised Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy enforced in April 2006 stipulates that retailers shall make efforts to provide information. In light of this, a guideline was formulated, including providing information by using uniform energy saving. The system started in October MEPS: None, instead the Top Runner program is implemented which is prescribed under the law concerning the rational use of energy.

33 32 Test Procedure: JISC9801: 2006 Adjusted Volume: The standard formula to calculate adjusted volume is used. Approach to determining energy/efficiency categories: Category Cooling Type Rated Internal Volume Number of Doors in Chiller Section Calculation Formula of Target Standard Value A Natural - - E=0.844Vadj+155 convection type B Forced circulation 300L or less - E=0.774Vadj+220 C type Over 300L One door E=0.302Vadj+343 D Over one door E=0.296Vadj+374 E Natural - - E=0.844Vadj+155 convection type F Forced circulation 300L or less - E=0.774Vadj+220 G type Over 300L E=0.302Vadj+343 Source Information: Workshop/ICF EE SL in Asia.pdf

34 Hong Kong Grading-type Energy Label Overview: Hong Kong introduced a Mandatory EE Labeling Scheme (MEELS) through the Energy Efficiency (Labeling of Products) Ordinance enacted on 9 May A Code of Practice on Energy Labeling of Products has been issued to provide practical guidance and technical details with respect to the requirements under the Ordinance. (For refrigerators with volume not exceeding 500 litres.) Hong Kong runs a Voluntary Energy Efficiency Labeling Scheme covering 18 types of household appliances and office equipment as well as for petrol-powered vehicles. The voluntary scheme has two kinds of energy labels ( For refrigerators with volume exceeding 500 litres.): The grading-type energy labels apply to room coolers, household refrigeration appliances, washing machines, electric storage water heaters and electric clothes dryers. The recognition-type energy labels apply to other appliances and equipments including non-integrated type compact fluorescent lamps, television sets, liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors, domestic instantaneous gas water heaters, electronic ballasts, computers, etc. MEPS: Not known Recognition-Type Energy Label (verification Label) Test Procedure: ISO 8187, ISO 8561, ISO 7371 and ISO 5155 or ISO or IEC standard. Adjusted volume: The standard formula to calculate adjusted volume is used. Recognition-Type Energy Label (Information Label)

35 34 Approach to determining energy/efficiency categories: Types Appliance Category Adjusted Volume (in litre) Equation No. Refrigerator Category 1 V r 3 Category 2 V r x V ffc 4 Category 3 V r x V ffc 5 Category 4 V r x V ffc 6 Refrigerator- Category 5 V r x V ffc 7 Freezer Category 6 V r x V ffc 8 Freezer Category x V ffc 9 Category x V ffc 10 (Where V r = Volume of fresh food compartment V ffc = Volume of frozen food compartment) ( )= 100% Where E = the actual appliance Annual Energy Consumption obtained from energy consumption test. Eav = Average Annual Energy Consumption as determined from the previous Table Energy Efficiency Index : (%) Energy Efficiency Grade < 5 Source Information: Workshop/ICF EE SL in Asia.pdf

36 European Union Overview: The original EU refrigerator and freezer Energy Label, introduced in 1992, has never been rescaled. Instead the original A-G scale was amended with the addition of new classes A+ and A++ in 2004 and A+++ in MEPS: MEPS banned label classes D, E and F in 1999, B and C in 2010 and finally A in two steps; 2012/2014. Test Procedure: EN ISO / IEC Adjusted volume: The standard formula to calculate adjusted volume is used. Approach to determining energy/efficiency categories: Class Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) A+++ 22% A++ 33% A+ 44%

37 36 Category Description 1 Household refrigerators, without low temperature compartment 2 Household refrigerator/chillers with compartment at 5 O C and or 10 O C 3 Household refrigerators, with no-star low temperature compartment 4 Household refrigerators, with low temperature compartment (*) 5 Household refrigerators, with low temperature compartment (**) 6 Household refrigerators, with low temperature compartment (***) 7 Household refrigerator/freezers, with low temperature compartment *(***) 8 Household food freezers, upright 9 Household food freezers, chest 10 Household refrigerators and freezers with more than two doors or other appliances not covered above Source information:

38 United States Continuous Comparative Label Endorsement Label Overview: Standards launched in 1975, Energy Guide (Comparative Label) launched in 1978 and Energy Star (Endorsement Label) launched in 1992 MEPS: The requirement levels are expressed in terms of straight-line formulae that define the maximum permissible energy consumption as a function of (adjusted) equivalent volume. The maximum permissible energy consumption, Emax, is defined by the straight-line equation: = + The products that consume energy more than Emax will be removed from the market. Values for gradient and intercept are provided at part b)the energy efficiency requirements. Test Procedure: ANSI/AHAM HRF Adjusted volume: The standard formula to calculate adjusted volume is used. Approach to determining energy/efficiency categories: a) Energy Star As of April 28, 2008, all refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers 7.75 cubic feet or greater in volume must be 20% more efficient than required by the minimum federal standard in order to meet the ENERGY STAR criteria. Residential freezers 7.75 cubic feet or greater must be 10% more efficient than required by the minimum federal standard in order to meet the ENERGY STAR criteria. All refrigerators and/or freezers less than 7.75 cubic feet in volume and 36 inches or less in height must be 20% more efficient than required by the minimum federal standard in order to meet the ENERGY STAR criteria.

