DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT. End-use metering campaign in 400 households of the European Community. Assessment of the Potential Electricity Savings

Transcription

1 Commission of the European Communities DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT End-use metering campaign in 4 households of the European Community Assessment of the Potential Electricity Savings Project SAVE PROGRAMME CONTRACT N 4.131/Z/ January 22 ADEME 5, route des Lucioles 656 Valbonne - France Tel : CCE Estrada de Alfragide, Praceta Alfragide - Portugal Tel : CRES 19th km Marathon Avenue 199 Pikermi - Greece Tel : Odense Elforsyning Net A/S Klosterbakken Odense C - Denmark Tel : Subcontractor Polytecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci Milano - Italy Tel : Main proposer Project Manager 2616 Félines/Rimandoule - France Tel : Servizi Territorio Via Garibaldi Cinisello Balsamo (MI) - Italy Tel :

2 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco project Chapter 1 : Stakes and Objectives of Eureco TABLE OF CONTENT FIRST PART : GENERALITIES 7 CHAPTER 1 : STAKES AND OBJECTIVES OF CONTEXT REMINDER OF ECODROME RESULTS OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT...1 CHAPTER 2 : PROJECT PARTNERS OPERATIONNAL PARTNERS FINANCIAL PARTNERS...12 CHAPTER 3 : GENERAL METHODOLOGY AND MEANS DESCRIPTION OF THE GENERAL METHODOLOGY Generalities General characteristics of the measurement campaigns THE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS Diace measurement system The lamp-meter TREATMENT OF THE COLLECTED DATA DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLES Distribution of apartments and villas Number of inhabitants per household Sizes of the households Annual electricity consumption in 1999 (before the campaign) Type of electricity tariffication Single or triphase electric supply Characteristics of the sanitary hot water production 21 SECOND PART : RESULTS OF THE MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGN 23 CHAPTER 4 : GENERAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION OF THE HOUSEHOLDS _ TOTAL ANNUALIZED HOUSEHOLDS ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION MAXIMUM POWER DEMAND DRAWN BY THE HOUSEHOLDS CUMULATIVE FREQUENCIES OF POWER DEMANDS, FROM THE GRID POINT OF VIEW STRUCTURE OF THE AVERAGE HOURLY LOAD CURVE...32 CHAPTER 5 : COLD DOMESTIC APPLIANCES REFRIGERATORS Age distribution of monitored appliances Interior temperatures of the refrigerators Annualized consumption per country Distribution of the annualized consumptions Distribution of the consumption as a function of age Hourly load curve 46 2

3 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco project Chapter 1 : Stakes and Objectives of Eureco 5-2 REFRIGERATOR-FREEZERS Age distribution of the monitored appliances Interior temperatures of the appliances Annualized consumptions per country Distribution of the annualized consumptions Distribution of the consumptions as a function of age Hourly load curve CHEST FREEZERS Age distribution of the monitored appliances Interior temperatures of the appliances Annualized consumptions per country Distribution of the annualized consumptions Distribution of the consumptions as a function of age Hourly load curve UPRIGHT FREEZERS Age distribution of the monitored appliances Interior temperatures of the appliances Annualized consumptions per country Distribution of the annualized consumptions Distribution of the consumptions as a function of age Hourly load curve 76 CHAPTER 6 : LAUNDRY, DISH-WASHING AND CLEANING APPLIANCES CLOTHES-WASHERS Age distribution of the monitored appliances Annualized consumptions per country Distribution of the annualized consumptions Evolution of the consumptions as a function of appliance age Hourly load curve Analysis of the wash-cycles DISHWASHERS Age distribution of the monitored appliances Annualized consumptions per country Distribution of the annualized consumptions Distribution of the consumptions as a function of age Hourly load curve Analysis of the wash-cycles CLOTHES-DRYERS Age distribution of the monitored appliances Annualized consumptions per country Distribution of the annualized consumptions Distribution of the consumptions as a function of age Hourly load curve Analysis of the drying-cycles 16 CHAPTER 7 : LIGHTING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIGHTING IN PLACE Number of light sources per type Number of light sources and control points per household Number of light sources per m Distribution of the number of bulbs per room and per type of light sources ANALYSIS OF THE INSTALLED LIGHTING WATTAGE Total installed wattage Installed wattage per type of light source Total installed wattage per type of light source Distribution of the part of installed wattage per type of light source 116 3

