Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 0

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1 CONSERVATION STATEMENT ON GARDNERS CRESCENT, EDINBURGH FOR THE FRIENDS OF GARDNERS CRESCENT Google Earth IAN RIDDELL, CHARTERED ARCHITECT LTD NOVEMBER 2008 (Updated April 2010) Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 0

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3 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose and Objectives 1.2 Listing and Study Area 1.3 Limitations 1.4 Project Team 1.5 Archives and Collections 2.0 SUMMARY OF STUDY 3.0 HISTORY 3.1 History of buildings on the Site 3.2 Changes to the Site 3.3 Current Situation 4.0 EVALUATION OF SIGNIFICANCE 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Statement of Significance 5.0 CONSERVATION ISSUES 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Current use and Ownership of the Site 5.3 Statutory Constraints 5.4 West End Conservation Area Character Appraisal 5.5 Owner s Requirements 5.6 S P Energy Network 5.7 Understanding and Opportunities 6.0 CONSERVATION POLICIES 6.1 Conservation Principles 6.2 Setting 6.3 Maintenance 6.4 Restoration and Reconstruction 6.5 New Work 6.6 Managing Change and Recording 6.7 Archiving and Revision 7.0 COST BANDING 8.0 APPENDICES Appendix I - Summary List of Properties Adjoining the Garden Appendix II - Architect s Preliminary Sketch Proposals, dated February 2008 Appendix III - Initial Probable Costs, dated 29 th October 2008, prepared by McLeman QS Network (Quantity Surveyors) Appendix IV - S P Energy Network s commitment letter, dated 3 rd November 2008, to reinstate the Garden Appendix V - Bibliography Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 2

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5 GARDNERS CRESCENT, EDINBURGH 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose and Objectives This Conservation Statement determines the importance of the communal garden within Gardners Crescent as a public open space on the west side of central Edinburgh between Fountainbridge and Haymarket. Public records have been used in the preparation of this Statement together with information gathered from site observations. The information has been considered and evaluated so as to enable the cultural significance of the garden to be determined and presented. The purpose of establishing the importance of the communal garden is to determine and then consider what makes the garden important within west central Edinburgh. Only with a full understanding of the significance of the garden can appropriate policies be established that define an approach towards maintaining and reinforcing this significance. The Conservation Statement has been commissioned by the Friends of Gardners Crescent, Web Site: a charity registered in Scotland, which comprises the residents of Gardners Crescent. 1.2 Listing Status and Study Area Gardners Crescent lies within the West End Conservation Area. The garden is bounded to the east by the through road of Gardners Crescent and to the west by a lower level lane providing access to Rosebank Cottages and Rosemount Buildings. The buildings are Listed as follows: Gardners Crescent: Category A; Rosebank Cottages: Category B; Rosemount Buildings: Category B. Figure 1 Location Plan Collins 1998 Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 4

6 Figure 2 Ordnance Survey Plan 2008 Copyright Ordnance Survey 1.3 limitations The majority of evidence for the preparation of this Statement was derived from primary sources of archive information. 1.4 Project Team The inspections were carried out by Ian Riddell (Ian Riddell, Chartered Architect Ltd) during March The Statement has been compiled by Ian Riddell (Ian Riddell, Chartered Architect Ltd). The Preliminary Cost Advice has been prepared by Andrew McLeman (McLeman QS Network) following a site inspection during March Archives and Collections Primary Research was carried out with information made available from the following organisations: Map Library of Scotland Edinburgh Room of the City of Edinburgh Council Central Library The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland The City of Edinburgh Council Archives Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 5

