GREEN ROOFS AND LIVING WALLS BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES

Transcription

1 XV Symposium 11 Urban Plant Diversity in the Mediterranean OPTIMA meeting in Montpellier GREEN ROOFS AND LIVING WALLS BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES Katia PERINI Department of Sciences for Architecture, University of Genoa (Italy)

2 Chicago Delft Freiburg Sydney San Francisco Seoul Chicago Milan Italy Alba, Italy New York City 2

3 Seoul Bolzano Amiens Copenhagen Vietnam Paris London Lima Milan Amsterdam 3

4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCES: URBAN HEAT ISLAND RAINWATER MANAGEMENT AIR QUALITY BIODIVERSITY LOSS ECOSYSTEM HEALTH URBAN AREAS 4

5 BENEFITS OF VEGETATION 5

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7 INTENSIVE GREEN ROOF EWHA WOMAN S UNIVERSITY, DOMINIQUE PERRAULT, SEOUL GREEN ROOFS 7

8 SEMI INTENSIVE GREEN ROOF LIBRARY DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MECANOO, DELFT GREEN ROOFS 8

9 EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOF WITH SOLAR PANELS, FREIBURG GREEN ROOFS 9

10 ENERGY SAVING FOR AIR CONDITIONING: SHADING AND EVAPORATION ENERGY SAVING FOR HEATING: EXTRA INSULATION AND WIND PROTECTION ROOF PROTECTION GREEN ROOFS BENEFITS: BUILDING ENVELOPE 10

11 ACCORDING TO ROSENZWEIG ET AL. (2006) WITH 50% OF ROOFS IN NYC COVERED BY VEGETATION, UHI COULD BE REDUCED BY 0.8 C. Image GREEN ROOFS BENEFITS: UHI MITIGATION 11

12 GREEN ROOFS BENEFITS: WATER MANAGEMENT SOURCE: OBERNDORFER E, LUNDHOLM J, BASS B, ET AL

13 RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF THE THREE ROOF ALTERNATIVES IN TERMS OF EQUIVALENCE FACTORS IN THE OZONE LAYER DEPLETION, ACIDIFICATION, EUTROPHICATION, AND GLOBAL WARMING IMPACT CATEGORIES. GREEN ROOFS ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY SOURCE: KOSAREO E RIES (2006) 13

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15 INPS GREEN FACADE PILOT PROJECT. GENOA, ITALY 15

16 INPS GREEN FACADE PILOT PROJECT. GENOA, ITALY 16

17 Rhincosperma jasminoide Phlomis fruticosa Buxus sempervirens rotundifolia Dorycnium hirsutum Nerium oleander Euonymus bravo Teucrium chamaedris Viburnum tinus eve price Cistus Jessami beauty Atriplex halimus Cistus crispus Hebe franciscanus INPS GREEN FACADE PILOT PROJECT 17

18 Evaluation of the environmental, economic, and social benefits of green envelopes in dense urban areas Main objectives of the research: Plant species selection and monitoring Effectiveness of plant species for air quality improvement Effectiveness of plant species for energy performances Plant species health and growth INPS GREEN FACADE PILOT PROJECT 18

19 Evaluation of the environmental, economic, and social benefits of green envelopes in dense urban areas Main objectives of the research: Plant species selection and monitoring Quantification of air quality improvement (fine dusts, NO 2 ) in collaboration with the Delft University of Technology, Dr. Marc Ottelé Collecting capacity of fine dusts NO 2 monitoring INPS GREEN FACADE PILOT PROJECT 19

20 Evaluation of the environmental, economic, and social benefits of green envelopes in dense urban areas Main objectives of the research: Plant species selection and monitoring Quantification of air quality improvement (fine dusts, NO 2 ) Energy performances improvement of the building envelope In collaboration with Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico (RSE) S.p.A. (Research on energy system) Monitoring the cooling potential of green facades (energy demand for air conditioning) Monitoring the insulation properties of green facades (energy demand for heating) INPS GREEN FACADE PILOT PROJECT 20

21 Evaluation of the environmental, economic, and social benefits of green envelopes in dense urban areas Main objectives of the research: Plant species selection and monitoring Quantification of air quality improvement (fine dusts, NO 2 ) Energy performances improvement of the building envelope Evaluation of users social perception Qualitative and quantitative analysis Surveys and interviews to INPS employees, residents and workers in the area INPS GREEN FACADE PILOT PROJECT 21

22 Evaluation of the environmental, economic, and social benefits of green envelopes in dense urban areas Main objectives of the research: Plant species selection and monitoring Quantification of air quality improvement (fine dusts, NO 2 ) Energy performances improvement of the building envelope Evaluation of users social perception Evaluation of economic impact of vertical greening systems CBA: analysis of costs (installation and maintenance) in relation to economic benefits INPS GREEN FACADE PILOT PROJECT 22