39 38 These ENERGY STAR criteria do not apply to commercial models or refrigerators and refrigeratorfreezers with total refrigerated volume exceeding 39 cubic feet or freezers with total refrigerated volume exceeding 30 cubic feet. Product Class Current ENERGY STAR energy use (kwh/year) (as of January 1, 2004) ENERGY STAR energy use (kwh/year) (as of April 28, 2008) 1) Refrigerator & Refrigerator-Freezer with < 7.497*AV < 7.056*AV manual defrost 2) Refrigerator-Freezer with partial automatic defrost 3) Top Mount Freezer without throughthe-door < 8.33*AV < 7.84*AV ice 4) Side Mount Freezer without throughthe-door < *AV < 3.928*AV ice 5) Bottom Mount Freezer without < 3.91*AV < 3.68*AV through-the-door ice 6) Top Mount Freezer with through-thedoor < 8.67*AV < 8.16*AV ice 7) Side Mount Freezer with through-thedoor < 8.585*AV < 8.08*AV ice 8) Upright freezer with manual defrost < 6.795*AV < 6.795*AV ) Upright freezer with automatic defrost < *AV < *AV ) Chest Freezers < 8.892*AV < 8.892*AV ) Compact Refrigerator and < 8.56*AV < 8.56*AV Refrigerator-Freezer with manual defrost 12) Compact Refrigerator and < 5.6*AV < 5.6*AV Refrigerator-Freezer with partial automatic defrost 13) Compact Refrigerator-Freezerautomatic < 10.16*AV < 10.16*AV defrost with top freezer 14) Compact Refrigerator-side mounted < 6.08*AV < 6.08*AV freezer with automatic defrost 15) Compact Refrigerator-bottom mount < 10.48*AV < 10.48*AV Freezer with automatic defros 16) Compact Upright Freezers with < 7.824*AV < 7.824*AV manual defrost 17) Compact upright freezers with < 9.12*AV < 9.12*AV automatic defrost 18) Compact Chest Freezer < 8.36*AV < 8.36*AV AV = Adjusted Volume Refrigerators Adjusted Volume = Fresh Volume + (1.63 x Freezer Volume) Freezers Adjusted Volume = 1.73 x Freezer Volume

40 39 The most efficient ENERGY STAR recognition in 2013: 1) Product must be ENERGY STAR qualified consistent with applicable ENERGY STAR Partner Commitments and the requirements set forth in the ENERGY STAR Program Requirements Product Specification for Residential Refrigerators and Freezers Version 4.1. Product performance must be certified by an EPA-recognized certification body. 2) Product must use less than or equal to 481 kwh per year and be at least 30% more efficient than federal requirements (see table below), as determined by ENERGY STAR specified federal test procedures. Product Class Maximum Annual Energy Use (kwh/year) 1 Refrigerator & Refrigerator-Freezer with manual defrost AV 49.8, Eann 6.17*AV Refrigerator-Freezer with partial automatic defrost AV > 49.8, Eann Top-Mount Freezer without through-the-door ice AV 42.0, Eann 6.86*AV AV > 42.0, Eann Side-Mount Freezer without through-the-door ice AV 36.5, Eann 3.44*AV AV > 36.5, Eann Bottom-Mount Freezer without through-the-door ice AV 49.6, Eann 3.22*AV AV > 49.6, Eann 481 5a Bottom-Mount Freezer with through-the-door ice AV 29.6, Eann 3.50*AV AV > 29.6, Eann Top-Mount Freezer with through-the-door ice AV 32.5, Eann 7.14*AV AV > 32.5, Eann Side-Mount Freezer with through-the-door ice AV 27.8, Eann 7.07*AV AV > 27.8, Eann 481 AV = Adjusted Volume in cubic feet. A refrigerator s adjusted volume is equal to its fresh volume + (1.63 x Freezer Volume). This adjustment factor assures that differences in freezer size are taken into account when determining refrigerator energy consumption limits. Note: Automatic defrost is assumed unless the product class name specifies another type of defrost (e.g., partial automatic or manual)