7 Figure James Kirkwood - New plan of the City of Edinburgh Map Library of Scotland 2.0 SUMMARY OF THE STUDY The communal garden within Gardners Crescent is of importance in the history of the development of the west side of Edinburgh. The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club, Volume XX, 1935, records that the lands of Dalry on the west side of the city centre had been suitable for market gardening as evident in the numerous feu-contracts granted to nurserymen and in particular by the establishment in 1722 of an organisation known as The Society and Fraternity of Gardeners in the Shire of Midlothian. Members were mostly prominent businessmen who owned property in the Fountainbridge district. Their membership was seen as an opportunity for profitable investment by indirect means through the tenancy of land in their possession. In 1722 the Society rented land including the area occupied by the Hall and the existing Gardners Crescent. Records indicate Gardeners Hall was constructed soon after this date, but in 1731 Gardeners Hall was sold. The ownership of the Hall continued to change until 1821 when William Gardner WS of 35 York Place purchased the Hall and proceeded with its demolition to allow the land to be feud. In The Place Names of Edinburgh by Stuart Harris, reference is made to William Gardner commenting that the only connection between the two names seems to be that William Gardner developed Gardners Crescent, evidently named for himself. James Kirkwood s 1821 New plan of the City of Edinburgh shows Gardeners Hall and open land belonging to James Walker which was developed into the existing Gardners Crescent. The Georgian terraced buildings of the existing half crescent were originally planned as a circus around a planned communal garden as shown in Figure 4. The communal garden was in shared ownership to permit access for the residents of Gardners Crescent. In common with the New Town gardens, may have been available to keyholders on payment of a nominal charge. The Edinburgh Town Council Minutes record that on 30 th November 1886 custody of the garden was passed to the Council and approved by the Council Magistrates all upon the recommendation of the Public Realm Parks Committee. Today, the half crescent of the Georgian terraced buildings, Figure 5, provide enclosure and setting for the central grassed and tree lined public garden which is one of few within the West End Conservation Area. In the 19 th century, in common with developments in other areas of the city, the garden would have provided an attractive area for recreation and in so doing improve the quality of life for the town dwellers. This Statement recommends the policies for the future protection and survival of the public garden within Gardners Crescent. Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 6

8 Figure Wood + Brown - Plan of Edinburgh Map Library of Scotland Figure Kay - Plan of Edinburgh Map Library of Scotland Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 7

9 3.0 HISTORY 3.1 History of the buildings on the Site Gardners Crescent extending into Morrison Street The Buildings of Scotland series on Edinburgh (Gifford, McWilliam & Walker, Penguin/National Trust for Scotland) refers to Gardners Crescent as simple and subtle the master-work of R & R Dickson comprising fiftytwo unbroken bays was developed from The buildings form a plain classical crescent of 4-storey tenements with basement. Historic Scotland s Statutory Lists for Historic Buildings refers to the unified scheme of Gardners Crescent extending into Morrison Street which was built as an outlier of Edinburgh s New Town; from the outset the buildings comprised a large number of small and medium sized flats. The buildings of 1-25A Gardners Crescent and Morrison Street are Listed Category A. St David s Church constructed about the same time to close off the south east end of the crescent, was demolished about 1920 to permit through traffic to Fountainbridge. Figure 6a Feuing Plan of Gardener s Hall belonging to William Gardner W.S. RCAHMS by R & R Dickson, Architects 1822 Figure 6b Detail of Feuing Plan showing garden design RCAHMS Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 8

10 The Feuing Plan of 1822, Figures 6a and 6b, illustrates the original formal design for the garden with a symmetrically placed circular lawn enclosed by a footpath. The landscape design may not have been constructed. However, the dimensions of the Plan are almost identical to the garden as it exists today. In 1860, on the land which was originally intended to become the symmetrical west side of the crescent two developments of housing were constructed on the lower lying ground: Rosebank Cottages and Rosemount Buildings. The Ordnance Survey Plan, Figure 7, illustrates a less formal arrangement with pathways and corner planting beds. The grandeur of the original design which strengthens the gardens relationship with the crescent has been lost. Figure Ordnance Survey. Town plan of Edinburgh Map Library of Scotland Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 9