4 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco project Chapter 1 : Stakes and Objectives of Eureco Installed wattage per type of room Distribution of the installed wattage, by types of light sources and rooms Total installed wattage Total installed wattage per m² Installed wattage per type of source and per m² Distribution of the unit wattage of the bulbs, per type of light source ANNUALIZED LIGHTING CONSUMPTION Annualized consumption per household Annualized consumptions per person Annualized consumption per m Annualized consumption per type of room STRUCTURE OF THE ANNUALIZED LIGHTING CONSUMPTION Structure of the consumption per type of room, from the grid point of view Structure of the consumption per type of light source, from the grid point of view AVERAGE HOURLY LOAD CURVE Structure of the hourly load curve as a function of the light source type Hourly load curve per type of room LIGHTING DAILY HOURS USAGE Total annual duration per household Total annual duration per type of light source Annual duration, per room, per light fitting and per type of light source LIGHTING POWER DEMAND PART OF THE LIGHTING CONSUMPTION DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS SUMMARY TABLE OF LIGHTING KEY VALUES CHAPTER 8 : AUDIOVISUAL APPLIANCES DESCRIPTION OF THE MONITORED EQUIPMENT POWER DEMAND ANNUALIZED CONSUMPTION HOURLY LOAD CURVE STANDBY CONSUMPTION TELEVISIONS Maximum power demands Annualized consumptions Structure of the average hourly load curve Standby power analysis General characteristics VIDEO CASSETE RECORDER (VCR) Maximum power demands Annualized consumptions Structure of the average hourly load curve General characteristics 199 CHAPTER 9 : COMPUTER SITES DESCRIPTION OF THE MONITORED APPLIANCES POWER DEMAND ANNUALIZED CONSUMPTION STANDBY CONSUMPTION AVERAGE HOURLY LOAD CURVE COMPLEMENTARY CHARACTERISTICS

5 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco project Chapter 1 : Stakes and Objectives of Eureco CHAPTER 1 : OTHER APPLIANCES POWER SUPPLY FOR GAS BOILERS IN ITALY Introduction Average consumption Maximum power demand Average hourly load curve Duration of the operating cycles WATER-HEATER Electric water-heater consumption Average hourly load curve Analysis of the operating cycles Power demand AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM : SUMMER USAGE IN ITALY AND GREECE Annualized consumption Average hourly load curve Usage periods and frequencies Maximum power demand Standby power 231 CHAPTER 11 : STANDBY POWERS 232 GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF STANDBY POWERS IN THE HOUSEHOLDS GENERAL METHODOLOGY STANDBY POWER DEMAND TOTAL STANDBY CONSUMPTION IS IT POSSIBLE TO CORRELATE STANDBY CONSUMPTION? Specific standby consumption Correlation of standby consumption 243 CHAPTER 12 : STANDBY POWERS 249 ANALYSIS OF THE APPLIANCE CHARACTERISTICS IN STANDBY MODE GENERALITIES Definitions Metering methods General characteristics of the standby database STANDBY MODE CHARACTERIZATION Introduction Active power demand in standby mode StandBy Rate value Operating Rate value cos ϕ value Apparent power in standby mode Standby consumption CHARACTERISTICS IN STANDBY MODE OF THE MAIN STOCKS OF APPLIANCES Television Video cassette recorder HiFi system Cordless phone Refrigerator-freezer 269 5

6 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco project Chapter 1 : Stakes and Objectives of Eureco THIRD PART : ASSESSMENT OF THE ELECTRICITY SAVINGS 27 CHAPTER 13 : ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL ELECTRICITY SAVINGS DOMESTIC COLD PRODUCTION Methods for assessing the savings Annualization of the consumption of the existing appliance Consumption of the substituted refrigerator or refrigerator-freezer Consumption of the substituted freezer Potential energy savings by appliance type Refrigerator potential electricity saving Refrigerator-freezer potential electricity saving Chest freezer potential electricity saving Upright-freezer potential electricity saving Potential energy saving per household Saving by substituting identical appliance type Saving by substituting single-use appliances LIGHTING Method for assessing the savings Potential energy savings Evolution of the hourly load curve Potential savings under economic constraints Saving as a function of the CFL bulb price and of the accepted payback time Minimum operating time of a substitution CFL under economic constraints Saving and payback time as a function of the total number of substituted CFLs Synthesis STANDBY POWERS Method for assessing the savings Potential electricity savings CLOTHES-WASHERS AND CLOTHES-DRYERS CONTROL OF THE INDIVIDUAL HEATING CIRCULATION PUMPS GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF THE SAVINGS Global potential electricity saving Evolution of the power demand 331 CONCLUSION 336 REFERENCES 34 6

7 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco project Chapter 1 : Stakes and Objectives of Eureco First part : Generalities CHAPTER 1 : STAKES AND OBJECTIVES OF 1-1 CONTEXT The investigation field of Eureco project is the Demand Side Management of the specific electricity end-uses, in the residential sector. These end-uses represent an increasing part of the European Community states energy balance. Moreover, their impacts in terms of environmental nuisance (CO2 emissions, radioactive wastes) require rapid actions. It has already been shown for a long time that the household electricity consumptions could be reduced without any change in the rendered service, or in the comfort. A first demonstration was done between 1995 and 1997 in France with the Ecodrome project, which was lead by «Cabinet O.SIDLER» (which later became ) and financed by the European Community (contract number 4.131/S/94-93) and the ADEME (French Agency for Environment and Energy Management). The results of this project showed that we could save up to 4 % of the electricity-specific appliance consumptions of the households by using efficient appliances. On a household scale, 1,2 kwh/year were saved. By extrapolating the French and European savings from this value, one found that 26 TWh/year could be saved in France and 18 TWh/year in Europe. The latter value represents the annual Italian consumption. The assigned objective of Eureco project is to confirm whether Ecodrome conclusions can be generalised to the other European countries. 1-2 REMINDER OF ECODROME RESULTS Ecodrome project (see ref (1)) aimed at assessing the household potential savings, from data collected during measurement campaigns, and without using any theoretical estimation. We therefore monitored all the electricity-specific appliances in twenty households, including the lighting circuits. This first measurement campaign lasted for one year. It allowed to precisely determine the characteristics of all the existing appliances, notably their yearly consumptions. It also allowed to build the 'load curve' (which shows the average hourly energy demand) by precising the weight of each end-use. Figure 1.1 represents the structure of the load curve at 2 hours. Remark : in the present report some average power demands or consumptions are calculated «from the grid point of view». They correspond to the average powers or consumptions that the distributor observes and supplies through the electricity network, to the entire analysed sample. 7