41 40 b) The energy efficiency requirements Category Category description Requirements (kwh/year) No. Gradient Intercept 1 Refrigerator & Refrigerator-Freezer with manual defrost Refrigerator-Freezer with partial automatic defrost Top Mount Freezer without through-the-door ice Side Mount Freezer without through-the-door ice Bottom Mount Freezer without through-the-door ice Top Mount Freezer with through-the-door ice Side Mount Freezer with through-the-door ice (a) Upright freezer with manual defrost (a) Upright freezer with automatic defrost (a) Chest Freezers (b) Compact Refrigerator and Refrigerator-Freezer with manual defrost 12 (b) Compact Refrigerator and Refrigerator-Freezer with partial automatic defrost 13 (b) Compact Refrigerator-Freezer-automatic defrost with top freezer 14 (b) Compact Refrigerator-side mounted freezer with automatic defrost 15 (b) Compact Refrigerator-bottom mount Freezer with automatic defrost 16 (b) Compact Upright Freezers with manual defrost (b) Compact upright freezers with automatic defrost (b) Compact Chest Freezer Note: for Canada, US categories 8-10 (a) are covered under freezers categories 16-18; and (b) compact products in US categories are not separately defined. The efficiency requirements do not apply to refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers with total refrigerated volume exceeding 1,104 litre (39 cubic feet) or freezers with total refrigerated volume exceeding 850 litre (30 cubic feet) Source information: eria.pdf?e27c-7e74

42 41

43 Products Available in Brunei Darussalam An observation was made for several stores in mainly the commercial area within Brunei-Muara District to find out the available brands of refrigerator in this country. The results as shown in Table 1 can be used as a reference on the most available brands in the country. Brands that have been highlighted are those that are also available in Singapore for the purpose of comparison. Store 1 Store 2 Store 3 Store 4 Store 5 Store 6 Store 7 Store 8 Store 9 Store 10 Store 11 Store 12 Store 13 Store 14 TOTAL Brands Sharp Panasonic LG Toshiba Samsung Aifa Aucma Elba Hometech Miyako Hitachi Electrolux Mitsubishi Midea Narutron Solstar Beko Indesit Akira Sova Bonus Pensonic 1 1 Xma/Wing 1 1 Furizu 1 1 Whirlpool(USA) 1 1 Europace 1 1 Fisher & Paykel 1 1 Nakama 1 1 Liebherr 1 1 Ariston 1 1 Table 4-10: Brands available in Brunei Darussalam

44 43 5. Discussions 5.1 Which test standard should Brunei Darussalam choose? Similar to propose implementation and regulation of MEPS for Air-conditioners, it is proposed that the test standard should closely to the latest EN ISO / IEC standards. These standards are commonly adopted by most countries in the world for the determination of performance standard for their respective energy labelling regulation or programmes. And since Brunei does not have their own testing centres or laboratories, they should rely on the testing laboratories from other country especially the country of the manufacturers. The test results should be requested and energy label will be used on the refrigerators that passed. List of available testing facilities can be obtained from and also included in Appendix C. 5.2 Which type of energy label? A categorical star rating labeling system should be used as to be consistent with the proposed label for air-conditioner. Figure 5-2-1: Proposed energy label for air-conditioner It was advisable for a country that have only started the program to make it voluntary as to not put too much pressure on the stakeholders such as manufacturers, retailers and consumers. However, mandatory energy labels are more effective because manufacturers that produce inefficient product tend to not declare energy efficiency of their appliances by affixed labels. If inefficient products have no labels in the market, many consumers who might avoid these products if they had all the information will end up buying them. Ultimately, energy labels work effectively if all products are labeled and if consumers can easily distinguish between inefficient, averages, higher and highest efficiency products and this can be achieved by introducing energy labels as mandatory programs. (Mahlia & Saidur, September 2010)

45 How to obtain the MEPS? By using the statistical approach to obtain the MEPS, a graph of Annual Energy Consumption against Adjusted volume need to be drawn. Most of the countries have obtained a formula that is similar but with different values: Energy consumption = A x Adjusted Volume + B This could be explained as the graphs obtained are a straight line graph which is the reason that it looks similar to a straight line equation. Fig : Refrigerator freezer energy consumption as a function of adjusted volume. With this information, it is possible to draw a graph for Brunei by inputting the Energy Consumption and Volume of the product available in Brunei. Annual Energy Consumption / kwh Volume / L y = 0.608x y = x Linear (Average (Best Fit)) Linear (10% savings) Figure 5-3-2: Graph of Annual Energy Consumption against Volume for Brunei.