11 Rosebank Cottages Historic Scotland s Statutory Lists for Historic Buildings refers to the housing having been developed by Sir James Gowan and built for the better class of mechanics and others. The buildings, comprise 3 rows of 2- storey symmetrical flatted cottages with gardens front and back. Constructed from 1860, the cottages were designed by Alexander MacGregor and are Listed Category B. Rosemount Buildings Historic Scotland s Statutory Lists for Historic Buildings refers to the building being one of the first housing schemes to break with the strong Edinburgh tradition of stone building, closely linked with local detailing, and it shows the growing influence of national ideas upon local practice. The building, designed by William Lambie Moffat, constructed from 1860, is 3-storey, near square quadrangle of model industrial housing with 4-stage, square-plan corner towers and built of polychrome brick. The building is Listed Category B. Figure Ordnance Survey. Town plan of Edinburgh Map Library of Scotland Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 10

12 3.2 Changes to the Site Wrought-iron railings which once existed upon the low height stone boundary wall, which separates the garden from the roadway, were removed between 1939 and 1945 as part of the war effort. What appears to be a remnant of the original railings exists today on the wallhead between the garden and the staircase connecting the crescent to Rosemount Buildings. Slots within the existing low level gate pier stones, at each end of the garden, indicate the existence of tall gates which were either contained between the existing low height stone gate piers, incorporating cast-iron end posts, or set between high stone gate piers. The third gateway opening which aligns with the centre of the crescent appears to have been created since the gardens were constructed. This is evident not only in the early plans of the garden, but also in the reuse of the square cut stones of the original boundary wall forming the curved wall entrance to the gateway rather than the use of radius cut stones as would be expected for a curved wall. Also, the cope stones above the curved sections of wall are formed in concrete. The opening has subsequently been closed by means of an extension of the boundary wall. The gates would have prevented unauthorised access into the gardens and were probably constructed using a combination of wrought and cast-iron. The internal footpaths shown on the Feuing Plan of Gardener s Hall and early maps have been removed. Circular planting beds shown in the 1970 s and 1980 s photographs, Figures 8 and 9, have been removed and grassed over. Figure 9 View Across the Gardens in Gardners Crescent c by Colin McWilliam RCAHMS 3.3 Current Situation Roadway Boundary Wall: The stone copes to the low level boundary wall have been damaged by the impact of vehicles on the adjacent road and many stones are cracked down the centre as a result of the railings being set within the stones. Some other stones at the third gateway have been replaced in concrete. Remnants of the cut off ends of railings exist within the cope stones and many of these ends have been encased in a continuous mortar upstand. The wall masonry beneath the cope stones is generally in a good condition. The railings and boundary wall which form the west boundary to the garden remain intact and in a good condition and do not require improvement or alteration. Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 11

13 Gate Piers: Remnants of the four original stone gate piers, which exist at each end of the footpath which crosses through the garden, may have been reduced to the same height as the roadway boundary wall. Threshold stones which probably existed between the gate piers are not visible and may have been hidden by the existing modern pavement materials. As a consequence of the current ongoing site works by SP Energy Network, all but the south west gate pier has been temporarily removed. The removal of the cement mortar capping to this remaining gate pier has not revealed evidence of any ironwork which might have formed part of the railings. This, together with remnants of an iron hinge in the base of the adjacent gate pier indicates the piers were as high as the railings and this height is conveyed in the drawing of the 1822 Feuing Plan. Railings and Gates: The original railings and gates have been removed leaving only stub ends of railings within the cope stones. A panel of what appears to be the original railings exist on the wallhead cope stones adjacent to the staircase at the south boundary connecting the crescent to Rosemount Buildings. No records have been found which show the appearance of the original gates. Figure 10 Remnant of railings at south boundary 2010 Friends of Gardners Crescent Footpath: The very wide footpath which connects the two gateway openings is made up in tarmacadam. The pathway serves as a shortcut through Gardners Crescent for pedestrians and cyclists. Figure 11 View across the Gardens in Gardners Crescent 1982 by Joe Rock RCAHMS Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 12