23 Evaluation of the environmental, economic, and social benefits of green envelopes in dense urban areas Main objectives of the research: Plant species selection and monitoring Quantification of air quality improvement (fine dusts, NO 2 ) Energy performances improvement of the building envelope Evaluation of users social perception Evaluation of economic impact of the vertical greening system Evaluation of environmental impact of the vertical greening system LCA: evaluation of the environmental burden of vertical greening related to microclimatic and environmental benefits INPS GREEN FACADE PILOT PROJECT 23

24 Phase 1: quantitative analysis 3 months before the installation of the INPS green facade July people interviewed: People working and/or living in the neighbourhood (44,1% ) INPS employees (55,9%) INPS GREEN FACADE USERS PERCEPTION 24

25 Survey on green facades of the University of Genoa, Department of Architectural Science (conducted in Italy, original version language Italian) Employee of INPS office in Sestri Ponente, Genoa Person working in Sestri Ponente, Genoa Person living in Sestri Ponente, Genoa Some examples of green facades Have you ever seen one or more? yes no Have you ever heard about it? yes no Select the importance of each of the POSITIVE EFFECTS of green facades in a city rating from 1 to 5 (highest): More nature in cities Visually enhanced cityscape Better wellbeing of citizens Increase of biodiversity (small animals) Air quality improvement Shading and cooling in summer Thermal insulation during winter season Improvement of the city environment Reduction of noise pollution Environmental education Building aesthetic Select the importance of each of the NEGATIVE EFFECTS of green facades in a city rating from 1 to 5 (highest): Frequent maintenance Problems related to falling leaves Problems with building restoration Obstruction of gutter or standpipes Less daylight inside the building Damages to the facades Dirty due to the presence of animals More insects Management problems Additional costs Higher danger of theft

26 Phase 1: quantitative analysis 3 months before the installation of the INPS green facade July people interviewed POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 "INPS employees" "people workin/living in Genoa S.P." full sample 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 INPS employees people working/ living in Genoa S.P. full sample INPS GREEN FACADE USERS PERCEPTION 26

27 Phase 1: quantitative analysis 3 months before the installation of the INPS green facade July people interviewed: People working and/or living in the neighbourhood (44,1% ) INPS employees (55,9%) Most recognised positive effect: air quality improvement Most recognised negative effect: more insects Total scores: People working and/or living in the neighbourhood: 56,8% positive - 43,2% negative INPS employees: 47,4% positive - 52,6% negative INPS GREEN FACADE USERS PERCEPTION 27

28 INPS GREEN FACADE 28

29 Phase 2: qualitative analysis 6 months after the installation of the INPS green facade May 2015, with Roberta Prampolini 21 semi-structured interviews to a significant sample Residents in the neighbourhood 106 answers People working in the neighbourhood 85 answers INPS employees 55 answers Investigation topics: 1. Photo elicitation to favour a dialog on the INSP Green facade 2. Green areas in the neighbourhood 3. Vertical green in other areas of the city INPS GREEN FACADE USERS PERCEPTION 29

30 Phase 2: qualitative analysis 6 months after the installation of the INPS green facade May 2015, with Roberta Prampolini Investigation topics: 1. Photo elicitation to favour a dialog on the INSP Green façade Reduced knowledge of the technology Positive opinion due to: aesthetic, wellbeing, environmental and energy effects Negative effects (less) due to: insects and maintenance needs Critics arise during the installation were mentioned only 3 of 21 highlight negative opinions INPS GREEN FACADE USERS PERCEPTION 30

31 Phase 2: qualitative analysis 6 months after the installation of the INPS green facade May 2015, with Roberta Prampolini Investigation topics: 1. Photo elicitation to favour a dialog on the INSP Green facade 2. Green areas in the neighbourhood Not enough 3. Vertical green in other areas of the city Public funds The results show that communication plays a key role Younger people show positive opinion about the project INPS GREEN FACADE USERS PERCEPTION 31

32 Phase 2: qualitative analysis 6 months after the installation of the INPS green facade May 2015, with Roberta Prampolini to improve the area in a very busy street, I think it was built there for a reason! something positive for air pollution I was curious when I saw the facade.. I thought it was a waste of money then I understood this is a smart idea! some green.. Something new! A building with flowers with an aesthetic value only, a modern project, lets say! It could be positive!.. In addition it could also protect the facade, so.. 32

33 Quantification of air quality improvement PM collecting capacities INPS GREEN FACADE AIR QUALITY SOURCE: PERINI ET AL., 2016 IN PRESS 33

34 Quantification of air quality improvement PM collecting capacities UNIGE-DSA with TUDelft INPS GREEN FACADE AIR QUALITY 34

35 Quantification of air quality improvement PM collecting capacities UNIGE-DSA with TUDelft ESEM analysis INPS GREEN FACADE AIR QUALITY 35

36 Quantification of air quality improvement PM collecting capacities UNIGE-DSA with TUDelft ESEM analysis IMAGE J counting INPS GREEN FACADE AIR QUALITY 36

