NE SISKIYOU ST RAIN GARDENS. heat island mitigation. climate regulation. curb extension. infiltration. non-invasive facultative landscapes

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1 A CITY OF GARDENERS COMBINED SEWER OERFLOW, STORMWATER OTFALLS, AND SB-BASIN MAP Promoting community stewardship of green infrastructure in By Jackie Hynes, Kaitlin Young, Doug Serrill PRECEDENT: PORTLAND, OR INTRODCTION NE SISKIYO ST RAIN GARDENS The City of discharges a total of approximately 379 million gallons of combined sewer overflow that drains to the Mill River, Chicopee River, and Connecticut River. The Combined Sewer Outfalls (CSOs) are initiated during extreme weather events when the sewer lines to the wastewater treatment plant are at capacity. Further, approximately 4% of the city is impervious surface, contributing to the concern of stormwater management especially throughout the south-southwestern region of the city. The City of Gardeners is a proposal that would address the major concerns of stormwater management, while promoting community stewardship. This HARD GRAY vs. SOFT GREEN INFRASTRCTRE discharge Pipe, pond, and pollute detention catch basins pipes program would include engineering and implementing green infrastructure, such as rain gardens, green streets, and infiltration planters, that would be donated by professional landscape architects and maintained by community stewards. There is potential for a pilot program to be implemented at the Renaissance School situated along Carew Street. Carew Street is approximately 45 feet wide, offering a wealth of space for a road-side rain garden. With the Renaissance School in close proximity, the rain garden would serve as an educational space for green infrastructure, engage students, provide the opportunity for community stewardship, and offer job trainings. Slow, spread, and sink filtration infiltration treatment riparian edge upland community upland community riparian edge stream channel floodplain climate regulation Siskiyou Street Portland, Oregon heat island mitigation infiltration non-invasive facultative landscapes erosion control and sediment retention 6 7 curb extension Siskiyou Street rain gardens are one of the oldest green street systems in Portland, OR. They are maintained through successful community stewardship partnership between the city and local neighborhood residents. Photo by LID Manual,. PILOT: THE SPRINGFIELD RENAISSANCE SCHOOL [.5 Miles NE SISKIYO STREET RAIN GARDEN SMMARY INFORMATION Technology: Two Stormwater Curb Extensions Total Runoff Area: 9,3 ft Rain Garden Catchment Area: 59 ft (5% ) Final Cost: $, AFSO Storm (3-year, 4-hr Storm; CSO protection) olume Reduction: 85% Peak Flow Reduction: 95% STEWARDSHIP HOW-TO ulnerability\resiliency Index-, MA Emergency Shelters Hospitals - rgent Care LNERABILITY/RESILIENCY INDEX Heating - Cooling Stations Grocery Stores Resiliency / mile Walk-sheds Social ulnerability Index Memorial Square Liberty Heights McKnight Metro Center Liberty Heights McKnight pper Hill Six Corners South End SPRINGFIELD ulnerability\resiliency Index-, MA Emergency Shelters Hospitals - rgent Care Heating - Cooling Stations Grocery Stores Resiliency / mile Walk-sheds Social ulnerability Index Memorial Square Metro Center Six Corners South End Indian Orchard City of Gardeners pper Hill Stewardship Guide Pine Point Boston Road Sixteen Acres Pine Point Indian Orchard Boston Road Sixteen Acres conventional management: pipe-and-pond infrastructure low impact management: watershed approach Transitioning from a traditional system to an ecological system. SCALABILITY OF GREEN INFRASTRCTRE Parcel Street Neighborhood A phased approach to build capacity of ecological and social networks. Rain Garden Bumpouts SORCES. niversity of Arkansas Community Design Center,. Low Impact Development: A Design Manual for rban Areas Native egetation Curb Inlet/Outlet

2 rban Watershed Mapping for Constructed Wetland Site Selection in, MA Project Overview Wetland Suitability: Slope & Land se Permeability Sara Lawler Impervious surface conditions in urban areas contribute to flooding and pollution by preventing infiltration, decreasing evapotranspiration, increasing volume, velocity, and frequency of surface runoff, and contaminating stormwater. Constructed wetlands are one way of managing urban stormwater but are constrained by site requirements, particularly size and location within the watershed. This project will help to identify appropriate sites for constructed wetlands in, MA. Constructed Wetlands Constructed wetlands are defined by the EPA as artificial wastewater treatment systems consisting of shallow ponds and channels which have been planted with aquatic plants, and which rely upon natural microbial, biological, physical, and chemical processes to treat wastewater (EPA ). Benefits of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment include: nutrient reduction, odor control, water quality improvement, wildlife enhancement, aesthetics, and economic benefits. (NRCS ) COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM OTFALLS HABITAT SLOPE BY RNOFF COEFFICIENT SHALLOW MARSH MEADOW.4 -. SHRB SWAMP. -.8 WOODED SWAMP DECIDOS.8-5 OPEN WATER 5-8 PARCELS BY OWNER CITY OF SPRINGFIELD SORCES:.5 MILES EPA (nited States Environmental Protection Agency). Constructed Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters (). NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service). Stormwater Runoff Control Practice Standard (). Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Executive Office for Administration and Finance - Office of Geographic Information (MassGIS) Alewife Reservation Stormwater Wetlands (photo). BOSTONatomy, 3 Nov 5. Retrieved from: alewife-brook-reservation/