46 45 The graph is shown to be similar to previous figure. However, a few factors are needed to be taken into account: Volume has not been specified as Adjusted Volume ; Not all data from all available products in Brunei are included here. Only those that are certified in Singapore. Therefore, it is vital to obtain the data needed from relevant stakeholders to form a correct graph to decide the MEPS. 6. Conclusions In order to avoid the dumping of inefficient product into the country, there is a need to set up energy efficiency and standard labeling. Although this report has listed energy label and standards from different countries across the globe, it is advisable that this country to adopt policy of neighboring countries to first achieve regional harmonization. The size of this country is small and relies heavily on importing of products into the country. It is more cost-effective to rely on the testing facilities from other countries especially the manufacturers home country to do the test. More studies need to be made with the cooperation of relevant stakeholders or experts to collect data and formulate the MEPS suitable for this country. 7. Recommendations Most of the information used in this report especially on the test protocols is obtained from second-hand resources namely reports, articles and websites made by different countries. If possible, it is preferable to have first-hand resources that is the test protocol to have a more definite and reliable data.

47 46 8. References Arnold, F. (2013, 6 10). Energy - efficient refrigeration Household Refrigerating Appliances IEC ,- 2,-3 Edition 1. Retrieved 10 7, 2015, from alk.pdf Energy Efficiency Standards and Labeling in Asia. (2011, 3). Retrieved 10 6, 2015, from Workshop/ICF EE SL in Asia.pdf ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Residential Refrigerators and/or Freezers. (2007, 8 3). Retrieved 10 7, 2015, from Energy Star: Final Report. (2006, July). Retrieved 10 7, 2015, from Top Runner: Harrington, L., & Brown, J. (n.d.). Retrieved 9 10, 2015, from content/uploads/energy_rating_documents/library/refrigeration/refrigeration/ asia- RF-thresholds-report-final-wgac-compliant.pdf KOREA S ENERGY STANDRDS & LABELING: Market Transformation. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 7, 2015, from KOREA ENERGY AGENCY: Lee, S.-K. (n.d.). MEPS experience in Korea. Republic of Korea: Korea Institute of Energy Research. Lloyd Harrington, J. B. (2014). Review of Refrigerator Energy Efficiency Thresholds in Selected Asian Countries. Australia: Energy Efficient Strategies for the Australian Government. LOT 13: Domestic Refrigerators & Freezers. Task 1: Definitions. (2007, 9). Retrieved 10 7, 2015, from Mahlia, T., & Saidur, R. (September 2010). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. A review on test procedure, energy efficiency standards and energy labels for room air conditioners and refrigerator freezers, MEPS Requirements. (2014). Retrieved 10 7, 2015, from Energy Rating Australia: Policy recommendations for household refrigerators and freezers. (2013, December). Retrieved 10 7, 2015, from topten.eu: zers_dez13.pdf

48 47 Recognition Criteria Refrigerator-Freezers. (2013, 1). Retrieved 10 7, 2015, from Energy Star: 3_Recognition_Criteria.pdf?e27c-7e74 Refrigerators. (2013). Retrieved 10 6, 2015, from Suruhanjaya Tenaga Malaysia: Stricker, S. (2013). Benchmarking of Refrigerator-Freezers and Freezers among China, the United Kingdom and Canada. Stricker Associates Inc. (2013, 1). The Hong Kong Voluntary Energy Efficiency Labelling Scheme. Kowloon: Electrical & Mechanical Services Department. Wiel, S., & Mcmahon, J. E. (February 2005). In Energy-Efficiency Labels and Standards: A GUIDEBOOK FOR APPLIANCES, EQUIPMENT, AND LIGHTING.

49 48 9. Appendices Appendix A: Summary The table below shows the summary of energy label for Singapore, Malaysia, Korea, Australia, China, Japan, Hong Kong, Europe, USA. MEPS Singapore Malaysia Korea Australia China Japan Hong Kong European Union United States Refrigerators: 4 ticks 2 star Grade 5 Based on Grade 5 None Not known A+ Based on Formula Refrigeratorfreezers:3 Formula ticks Type of Rating Tick Star Grade - Numbers Star Grade - Numbers Label Design Star Grade - Numbers Grade - Letters Continuous scale Label Language English Malay & Korean English Chinese Japanese Chinese & English English English English Dimensions (Length x Breadth) 9cm (width) x 9cm (height) Arc: 9cm (diameter) 12cm x 8cm cm x 10cm - - Test Standards ISO15502 MS IEC KS C IEC AS/NZS GB/T8059 JISC9801: 2006 ISO or IEC 62552, ISO 7371, ISO8187, ISO 8561 and ISO 5155 Organization National Environment Agency Suruhanjaya Tenaga (Energy Commission) Korean Energy Management Company Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency National Development and Reform Commission and General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China Energy Conservation Centre Energy Efficiency Office, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department EN ISO / IEC European Commission - DG Energy ANSI/AHAM HRF U.S. Department of Energy