8 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco project Chapter 1 : Stakes and Objectives of Eureco ADEME 6 MONTHLY AVERAGE LOAD, FROM THE GRID POINT OF VIEW between 19. and 2. hours 5 Wh/h/household Ecodrôme jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sept oct nov dec Months TV Cold CD CW DW Lignt Ch CMV Cabinet O. SIDLER Figure 1.1 : average hourly energy demand from the grid point of view between 19. and 2. hours (Ecodrome project) At the end of the first monitoring year : - all the metered appliances were replaced with more efficient ones (Energy label class A appliances), - lighting bulbs were replaced with Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL) bulbs, - the control circuit of the circulation pump of the heating system was sometimes modified, when the pump was not initially controlled by the ambient temperature thermostat. Measurements were then recorded for one additional year. The main results obtained were the following ones : cold appliances (refrigerators, freezers, etc.) consumptions were reduced by a factor of 3 2 during the second year. The average measured saving per household was 723 kwh/year, low consumption light bulbs allowed to divide by 4 the initial consumption of the lighting equipment. If plug-in lamps are included, the annual saving reaches 34 kwh, for the boilers which circulation pump was modified in order to be controlled by the ambient temperature thermostat, the yearly saving was 34 kwh, the use of efficient clothes-washers allowed to reduce by 1 39 the initial consumption. The saving was equal to 7 kwh/year/household, clothes-dryer consumptions were divided by 1 38, but it must be reported here that clothes-dryer replacements were coupled with high-speed spin-drying clothes-washers the total average gross saving was 1,192 kwh/year, that is to say 38 4 % of the total average household consumption. It is also noteworthy that standby powers were generally not eliminated during the second year, what increases the potential energy saving. But it is interesting to note that 85 % of the saving was obtained with only three different measures : change of the cold appliances, replacement of the bulbs and control of the circulation pump of the boiler, the power demand of the specific electricity uses was reduced on average over the second year by 5 %. Figure 1.2 represents the structure of the load curve at the evening peak hour. It shows that all year long, this power was divided by a factor of two. The use of efficient appliances seems to be an excellent way to manage peak demands, on a territorial scale (even small). 8

9 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco project Chapter 1 : Stakes and Objectives of Eureco ADEME 6 MONTHLY AVERAGE LOAD, FROM THE GRID POINT OF VIEW between 19. and 2. hours 5 Wh/h/household Ecodrôme jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sept oct nov dec Months TV Cold CD CW DW Light Ch CMV Cabinet O. SIDLER Figure1.2 : monthly average load between 19 and 2 hours with efficient appliances from the grid point of view (Ecodrome project) Ecodrome project showed that DSM of specific electricity uses in the residential sector can bring a wonderful potential saving, and is a very efficient tool for the management of peak loads. But are these results usable in other European Community countries? On the French scale, a second estimation of the household potential energy savings by using efficient appliances, was carried out recently by (see ref (2)) in Montreuil (Parisian suburbs). Fifty households were then monitored, but with lighter measures than for the Ecodrome project. We monitored cold appliances, as well as appliances that were used in standby mode, and gas boilers in order to know the power demand they draw at any Operating Rate. The potential electricity savings in Montreuil was estimated, considering that the four following and most productive methods could be easily implemented : - replacement of all the cold appliances with Energy label class A material - replacement of incandescent light bulbs with CFL ones - elimination of 9 % of the standby powers - control of the circulation pump by the ambient temperature thermostat The average saving per household was found to be 1,334 kwh/year, that is to say 43 % of the household consumption. Figure 1.3 compares the savings that were observed in Ecodrome, to the ones estimated in Montreuil. The results of Ecodrome are confirmed, but the distribution of the savings is different for the two projects. First, in Montreuil, cold appliances replacement would lead to less saving. This might be due to the transformation of the stock of cold appliances between 1996 (date of the Ecodrome project) and 2 (date of the Montreuil project). This transformation was probably induced by the penetration of the energy label, and by the regulation on limits on maximum permissible appliance energy consumption levels. But, light bulbs replacement represented a more important saving for Montreuil than for Ecodrome. Finally, potential savings due to standby power, which did not exist in Ecodrome, seems to emerge in Montreuil. The importance of standby powers should be confirmed, notably in the present project. 9