3 Impacts of Rain Garden Systems in Cristian Koenigs, Seth Taylor, Shawn Provost niversity of Massachusetts Amherst The City of The city of is the commercial center of the Pioneer alley and the third largest city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Despite its influence in the region, areas of are extremely socially vulnerable. These are the populations which will feel the brunt of the impacts of climate change yet are the least equipped to handle them. This project addresses this issue and presents one of many possible approaches to reducing the vulnerability of these communities. The Community of Located in the northwest corner of the city, the neighborhood is bordered by the Connecticut River to the west and the B&M Railroad to the east. is separated from the rest of by the Interstate 9 elevated highway. Proximity to the Connecticut river and fragmentation of the neighborhood due to Interstate 9 both contribute to potential increases in flood risks and social vulnerability in the face of climate change. Rain Gardens Rain gardens help to mitigate the impacts of stormwater. In addition to being beautiful and unique landscape features, rain gardens also: Reduce stormwater runoff and impacts of flood events Increase infiltration and recharge and reduce frequency of CSO events Filter pollutants out of stormwater Reduce the impacts of hot weather This rendering of a curbside rain garden is a rough representation of what could be achieved in various areas in the neighborhood in. By converting previously impervious surfaces to rain gardens, runoff is dramatically reduced and numerous co-benefits such as increased carbon sequestration, water filtration, and aesthetic improvements are achieved. Impacts of Rain Gardens in Reduce the the damaging effects of floods and other extreme weather events. The dangers for socially vulnerable populations in the neighborhood of will only worsen with the increased severity and frequency of weather events that will be caused climate change. Introducing rain gardens on previously impervious surfaces will mitigate these dangers. Enhance community involvement and cohesion. By working with local organizations such as Arise for Social Justice, the Climate Justice Coalition, and Gardening the Community, the desires and needs of the youth and community members can be at the focus of the design and construction processes. Create education opportunities for the community. The Chestnut Middle School is a potential partner. The design and construction processes could be integrated into the school s curriculum, and maintenance of the garden could provide beneficial educational opportunities for the students. Rain gardens systems will help reduce the volume of stormwater running directly off of the large area of impervious surfaces surrounding the school.

4 KEEPING COOL IN SPRINGFIELD: A/C POLICY THAT WORKS FOR A RENTER-MAJORITY CITY, along with other.s. cities, could make a variety of policy changes to improve and protect renters access to air-conditioning. For example, it could: ADAPTATION Develop and distribute lease language that protects tenant A/C rights. A HOTTER SPRINGFIELD A/C + INCLDING RENTERS Enact ordinance that requires land- Even with large cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions, our planet will become warmer over the next century. As hot weather becomes a regular occurrence, air-conditioning will become an essential need for resi- lords to maintain A/C equipment. The average temperature will become higher, and ex- dents. The state offers property owners incentives to in- 3 Establish maximum temperature treme heat waves more frequent. In, summer will include more hot days. In the late th century, the city had, on average, ten days a year over 9 F. That number could climb to forty days a year if emissions do not decrease. DAYS OER 9 F HISTORICAL 97- stall energy-efficient air conditioning units. Renters do not benefit from these incentives at the same rates. The figures below depict the disparity in electric incentives received, which include A/C. About 5% of residents rent. In order to help protect this large population from extreme heat, the city, along with the state, will need to develop new air-conditioning policies and programs. standards. The state already has well-defined minimum temperature standards. MITIGATION In order to reduce GHG emissions, increased access to air-conditioning should be coupled with energy-efficiency measures. Policies should target the split-incentive between tenants and landlords. could: Promote green leases. SPRINGFIELD Green leases are contractual agreements between landlords and tenants where landlords invest capital to improve energy efficiency and tenants agree to a modest rent increase. The rent increase is offset by lower utility costs, so tenants overall housing expenditures decrease. PROJECTED 4-7 Landlords see a return on investment through higher rents. Leverage PACE financing. In property assessed clean energy (PACE) programs, municipalities sell bonds to investors in order to fund energy DAYS/YR WITH HIGH OER 9 F efficiency projects for qualified buildings. The municipality recovers the cost of the bond sale by increasing the Data Sources: NC Climate Institute, MassGIS, Mass Save,.S Census Bureau property tax of the participating parcel. Structured correctly, energy savings could benefit both tenants and landlords. MA recently enacted PACE-enabling legislation.