14 Trees: within the garden there are 10 large mature trees and 17 smaller trees of different ages. The blossom of the flowering cherry trees are an attractive and important feature of the garden in spring time. As the garden is within the West End Conservation Area, the trees are protected by tree preservation orders. Grassed Area: The grassed central area of the garden is partly worn revealing compacted soil. There are no planting beds. However, the ground has been planted with daffodil bulbs for spring flowering. Figure 12 View Across the Gardens in Gardners Crescent 2008 Friends of Gardners Crescent Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 13

15 4.0 EVALUATION OF SIGNIFICANCE 4.1 Introduction ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites) comprises an international non-governmental organisation of professionals, dedicated to the conservation of the world's historic monuments and sites. The internationally recognised Burra Charter was adopted by ICOMOS and provides guidance for the conservation and management of places of cultural significance (cultural heritage places), and is based upon the knowledge and experience of its members. The Burra Charter sets out the following definition of cultural significance: Cultural significance means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for the past, present or future generations. Cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects. Places may have a range of values for different individuals or groups. This assessment established the value of the garden within its setting of the adjacent buildings as an area of cultural significance and provides a framework within which policies and guidelines can be formulated to enable sound conservation decisions to be made for the continuing use, scope and design of any future alterations to the garden and for its long term management and maintenance. The objective in so doing is to ensure the protection of the integrity of the garden for the benefit of future generations. 4.2 Statement of Significance The terrace, lying on the east side of the garden, represents one of Edinburgh s finest pieces of Georgian architecture and to the west side Rosemount Buildings and Rosebank Cottages represent two fine examples of working class model housing. These buildings and the central public garden, dating back to the middle 19 th century, work together to create a prominent and distinctive area within the west side of Edinburgh. 5.0 CONSERVATION ISSUES 5.1 Introduction In this section the specific issues which influence the future of the place (i.e. the garden and views) are discussed taking into account the current uses of the garden, statutory controls, the user s requirements and development issues and opportunities. 5.2 Current Use and Ownership of the Site The garden is currently in the ownership of the City of Edinburgh Council and is freely available for use by the public. 5.3 Statutory Constraints The City of Edinburgh Council, as the local planning authority, has advised that planning permission is required for the proposed reinstatement of the railings, stone gate piers and gates. 5.4 West End Conservation Area Character Appraisal The Council s Planning Department s Character Appraisal states: The garden has some low quality materials and missing railings, trees and grass. The Garden should be part of an enhancement scheme that would create a quality green space to compliment the character of the Georgian buildings. 5.5 Owner s Requirements The primary objective of the Friends of Gardners Crescent, as defined in the Constitution of the Friends of Gardners Crescent, is as follows: a) to conserve, enhance and maintain the garden for the benefit and enjoyment of individuals living and working in the neighbourhood b) to promote and encourage the conservation and enhancement of the garden area in the interests of public amenity Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 14

