Developing Countries. Sustainable Rainwater Harvesting and Ground Water Recharge in. State-of-the-Art Report on. HRD and Technology Transfer

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1 State-of-the-Art Report on Sustainable Rainwater Harvesting and Ground Water Recharge in Developing Countries HRD and Technology Transfer Editors Tanuja N. Ariyananda, A.R. Shivakumar and Vasant Takalkar CENTRE FOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF THE NON-ALIGNED AND OTHER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (NAM S&T CENTRE) 2011 DAYA PUBLISHING HOUSE New Delhi Under the G-77/PGTF Project on 'Sustainable Rainwater Harvesting and Ground Water Recharge in Developing Countries - HRD and Technology Transfer'

2 - Arun - Editor: Contents - SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1 (I) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 -Tanuja N. Ariyananda 1.1 CHANGE IN THE WATER CYCLE 1.2. RAINWATER HARVESTING 1.3. SUMMARY OF COUNTRY STATUS REPORTS ON SUSTAINABLE RAINWATER HARVESTING AND GROUND WATER RECHARGE 1.4. RECOMMENDATIONS OF WORKSHOP ON SUSTAINABLE RWH AND GWR FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (II) INTRODUCTION 9 P. Kulshreshtha - SECTION 2: COUNTRY STATUS REPORTS 15 Tanuja N. Ariyananda BOTSWANA (Jackson Ndiwa Aliwa) 17 : Population, Ppeople, Topography, Geography : Temperature, Rainfall, Seasonal Variation 1.3 Water Supply and Water Demand: 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Rainwater Harvesting Practices 2.2 Types ofrainwater Harvesting Practiced 3. R&D IN RWH EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.1 Research & Development in Rainwater Harvesting 3.2 Institutional Arrangements in Rainwater Harvesting

3 vi 4.1 Socio-economic aspects of Rainwater Harvesting 4.2 Awareness Raising and Education 4.3 Community Mobilization 4.4 Importance ofproper Operation 4.5 Feasibility ofraimvater Systems 4.6 Affordability, Loans and Subsidies and Maintenance 5.1 Role of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy 5.2 Rainwater Harvesting and Culture 6. CASE STUDIES 6.1 Botswana Technology Centre (BOTEC) 6.2 The Department of Water Affairs CAMBODIA (A.M. Phirum) Climate. 1.3 Water Supply and Water Demand 2.1 Traditional 3. R&D IN RWH EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.1 Institutional Mechanism 4.1 Socio-economic Aspect of Rainwater Harvesting 4.2 Community Participation 5.1 Role of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy 5.2 Rainwater Harvest and Culture: 6. CASE STUDY 7. CONCLUSION

4 Vll EGYPT (Many Ramadan & Badr M, A. Mabrouk) 52 Geography, Population, people 1.2 Climate 1.3 Agriculture 1.4 Water Resources 2. RAINWATER HARVESTING (RWH) PRACTICES 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Water Harvesting Systems 3. GROUND WATER RECHARGE (R&D) AND RWH EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.1 Groundwater Occurrence in Egypt 4.1 Socioeconomic Aspects 4.2 Training 4.3 The Community Participation 4.4 Operation and Maintenance 4.5 Socio-economic Factors 4.6 Rainwater Harvesting and Culture 5.1 The Needfor IWRM and Challengesfor the Future 5.2 National Strategies for Water and Agriculture 6. CASE STUDIES 6.1 Northwest Coast Region 6.2 Case Study: Nile Basin INDIA (Vasant Takalkar, Jyoti Panase, U. M. Paranjpe, Vikas Kharage & Shashank Deshpande) Water Supply and Demand 2. RAINWATER HARVESTED PRACTICES 2.1 Types of Rainwater Harvesting Practices 3. R&D IN RWH EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.2 Need for Rainwater Harvesting in India