5 Constructed Wetlands for, MA WATERSHED SBBASINS, FLOODING, AND CSOs SOCIAL LNERABILITY BY CENSS TRACT Indian Orchard Boston Road Liberty Heights Pine Point Memorial Square McKnight Metro Center INDEX SCORE 7 - LEGEND Six Corners 8-6 COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM OTFALLS WATERSHED SBBASINS WATER FEATRES FEMA FLOODZONES IMPERIOS SRFACE South End - 5 Sixteen Acres pper Hill.5 Miles Index components: Poverty rate Age (under 5, over 65) Gender, race and ethnicity Renter status ehicle access English proficiency.5 Miles LNERABILITY BY SBBASIN The priority subbasin contains: - 8 census tracts in the highest vulnerability category (totalling,553 acres) - 4% impervious surface acres in the FEMA flood zone - 7 CSOs Precedent Image: Alewife Reservation Stormwater Wetlands Constructed Wetlands cost $.7 /, gallons Conventional Systems cost $4.47 /, gallons LEGEND IMPERIOS SRFACE WATERSHED SBBASINS WATER FEATRES FEMA FLOODZONES COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM OTFALLS PRIORITY SBBASIN Cost Estimate for a Constructed Wetland SOCIAL LNERABILITY INDEX.5 Miles Item Cost Land Cost/acre Site Investigation Site Clearing Earthwork Gravel Plants Planting Inlets/Outlets Engineering, legal etc. Operations & Management/year $3,4 $5,3 $9,7 $48,3 $7,8 $7,4 $9,7 $4,3 $95, $8,8 Total Capital Cost $539,7 This estimate is based on construction of a system that filters, gallons daily inside an area of 3. acres. This estimate considers costs for a system with a native soil liner; constructing a wetland with a plastic membrane liner would add an additional cost of $5,4 related to materials, engineering, and legal costs. A constructed wetland similar to the one outlined above would cost $,49,77 less over the course of its lifetime, as compared to a conventional wastewater treatment system. This amounts to just $.7 to treat gallons, compared to $4.47 for a conventional system POTENTIAL WETLAND SITES AN HORN PARK LEGEND IMPERIOS SRFACE WATER FEATRES FEMA FLOODZONES CSS OTFALLS SOCIAL LNERABILITY INDEX Lauren de la Parra Amanda Baldwin Lynne Siringo Sara Lawler Sources: Office of Geographic Information (MassGIS), Commonwealth of Massachusetts, MassIT. Retrieved from Alewife Brook Reservation (image). BOSTONatomy, 3 Nov 5. Retrieved from: City owned parcels comprise 9.8% of the watershed area. an Horn comprises 3.7 % of the watershed area. Wetland effectiveness studies site % as an effective size PARCELS BY OWNER CITY OF SPRINGFIELD.5.5 Miles

6 GROWING RESILIENT COMMNITIES THROGH RBAN FORESTRY MEMORIAL SQARE NEIGHBORHOOD, SPRINGFIELD, MA KENNETH KIRKLAND, JEREMY PRICE, KELLIE FENTON PROBLEM STATEMENT The City of lost a significant amount of its mature urban forest in the tornado. The loss of urban forestry is particularly felt in environmental justice neighborhoods, areas especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and urban forestry can help mitigate impacts and build community resiliency in these areas. In an effort to enhance the City s urban forestry, as well as the many environmental, economic, and social benefits provided, we seek to demonstrate these tangible and aesthetic benefits through examining the urban forestry value around the.s. Federal Bankruptcy Court on State Street. Furthermore, we shall illustrate how increased tree plantings on Jefferson Avenue near Calhoun can increase the aesthetic value and experience of the surrounding built environment Increasing community 9 resilience begins with an 4 area needs analysis. Social Indian ulnerability Index (SI) 39 Orchard refers to community resilience when confronted 6 Boston Road by external stresses on 9 A human health, such as natural or manmade Liberty Pine Point Memorial Heights 9 disasters, or disease Square 5 outbreaks. The SI is based McKnight on: Age, Ethnicity, Gender, Sixteen Acres pper Hill English Proficiency, ehicle Metro Access, Poverty, Home Center Six Corners alue, Rental Population, 5 South and Time of Residency. End Neighborhoods along the 47 ( Route 9 corridor are 83 especially vulnerable ENCORAGE TREE PLANTING WITH RESIDENTIAL TREE REBATE BEFORE The introduction of a private property yard tree rebate ordinance will help the City of prioritize the provision of free trees in environmental justice neighborhoods. Yard tree rebates can help offset and incentivize residents to purchase trees for private property in more affluent areas. To take advantage of the rebate, property owners (or renters) must agree to water the tree for the first two