16 c) to improve the appearance of the garden area through landscaping, tree-planting, the planting of shrubs and flowers, fencing, paving, the installation of park benches and refuse receptacles and, generally, the carrying out of any other activity consistent with the objectives of the Friends d) to improve access to the gardens area by laying paths, erecting signs etc e) to promote the garden area s facilities, thereby encouraging increased use, leading to the improvement and development of community spirit within the garden area and the neighbourhoods served by it f) to encourage and involve the local community and local business in environmental issues and action, through information exchange, education and practical activities g) to promote, encourage and secure the educational value of the garden area, its scenic, historical, landscape and ecological qualities and the provision of facilities conductive to social, educational, recreational and leisure time persuits. This Conservation Report is intended to form the basis upon which applications for project funding can be made. 5.6 S P Energy Network In April 2008, S P Energy Network, formerly known as Scottish Power, commenced works within the garden to replace power cables running between Loanhead, on the south of the city, to their sub-station at Dewar Place. This is essential work to secure supplies to the central west side of the city. The works involve the construction of an access shaft in the centre of the garden for tunnelling machinery to be lowered 20m or so beneath ground level. Major disruption to the garden has been inevitable involving the partial removal of the low level boundary wall and gate piers, the loss of the central footpath and grassed areas and the removal of 4 trees. Public access to the garden has been prohibited during the construction works. Completion of the tunnelling works is expected in June Following the completion of the tunnelling works, S P Energy Network have agreed to reinstate at their own cost the low level boundary wall and gate piers, the central footpath, the entire grassed area and 6 semi-mature trees. 5.7 Understanding and Opportunities Through research and analysis of the history and development of the garden an understanding of its significance is determined. From this, sound decisions can be made about how to conserve the garden and enhance the cultural significance of the place. 6.0 CONSERVATION POLICIES The British Standard Guide to the principles of conservation of historic buildings (BS 7913) defines the objectives of conservation on cultural, economic and environmental grounds. Considering these objectives and the preceeding analysis, the following conservation policies can be stated for the protection and survival of the communal garden within Gardners Crescent. on historical grounds, for its place in the history of the development of the west side of Edinburgh on architectural grounds, for its integral relationship with the Georgian terrace of buildings forming the crescent on environmental grounds, for the contribution it makes to the provision of quality green space within the West End Conservation Area. In developing and agreeing the conservation policies, consideration should be given to other factors affecting the place such as the user s needs, resources, external constraints, and its physical condition. 6.1 Conservation Principals The garden has undergone great change since its construction. The grandeur of the formal garden which was illustrated in the Feuing Plan of 1822 would have provided a very strong relationship with the crescent and encouraged access and use over the full area of the garden. In more recent years, the distinct character of the original garden was sacrificed when the railings were removed between 1939 and Since then the quality of the garden has been lost by inappropriate and insensitive changes to the remaining single pathway and gateway entrances of which two at each end of the footpath remain in use. Poor control over the use and maintenance of the open space has also contributed to the decline of the gardens. Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 15

17 6.2 Setting An appropriate design of railings, based upon the remnant of the original, should be reinstated to retain the use and cultural significance of the garden. (The remnant of the original wrought-iron railings is relatively high when compared against the relatively recently introduced lower height railings between the garden and Rosebank Cottages and the existing cast-iron railings belonging to the Georgian terrace which forms Gardners Crescent. The Council s Department of Planning have advised the new railings should be manufactured in castiron to match the existing cast-iron railings which belong to the terrace.) Cast-iron gates at the two ends of the footpath should be manufactured in the style of the original railings to retain the use and cultural significance of the garden The tarmacadam footpath should be replaced with a more appropriate form of paving material of narrower width appropriate to the scale, character and use of the garden. 6.3 Maintenance Maintenance is fundamental to conserving and retaining the fabric of the garden. The Council s Parks Department existing maintenance regime should be examined and adjusted as required to retain the cultural significance of all elements of the fabric of the garden The introduction of new trees and shrub planting will further enhance the quality of the garden. 6.4 Restoration and Reconstruction The existing cracked cope to the boundary wall should be reconstructed using new stones to precisely match the dimensions and tooling of the existing cope stones to facilitate the reinstatement of the railings. This work would involve stabilising the masonry beneath the copes by means of repair using natural stone and repointing using lime mortar. The original line of the boundary wall should be reinstated where disrupted by the formation of the now redundant central third entrance Further investigation is required to determine the original design and construction of the four stone gate piers at each end of the pathway. The gate piers and the threshold stones between the piers should be reconstructed to facilitate the reinstatement of the railings and retain the use and cultural significance of the garden. The reconstruction should be based upon good evidence of the original construction obtained from site investigation The restoration of a symmetrical arrangement of internal footpaths and original planting plan would help reinstate the formality of the original garden and strengthen its relationship with the buildings forming the crescent. Investigation of R & R Dickson s other works in Edinburgh has not revealed evidence of similar garden (or railing) works. 6.5 New Work The addition of sculpture within the garden would provide a means to present and explain the cultural significance of the garden. 6.6 Managing Change and Recording The Statement of Significance and Conservation Policies should be incorporated into a management plan for the place. A review of the Conservation Policies should be undertaken in relation to the management plan and the effect the proposed changes would have on the cultural significance of the place. The review should be evaluated with reference to the Statement of Significance and the place and, as a result, it may be necessary to modify the proposed changes so as to better retain the cultural significance. A log of new evidence and additional decisions should be kept. 6.7 Archiving and Revision The Conservation Statement should be retained by the Friends of Gardners Crescent and The City of Edinburgh Council. The Statement should be regularly reviewed and revised as necessary. Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 16