10 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco project Chapter 1 : Stakes and Objectives of Eureco STRUCTURE OF THE GLOBAL SAVINGS Average values for the monitored households % - 37% Existing consumption Optimized consumption Montreuil Ecodrôme kwh/year % - 58% % % - 68% - 74% - 9% Global Cold Lighting Boilers Standby powers Figure1.3 : comparison between the potential savings obtained by using efficient household appliances in the Ecodrome and Montreuil projects (France) 1-3 OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT The objective of the present study is to confirm the French results. But the method that was used for Ecodrome was too heavy, too long and too expensive to be repeated in several countries. Eureco should implement a method that also took into account the imperatives of the Commission of the European Communities. The adopted method (see description in 3.1) is based on a very wide measurement campaign in four countries of the European Community. The first objective of this campaign is to precisely describe the state and structure of the specific-electricity uses in the residential sector, for each one of the chosen country.this first objective of Eureco should become a reality by producing reference information on a European scale that will allow all the research teams, and all the organisation that work in the modelling and forecasting of electrical consumptions, to base their works on reliable data and on sane basis. No pertinent action can save the cost of a sharp analysis of the initial situation. Eureco aims at describing as carefully as possible, the state of the electro-domestic appliances in the countries were campaigns took place. The descriptive approach is one of the most important contribution of this project. The second objective of Eureco is to discover new tendencies, or consumptions that are still not accurately defined or comprehended, which could represent an important stake in the near future. Eureco is a watcher able to assess and to anticipate the future dominant tendencies. 1

11 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco project Chapter 1 : Stakes and Objectives of Eureco Finally, the third objective of Eureco is to evaluate the potential savings that can be achieved in the households by substituting efficient appliances for the existing appliances, and to confirm Ecodrome results. Beyond this confirmation, it would also be interesting to give a few tools for decision making, in order to better quantify the impact of any Demand Side Management policy on energy savings. As an example, how many bulbs should be replaced in a household to get 8 % of the potential saving for lighting? Standby powers are at the moment very particular, because there is no service at all associated with their demands. Their consumptions appear like wasted energy, and most of them are probably avoidable, generally at a relatively low cost. This aspect, which was not dealt with at all in the Ecodrome project, is essential in this one because standby consumption seems to grow exponentially and that its part in the household consumption grows in a worrying way. (For instance, in 2, measured a standby power of 117 W in a social apartment, which consumed 1,25 kwh/year in standby mode). Therefore standby power were monitored with heavy means in Eureco, in order to define as precisely as possible the nature and the extent of the associated consumption. Standby power analysis was very detailed, and a specific database with the most important characteristics of the appliances in standby mode was assembled. This database allowed very sharp analysis of the European appliances that draw much standby power. It completes, on a European scale, a first rather exhaustive study that was lead by the Cabinet SIDLER (see ref (3)). Finally, the Ecodrome project monitored all the lighting circuits of the household electric boards, but could not monitored all the plug in lamps. Therefore, lighting consumption was not complete, and there was also no information concerning the distribution of this consumption as a function of the room bulbs types. Meanwhile, developed a clever device called «lamp-meter», and it was then possible in Eureco to monitor any light source in every household. This allowed a very sharp approach of the lighting consumption, and therefore of the efficient solutions. This data logger was developed just at the beginning of the Eureco project, which should originally monitor lighting as in Ecodrome. The resulting much more detailed analysis (see chapter 7) did not appear in the first project objectives. However it represents today one of the most interesting point of this study because, to our knowledge, it is the first exhaustive analysis about lighting consumptions in Europe, and probably in the whole world 11

12 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco Project Chapter 2 : Project Partners CHAPTER 2 : PROJECT PARTNERS 2-1 OPERATIONNAL PARTNERS Five countries were involved in Eureco : Denmark, Greece, Italy Portugal, and France. The measurement campaigns took place in the first four countries. France (Enertech) was in charge of the data analysis, because of its experience in this field. The operational teams in each country were : Denmark : Odensee Elforsyning Net A/S represented by Martin Thomsen and Birgit Andersen. This team was in charge of all the installation of the monitoring systems in the Danish households, Greece : CRES, represented by Dr Koras, G. Markogiannakis, C. Lerta, C. Dimosthenous, who carried out the project conception and installed the metering systems in Greece, Italy : Servizi Territorio team, around F.Agostinelli, carried out the installations with the collaboration of the Polytecnico di Milano (Pr Pagliano, A. Pindar, F. Di Andréa, GL. Ruggieri), which also contributed to the data analysis (chapter 1), Portugal : AGEEN (formerly CCE) with N.Paiva, J. Matias, and P. Lima, who installed the metering systems, and treated a part of the data (questionnaires), France : team mobilized M. Dupret, J.P. Zimmermann, J. Lemoine, P. Fristot and O. Sidler to carry out the missions of general management, coordination, help with the installations of measurement systems, global analysis and data development. 2-2 FINANCIAL PARTNERS This project could not have seen the light of day, if it had not received the financial support of organisations, or the participation in auto-financing of societies that took an active part in this project : - the Commission of the European Communities - the Danish society Odensee Elforsyning Net A/S, - the French Agency of Environment and Energy Management (ADEME) - the Greek Ministry of Development - the «Ministero dell Ambiente» and the «Comitato Nazionale per le Celebrazioni Voltiane» in Italy - Electricity of Portugal (EDP) and ERSE (Entidade Reguladora do Sector Electrico). 12