years, and allow program officials access to the property to evaluate the condition of the tree(s). Additional trees planted through the rebate program shall help mitigate undesirable impacts of climate change. This yard tree rebate ordinance is highly complementary to the proposed citizen tree steward and job training program. AFTER: Increased tree canopy enhances the neighborhood Social ulnerability Index Miles Within the Memorial Square neighborhood, there is a high amount of impervious surface on Jefferson Avenue. Impervious surfaces result in increased flooding from rain storms, higher summer temperatures due to the pavement intensifying heat from the Sun. This area also experiences the negative results of being in close proximity to the Route 9 corridor as vehicular emissions and noise create an unhealthy environment. This area would benefit from an urban forestry expansion as well as maintenance of exiting trees THE BENEFITS OF TREES IN THE CITY rban forestry loss has tangible consequences: supported by scientific literature and best planning practices, urban forestry has been linked to numerous health, social, and well-being benefits including: a reduction in asthma rates through particulate matter filtration; increased capacity for educational focus and concentration; reduced healing and illness recovery times; increased sun shade which contributes to localized cooling through evapotranspiration; and, increased energy efficiency that reduces HAC costs for homes, schools, and businesses. Additional benefits include increased property values and help fostering walkable and aesthetically-pleasing environments, which create a sense of place and belonging for residents. 9 MA I N ST RE Surface Quality AN RG 5 MO 5 H ET, E R Feet ST Generally Pervious Impervious CITIZEN STEWARDSHIP TREE STEWARD & JOB & TRAINING JOB TRAINING PROGRAM Source: i-tree Design Report The.S. Federal Bankruptcy Court at 3 State Street, demonstrates the value of the urban forest (left). The green pins represent individual trees. i-tree provides estimated economic value in terms of energy savings and avoided carbon, as represented in blue-shaded areas. The total value of these trees to date is shown in the figures below. Over,8,7 gallons of stormwater (more than two Olympicsized swimming pools) have been absorbed by the trees, reducing the site's contribution to combined sewer overflow events. By 5, the value of ecosystem services provided by these trees is estimated to be worth nearly $67,. The site will have absorbed 5,378,593 gallons of stormwater (eight Olympic-sized swimming pools) and sequestered 58,768lbs of CO from entering the atmosphere, equivalent to taking,753 cars off the road for one year. Job Training Partnership With: Roger L. Putnam vocational-technical Academy Technical Community College To supplement limited resources and/or people power, we propose the City further partner with ReGreen, a local 5(c)(3) and other similar organizations to help facilitate tree planting and related community stewardship initiatives. Furthermore, we propose that the local vocational school or high schools implement a job training program to provide individuals with the education and skills needed to enter into the sustainable management workforce. During these training programs, individuals will gain hands-on experience through managing the City s urban forest, and potentially trees planted through the yard tree rebate ordinance. The City will need to further evaluate legal issues associated with this proposal. RESLTS residents with asthma Source: i-tree Design Report 6.% Our proposal seeks to regrow the urban forest in two ways: First, the proposed yard tree rebate ordinance will help supplement increased tree plantings on private properties. Second, the proposed citizen tree steward program, in partnership with the local vocational institutions, will provide residents invaluable, arborist-related education, training, and skills to assist the City in monitoring, maintaining, rebuilding, and expanding s urban forest. Prioritizing these efforts in environmental justice neighborhoods enable the City to address the effects of climate change in the City s most vulnerable populations. These proposals aim to regrow s urban forest through incentivization, citizen volunteerism, and skills training. Robust public engagement and organizational partnerships are driving principles that foster a sense of community ownership and civic pride for residents, business owners, and officials.