37 INPS GREEN FACADE AIR QUALITY 37

38 Quantification of air quality improvement PM collecting capacities UNIGE-DSA with TUDelft CJ_Oct average HH_Oct average PF_Oct average RJ_Oct average Particle number in 1mm > <0.5 Particle size (µm) Number and size (µm) of particles in 1 mm2 for Hedera helix, Cistus jessamy beauty, Phlomis fruticosa, Rhyncospermum jasminoide, based on 100x, 250x, 500x magnifications INPS GREEN FACADE AIR QUALITY 38

39 Energy performances improvement of the building envelope In collaboration with Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico (RSE) S.p.A. (Research on energy system) Monitoring the cooling potential of green facades INPS GREEN FACADE ENERGY SOURCE: PERINI ET AL., 2016 IN PRESS 39

40 Energy performances improvement of the building envelope In collaboration with Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico (RSE) S.p.A. (Research on energy system) Monitoring the cooling potential of green facades INPS GREEN FACADE ENERGY Comparison between external surface temperatures in presence and in absence of the vertical greening system 40

41 Evaluation of economic impact of vertical greening systems CBA: analysis of costs (installation and maintenance) in relation to economic benefits Evaluation of environmental impact of the vertical greening system LCA: evaluation of the environmental burden of vertical greening related to microclimatic and environmental benefits INPS GREEN FACADE 41

42 Llife cycle analysis of greening systems: environmental burden profile in relation with the energy savings for air conditioning and heating Calculation of the environmental impact of: production use-maintenance disposal-waste Greening systems analysed: A. direct greening system B. indirect greening system (stainless steel mesh) C. LWS based on planter boxes D. LWS based on felt layers Energy Energy saving for heating A. Direct green: 1.2% B. Indirect green: 1.2% C. LWS planter boxes: 6.3% D. LWS felt layers: 4% Energy saving for cooling in Mediterranean climate: 43% (Alexandri and Jones, 2007). Source: Ottele and Perini, 2011 VERTICAL GREENING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 42

43 Vertical greening systems and economic sustainability CosteBenefit Analysis of an office building designed for the study located in Italy (dense city). Initial costs (installation) Maintenance costs Disposal costs (Economic) benefits related to the installation of vertical greening systems: Personal Energy saving: heating (additional insulation) and air-conditioning Longevity: cladding durability Real estate: increase of property value Incentives and support: tax reduction Social SOSTENIBILITÀ ECONOMICA Climate change: carbon dioxide reduction Air quality improvement: NO2, PM10, SO2 reduction Habitat: increase of biodiversity Urban heat island: air temperature reduction Aesthetic: increase of area value Analisi costi benefici di un edificio per u ici a Genova progettato per lo studio (simulazione) Source: Perini and Rosasco, 2015 Costi iniziali (messa in opera) Manutenzione dismissione VERTICAL GREENING ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY Benefici (economici) legati alla me ssa in opera di sistemi per il verde verticale 43

44 x x Vertical Sistemi greening analizzati systems analysed: 1: 1: direct 1: facciat green a façade verde diretta 2A: HDPE indirect green façade 2B: 2A: steel facciata indirect green verde façade indiretta - HDPE 3A: 2B: HDPE facciata indirect green verde façade indiretta combined - acciaio with planter boxes 3B: steel indirect green façade combined with planter boxes 4: living 3A: facciata wall system verde indiretta con elementi contenitori - HDPE 3B: facciata verde indiretta con elementi contenitori - acciaio 4: 4: living wall system between 2061V (middlescenario) to 14,713 V (best scenario; Graph 1) with IRRvaluesrespectively of 5.2%and 5.8%(Graph 2) and apbp of 33 and 16 years. Theindirect green façade(2ae2b) compared to the direct one(green façade) (1) has higher installation (due to the supporting system) and disposal costs; this happens especially for the indirect green façade supported by a steel mesh (2B) Indirect green façade combined with planter boxes The indirect green façade combined with planter boxes (3A. HDPEsupport and planter boxes and 3B. steel support and planter boxes) presents an economic sustainability (minimum) in the best A 2A 2B 2B 3A 3A 3B 3B 4 Worst Worst Middle Middle Best Best in m p 4 s c re w te m Valore Attuale Netto - valore scontato della somma dei costi e dei Gr Gr aph 1. NPV of vertical greening systems (1: direct green façade; 2A: HDPE indirect Valore aph 1. Attuale NPV of vertical Netto greening - valore systems scontato (1: direct della green somma façade; dei 2A: costi HDPEe indirect dei green green benefici façade; che 2B: si steel verificano indirect green nell arco façade; del 3A: periodo HDPE indirect vit green façade combined Net Present Value (NPV) of the systems analyzed - the benefici façade; ith planter che 2B: si steel boxes; verificano indirect green 3B: steelnell arco façade; indirect green del 3A: façade periodo HDPE indirect combined vit green façade combined a ith considerato planter boxes; (50 anni) 4: living discounted w ith planter all system). value boxes; 3B: of steel the indirect sum of green costs façade and combined benefits w iththat planter boxes; (50 anni) 4: living w all system). occur within the period of life considered (50 years). VERTICAL GREENING ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY 44

45 Thank you