18 7.0 COST BANDING An assessment of the Initial Probable Costs prepared by McLeman QS Network is attached to the Statement (Appendix III). 8.0 APPENDICES Appendix I - Summary List of Properties Adjoining the Garden Appendix II - Architect s Preliminary Sketch Proposals, dated February 2008 (Now superceded as a design proposal by the discovery of the 1822 Feuing Plan, but remaining relevant to the Initial Probable Costs) Appendix III - Initial Probable Costs, originally prepared 8 th February 2008, printed 20 th April 2010 prepared by McLeman QS Network (Quantity Surveyors) Appendix IV S P Energy Network s commitment letter, dated 3 rd November 2008, to reinstate the Garden Appendix V - Bibliography Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 17

19 APPENDIX I SUMMARY LIST OF PROPERTIES ADJOINING THE GARDEN LIST OF PROPERTIES ADJOINING THE PUBLIC GARDEN IN GARDNERS CRESCENT THAT WOULD BE NOTIFIED IN ANY FUTURE APPLICATION FOR PLANNING PERMISSION TO REINSTATE RAILINGS AND GATEWAY ENTRANCES Gardners Crescent. Nos 1-27 inclusive Rosebank Cottages. Nos 1-8 and inclusive Rosemount Buildings. Nos 1-45 inclusive Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 18

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21 APPENDIX II ARCHITECT S PRELIMINARY SKETCH PROPOSALS DATED FEBRUARY 2008 Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 20

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23 This preliminary sketch proposal was prepared before the compilation of this Conservation Statement. The proposal illustrates how the existing single pathway might be reconstructed to introduce greater quality and interest and also to reinstate some formality to the garden. The sketch proposals has been used in the preparation of the Initial Probable Costs. Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 22

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25 APPENDIX III INITIAL PROBABLE COSTS, DATED 20 TH APRIL 2010 (ORIGINALLY PREPARED 8 TH FEBRUARY 2008) PREPARED BY MCLEMAN QS NETWORK (QUANTITY SURVEYORS) The Initial Probable Costs (Feasibility Costs) have been prepared according to the Architect s Preliminary Sketch Proposals dated February The costs take into account the reinstatement of the railings to the boundary wall to match the remnant of the original railings and this being done using galvanised mild steel with matching gates set within the two sets of gate piers. The costs also include for the reinstatement of the original line of the boundary wall at the now redundant central third entrance. Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 24

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29 APPENDIX VI S P ENERGY NETWORK S COMMITMENT LETTER, DATED 3 RD NOVEMBER 2008, TO REINSTATE THE GARDEN Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 28

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33 APPENDIX VI BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.0 Literature References Gifford, McWilliam & Walker, The Buildings of Scotland Penguin/National Trust for Scotland Historic Scotland, Memorandum of Guidance Ian Nimmo, Edinburgh s Green Heritage; Discovering the Capital's Parks, Woodlands and Wildlife International Council on Monuments and Sites, Burra Charter Stuart Harris, The Place Names of Edinburgh The City of Edinburgh Council, West End Conservation Area Character Appraisal The Old Edinburgh Club, Book of the Old Edinburgh Club, Volume XX The City of Edinburgh Council, Town Council Minutes 2.0 Maps James Kirkwood, New Plan of the City of Edinburgh Kay, Plan of Edinburgh Ordnance Survey Maps: , , 2008 Wood + Brown, Plan of Edinburgh Gardners Crescent, Edinburgh Conservation Statement Page 32