13 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco Project Chapter 3 : General Methodology and Means CHAPTER 3 : GENERAL METHODOLOGY AND MEANS 3-1 DESCRIPTION OF THE GENERAL METHODOLOGY GENERALITIES The assessment of the potential electricity savings in Eureco could not be planed like in Ecodrome, by an actual substitution of more efficient appliances for the existing ones. This procedure would have been ideal for the quality of the results, but far too long and too expensive to be implemented here. The adopted method consisted in : 1- monitoring campaigns aiming at determining the appliance characteristics (notably their yearly consumptions), 2- definition of the consumption level of the efficient appliances placed in the same operating conditions, by using algorithms or simulations, 3- assessment of the related potential energy savings. Therefore, the project method was based upon the following principles : to find four countries that would be representative of the different European national configurations : the selected countries that participated with France to this project are Denmark, Greece, Italy and Portugal. We could regret a small representation of Northern European countries, but for different reasons, it was not possible to associate German or English partners to this project, to conduct in each one of these 4 countries, a metering campaign concerning all the domestic appliances that could be replaced with more efficient ones, and that draw a significant annual consumptions, to analyse the collected data and to determine by simulation the potential saving that could be achieved by using efficient appliances or changing practices. This method might be applied to lighting, to the standby power analysis, to determine the rules (particularly for cold appliances) that would allow to calculate the saving achievable by replacing in exactly the same conditions, cold appliances by class A ones, knowing the sizes and operating conditions of this equipment GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGNS In each country, 1 households were monitored. We did not try to get the most representative sample of the population, but to get the maximum number of monitored appliances and the most complete database per appliance type. Practically, this choice lead to the monitoring of non-representative households on a national scale (see details in 3.4). All the households were monitored during one month. Taking into account the time spent between 2 campaigns, the campaign should have lasted for one year. This duration allowed us to determine the influence of seasonallity on all types of appliances The choice of a one-month long campaign was a compromise : one year would have been ideal but too long and too expensive for this study. Ten times more meters should have been bought. Over a one-month periods, local and isolated perturbations are not significant 13

14 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco Project Chapter 3 : General Methodology and Means (what is particularly important for cold appliances). All the teams judged that it was an acceptable compromise. The chosen time step was ten minutes. This provides us with data that is sharp enough and, this time step allow to limits the database size. The choice of the appliances to be monitored was also subject to a compromise. It would have been too expensive to monitor all the appliances without any exception. We therefore had to select some of them, taking into account the assigned objectives. As not all the countries had, for financial reasons, the same number of metering devices, it was decided that the metering installations should respect the following rules : list of the appliances that must be monitored (priority list) - household utility meter - all the cold appliances of the households (one plug meter for each one of them) - all the sources of light (one lamp-meter per control point) - audiovisual sites. We decided not to monitor the audiovisual appliances individually, but to give an overview of their uses. Audiovisual sites group TV, VCR, decoders, demodulators, HiFi and sometimes individual antenna, etc. -the clothes-washer - A temperature sensor for the ambient air must also be placed in the room where the cold appliance was. Its installation should have been done so that no external heat source could directly influence it (neither the cold appliance condenser, nor the sun light, nor an external wall, etc.). Practically, this measurement was sometimes doubtful. - the operators should measure all the appliance standby powers in the household (with a portable wattmeter). secondary list ( for the remaining meter plugs) - circulating pumps of the boilers - computer sites. As for the audiovisual site, we decided to monitor the computer site as a whole instead of monitoring any individual device (mainly for financial reasons). The computer site includes the central unit, the screen and all the peripherals - the dishwasher In addition, and even if Eureco objective was to study the only specific electricity uses, some thermal end-uses (like water-heaters or air-conditioners) were also monitored at some partners request. These appliances are analysed in chapter 1. Finally, each one of the partners could monitor some other appliances that were not included in these two lists, according to the number of remaining metering plugs. In every household, operators should also fill-in a questionnaire concerning the main characteristics of the existing appliances (volumes of the freezers, etc.). Another specific questionnaire for lighting allowed to know precisely the characteristics of each source of light in each room (nature of the source, wattage, number of bulbs per light fitting, etc.). Each country used 1 entire metering systems that allowed the monitoring of 1 sites every month, as well as a central computer that received every night the data collected in each household (see next ). 14

15 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco Project Chapter 3 : General Methodology and Means 3-2 THE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS To sum up, the implemented measures were : the recording of the household total consumption by reading the general utility counter the monitoring of all the listed appliances with individual Diace electricity meters the reading of the ambient temperature in the households, with the Diace metering system as well the monitoring of each light source using a special electronic device called lampmeter DIACE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM Diace system allows both end-use energy and power measurements to be recorded through the Hall effect, and data to be transferred from the measurement points to a collector device using a power-line carrier system. The collector has a built-in modem function, which allows the contents of its memory to be downloaded each night to a central data logger and a computer, which gather and process the data from all the experimental sites. These sites were managed by the national teams. The data was then transferred weekly by the four European countries via the Internet, to Enertech society (where the data was treated). This system is practical for three main reasons : i) positioning the end-use measurement devices in the households is simple and discreet; no extra wires, which would hinder the occupants, are needed ii) data collection and transfer to the central computer is entirely automatic, although a daily control check is required to ensure that everything is functioning correctly iii) it records not only energy and power demand measurements, but also temperature measurement by using other sensors. The characteristics of each system component are as follows : measurement boxes, of dimensions cm, installed between the plug and socket of each monitored appliance which record the following two measurements : - energy, with a precision of ±2 %, with the caveat that the accuracy of the results is doubtful for power levels below 3 watts. We should consider that under this value, the energy counter is not incremented - power demand, which is determined from the measurement of the energy consumption expressed in watts every 1 seconds. This value is stored and updated every 1 seconds. The precision is ±5 % temperature sensors : they are made of a box and a sensor. Measures range between -3 and +5 C with a resolution of 1 C. Maximum error : ± 3 C between +15 C and +25 C. The box receives through a DIN link, the sensor information and transmits it to the collector, using power line carrier. the collector, of dimensions cm, placed in the household near to the telephone and which has a double function : every 1 minutes, using the power lines to carry the signal, it interrogates each of the measurement boxes under its control; it gathers the data 15

16 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco Project Chapter 3 : General Methodology and Means from these boxes and, through its modem function, sends the information to the central computer each night the data logger and computer : positioned at the end of the measurement chain, these allow daily data acquisition and processing of the data. Every kind of measurement (energy, power demand, voltage, temperature) were done every 1 minutes, exactly at the same time, what allowed precise and coherent analysis. They are all transmitted using power line carrier. The daily collected files group together every ten minutes the whole measurement of the households (energy or temperature) THE LAMP-METER This device recently developed by Enertech, allowed the measurement of each one of the individual sources of light, rather than a global measurement on the main electrical board. It is an autonomous recorder that stores the operating time of a source of light, per adjustable period between 1 minute and 1 hour (we chose a 1 minutes period in the Eureco project). It also stores the state (on or off) of this lighting point at the end of each measurement period, as well as the total number of on-switchings during the whole measurement period. It consists of : - a micro-controller with a very low electric consumption - a high-capacity Read-Only-Memory - a standard lithium battery - an indicator of the operating mode of the device - sampling at 1 % of the chosen measurement period (the lampmeter memorise the percentage of switch-on time of the lamp with 1 % accuracy) 3-3 TREATMENT OF THE COLLECTED DATA Once the gross data was received by Enertech, it was later on controlled by a software tools aimed at certifying the coherence of the transmitted records, and at removing error codes and incoherent data, which are inevitable during field operations notably in the residential sector. This corrected data was subsequently assembled in database. The filtering and preparation work is very long and meticulous. But it is necessary to be sure that the data used is trustable. We decided to remove from the database any record that was doubtful or not reliable. This explains why, on different graphs shown in this report, sample sizes are always different : for each graph just a fraction of all the initial measurements was used. For instance, households where the metering was doubtful (for instance because the sum of the appliances consumptions was above the utility counter index) were removed from the general site consumption analysis. But they were kept for the single appliances analysis. Altogether about 3 millions energy measurements and 21 millions lighting measurements were collected. They were assembled in two separate databases (called general and lighting). The sums of all light sources consumptions of a household every 1 minutes, were also calculated and extracted from the lighting database, and reintroduced into the general database. This allowed an easier and very detailed approach to the lighting analysis (see chapter 7). The appliances were characterised by their annualized consumptions. The annualized consumption of an appliance is an estimation of its annual consumption. This estimation is based on the data obtained during monitoring campaigns (lasting one month in 16

17 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco Project Chapter 3 : General Methodology and Means Eureco).Generally, these consumptions were derived from the average daily consumptions, by multiplying them by 365 days per year. The characterisation of an entire stock of appliance, was done by calculating the average consumption of any monitored appliance of this type over a year. Actually, we admitted that the seasonallity impact was taken into account because there was about the same number of appliances of a given type, monitored during each month of the year. 3-4 DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLES DISTRIBUTION OF APARTMENTS AND VILLAS Figure 3.1 represents the distribution between apartments and villas in the samples of the four countries. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE Distribution of houses and apartments Apartments Houses 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% AGEEN % DENMARK GREECE ITALY PORTUGAL Figure 3.1 : distribution of apartments and villas in the samples Except in Denmark where 9 % of the monitored households were villas, most of the panel in the other countries consisted of apartments (between 75 and 85 %). The situation in Denmark is a bit special because all the measures were done in the town of Odensee because our team operator (Odensee Elforsyning Net) is the local electricity supplier. In Italy, the national structure of the households consists of 72 % of flats (against 86 % in our sample) whereas in Portugal, 44 % of the households are apartments (against 87 % in our sample). The over-representation of apartments is due to the fact that most of the measurement campaigns were conducted in towns. 17

18 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco Project Chapter 3 : General Methodology and Means NUMBER OF INHABITANTS PER HOUSEHOLD Figure 3.2 shows the distribution of the number of persons per household for the four samples. Between 74 % (Greece) and 86 % (Italy) of the households have 2 to 4 inhabitants. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE Distribution of the number of persons per household 5% 45% 4% 35% 3% 25% 2% 15% 1% 5% % AGEEN DENMARK GREECE ITALY PORTUGAL Figure 3.2 : distribution of the number of inhabitants per household in the samples Table 3.3 indicates the exact number of households in each sample as well as the average number of persons per households, in the samples and in each countries (national statistics). Countries Denmark Greece Italy Portugal Mean Number of monitored household Number of persons/household in the sample Number of persons/household in the country Figure 3.3 : comparison of the population densities per household between the samples and the countries We can notice that, except for Greece, the number of inhabitants per household in our samples is always greater than the national averages. This is legitimate because we looked for households with the highest possible number of appliances, which are rather the big and highly occupied households. 18

19 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco Project Chapter 3 : General Methodology and Means SIZES OF THE HOUSEHOLDS Figure 3.4 represents the distribution of the surface areas of the households in each countries. Table of figure 3.5 shows the average household area for each sample : Countries Denmark Greece Italy Portugal Mean Average surface area of the households in the sample in m 2 Figure 3.5 : average surface area of the households of each sample ANNUAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN 1999 (BEFORE THE CAMPAIGN) Figure3.6 represents the distribution of the electricity consumption, for the year 1999 (that is the year preceding the measurement campaign), for all the monitored households but Portugal (data not available). CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE Distribution of the household electricity consumptions in DENMARK GREECE ITALY 25 2 (%) AGEEN [-1[ [1-2[ [2-3[ [3-4[ [4-5[ [5-6[ [6-7[ [7-17[ kwh/year Figure 3.6 : distribution of the household electricity consumptions for each sample in 1999 (preceding the measurement campaign) 19

20 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco Project Chapter 3 : General Methodology and Means 14% CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE - DENMARK Distribution of the household surface areas 18% CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE - GREECE Distribution of the household surface areas 12% 1% 16% 14% 12% 8% 1% 6% 4% 8% 6% 4% 2% 2% % AGEEN [4;5[ [5;6[ [6;7[ [7;8[ [8;9[ [9;1[ [1;11[ [11;12[ [12;13[ [13;14[ [14;15[ [15;16[ Surface areas of the households (m²) [16;17[ [17;18[ [18;19[ [19;2[ [2;35[ % AGEEN [4;5[ [5;6[ [6;7[ [7;8[ [8;9[ [9;1[ [1;11[ [11;12[ [12;13[ [13;14[ [14;15[ [15;16[ Surface areas of the households (m²) [16;17[ [17;18[ [18;19[ [19;2[ [2;35[ 16% CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE - ITALY Distribution of the household surface areas 3% CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE - PORTUGAL Distribution of the household surface areas 14% 25% 12% 1% 2% 8% 15% 6% 1% 4% 2% 5% % % [4;5[ [5;6[ [6;7[ [7;8[ [8;9[ [9;1[ [1;11[ [11;12[ [12;13[ [13;14[ [14;15[ [15;16[ [16;17[ [17;18[ [18;19[ [19;2[ [2;35[ [4;5[ [5;6[ [6;7[ [7;8[ [8;9[ [9;1[ [1;11[ [11;12[ [12;13[ [13;14[ [14;15[ [15;16[ [16;17[ [17;18[ [18;19[ [19;2[ [2;35[ AGEEN Surface areas of the households (m²) AGEEN Surface areas of the households (m²) Figure 3.4 : distribution of the number of households as a function of their surface areas 2

21 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco Project Chapter 3 : General Methodology and Means It can be noted that for the four countries, the dominant class is the class 3,-4, kwh/year, what confirms that the chosen households are bigger than the average. But also that the Italian and Danish distributions are perceptibly symmetrical and centred on the dominant class, whereas in Greece, higher classes are over-represented and the occupation rate is below the national average. The explanation is that in Greece, most of the monitored water-heaters are electric ones (even if many of them are also solar water-heaters) TYPE OF ELECTRICITY TARIFFICATION In Denmark and Italy, all the monitored households used simple electricity tariffs, against 62 % in Greece and 66 % in Portugal SINGLE OR TRIPHASE ELECTRIC SUPPLY All the monitored households in Denmark were triphased, against 42 % in Greece, 1 % in Italy and 28 % in Portugal CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SANITARY HOT WATER PRODUCTION The nature of the Sanitary Hot Water (S.H.W.) production is important because it is partly electrical in some countries. Therefore the analysis of the specific electricity end-uses consumption could be more difficult. Figure 3.7 shows the distribution of the energy sources used for the SHW production : 1% CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE Distribution of the energy sources used for S.H.W. production Percentage of the analysed households 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% Other Electricity Fuel Gas District heating AGEEN % DENMARK GREECE ITALY PORTUGAL Figure 3.7 : distribution of the energy sources used for S.H.W. production A few national particularities can be observed : - in Denmark almost the entire s.h.w. is supplied by urban heating - in Greece, 63 % of the households use electricity, against 25 % in Italy and only 6 % in the Portuguese sample. 21

22 European Union First Part : Generalities Eureco Project Chapter 3 : General Methodology and Means Figures 3.8 to 3.1 describe the characteristics of the s.h.w. tank. There are some important differences from one sample to another : the average volume of the tank varies from 67 litres to 178 litres, or from 27 to 67 litres/person depending on the country. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE Average value of the s.h.w. tank volume per country The number of appliances involved is indicated in the white box 12 Litres AGEEN DENMARK GREECE ITALY PORTUGAL Figure 3.8 : average value of the s.h.w. tank volume per country Litres/m² AGEEN 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 34 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE Average value of the s.h.w. tank volume per m² The number of appliances involved is indicated in the white box 75 DENMARK GREECE ITALY PORTUGAL Figure 3.9 : average value of the s.h.w. tank volume per m² and per country CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE Average value of the s.h.w. tank volume per person The number of appliances involved is indicated in the white box 5 Litres/person AGEEN DENMARK GREECE ITALY PORTUGAL Figure 3.1 : average value of the s.h.w. tank volume per person and per country 22

23 European union Second Part : Results of the Measurement Campaign Eureco Project Chapter 4 : General Electricity Consumption of the Households Second Part : Results of the Measurement Campaign CHAPTER 4 : GENERAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION OF THE HOUSEHOLDS 4-1 TOTAL ANNUALIZED HOUSEHOLDS ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION Figure 4.1 represents the distributions of the total household electricity consumption in the 4 countries. GENERAL Average annual consumption per household 2 Annual consumption (kwh/year) kwh/year Number of monitored households : Denmark : 97 - Greece : 88 - Italy : 98 - Portugal : kwh/year 3157 kwh/year 3268 kwh/year 2 DENMARK GREECE ITALY PORTUGAL Reminder : specific electricity uses for Denmark and Italy only. Electric water-heaters for Greece and additional heating for Portugal Figure 4.1: distribution of the total household electricity consumption The total household electricity consumption analysis was difficult because of some electric water-heaters (mainly in Greece and Italy), and of a few electric additional heating systems in Portugal. As the Italian team monitored most of the electric water-heaters, their consumptions were easily removed from the total household electricity consumption in the database. But we removed from the analysed sample, the other Italian households where these thermal end-uses had not been monitored. 23

24 European union Second Part : Results of the Measurement Campaign Eureco Project Chapter 4 : General Electricity Consumption of the Households The situation was quite different in Greece and Portugal, where no thermal end-use had been sub-metered. Rather than just removing these 2 countries from this analysis, we decided to maintain them. But we should keep in mind that these 2 countries cannot be compared with Italy or Denmark, for which the processed values represent for sure the totality of the specific electricity uses (except for some «electric cooking appliances», which consume 5 to 6 kwh/year). This former graph shows that : the average consumptions of the specific end-uses in Italy and Denmark are respectively 3,157 and 3,358 kwh/year. These consumptions are really close to the ones observed during the first year of the Ecodrome project (3,121 kwh/year). the average value recorded in Greece (4,658 kwh/year) includes sanitary hot water production. Considering the high number of solar water-heaters in the sample, we can deduce that the average specific end-use consumption is higher than 3, kwh/year. in Portugal, according to the collected information, the contribution of electric additional heating is very low, what is confirmed by the temperature analysis (see chapter 5). But it is hard to draw any conclusion concerning the specific end-uses consumption, from the observed total household electricity consumption (3,268 kwh/year). The only thing we can maintain is that it is probably lower than 3, kwh/year. the maximum consumptions are about 9, kwh/year in Italy and Denmark, but are much higher in Greece (19, kwh/year) and in Portugal (16, kwh/year), because of thermal electric end-uses. The minimum values range from 685 kwh/year (Portugal) to 1,253 kwh/year (Italy). the minimum to maximum ratios per country are very high, and are 1:1 5 in Denmark, 1:7 2 in Italy, but 1:18 9 in Greece and above all 1:23 7 in Portugal. Figure 4.2 represents the distribution of the total consumption per m² GENERAL Average annual consumption per m² 25 Annual consumptions (kwh/year/m²) kwh/year/m² 45 kwh/year/m² Number of monitored households : Denmark : 95 - Greece : 86 - Italy : 94 - Portugal : kwh/year/m² 28 kwh/year/m² DENMARK GREECE ITALY PORTUGAL Reminder : specific electricity uses for Denmark and Italy only. Electric water-heaters for Greece and additional heating for Portugal Figure 4.2 : distribution of the total household electricity consumption per m² CEE 24