5 - A viii 3.2 Research & Development in Rainwater Harvesting 3.3 Institutional Arrangements in Rainwater Harvesting 4.1 Community Participation 4.2 Feasibility of RWH System (Technical and Financing) 4.3 Cost Benefit Analysis 4.4 Affordability, Loans and Subsidies: 5.1 Role of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy 5.2 Rainwater Harvesting and Ground Water Recharge Play Key Role in the Water Policy 6. CASE STUDIES: 6.1 Jalkund 6.2 Harvesting Rain on Campus Continuous Contour Trenching (CCT) Harvesting Sustainable Approach to Rainwater 6.4 Rainwater Harvesting' and 'Ground Water Recharge' for the Factory Pune 6.5 R.W.H Scenario in City 6.6 Groundwater Irrigation Maharashtra at Moshi, Perspectives and Challenges for Food Security in INDONESIA (Iskandar Zulkarnain) Water Supply and Water Demand 2.2 Traditional and Informal 2.2 Modem and Formal 2.3 Types of Rainwater Harvesting Practised 3. R&D IN RAINWATER HARVESTING EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.1 R&D Efforts in the Country and Successful Models 3.2 R&D Gaps 3.3 Institutional Arrangements in Rainwater Harvesting

6 ix 4.1 Community Participation 4.2 Community Mobilization 4.3 Awareness-raising and Education 4.4 Training, Quality Control and Good Management 4.5 and Operation Maintenance 4.6 Feasibility ofrwh Systems 4.7 Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 5.1 Role of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy 5.2 Rainwater Harvesting and Culture IRAN (M. Molanejad) SURVEY AND SITUATION : Geography, Population, People 1.2 Climate 1.3 Water Supply and Water Demand 2.1 Traditional Water Harvesting Systems 3. POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIO-CULTURAL 4. CONCLUSIONS AND REMARKS KENYA (Urbanus N. Mutwiwa & E. K. Mwangi) Water Supply and Water Demand 2.1 Rainwater Harvesting Methods 2.2 Types of Rainwater Harvesting Practiced 3. R&D IN RAINWATER HARVESTING EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.1 R&D Efforts in the Country and Successful Models 3.2 R&D Gaps Identified 3.3 Institutional Arrangements in Rainwater Harvesting

7 4.1 Community Participation 4.2 Feasibility of RWH Systems (Technical, Financial) 5.1 Role of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy 5.2 Raimvater Harvesting and Culture MALAWI (Darwin Dodoma Singa) Climate 1.3 Water Supply and Water Demand 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Types of Rainwater Harvesting Practised 3. R&D IN RAINWATER HARVESTING EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.1 Research and Development in Rainwater Harvesting 4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT 5. POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE LOCAL AND REGIONAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 6. CASE STUDY MAURITIUS {DhaneshwarDeepchand) Water Supply and Water Demand 2.1 Rainwater Harvesting Practices 3. R&D IN RWH EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.1 Research and Development 3.2 Institutional Arrangements in Rainwater Harvesting

8 xi MYANMAR (Kyaw Moe Aung) Climate, Temperature and Rainfall 1.3 Water Supply and Water Demand AND GROUNDWATER UTILIZATION 2.1 Rainwater Harvesting Practices 2.2 Rainwater Harvesting by Catchment System 2.3 Rain-fed Ponds 2.4 Dug Wells 2.5 Tube Well 3. R &D IN RAINWATER HARVESTING EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.1 Water Use Condition in Study Area 3.2 Institutional Arrangement 4. SOCIO -ECONOMIC & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND PEOPLE 4.1 Socio Economic Aspects of Rainwater Harvesting 4.2 Cost-benefit and Cost-effectiveness Analysis 5.1 Roles of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy 6. CASE STUDY NEPAL (Thakur Prasad Pandit) Water Supply and Water Demand 2.1 Types of Rainwater Harvesting Practiced 3. R&D IN RAINWATER HARVESTING EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.1 R&D in Rainwater Harvesting: Potential for RWH in Nepal 3.2 Institutional Arrangements in Rainwater Harvesting 3.3 Key Actors Involved in Rainwater Harvesting 4.1 Socio-Economic Aspects of Rainwater Harvesting Projects 4.2 Community Acceptance and Willingness to Pay For

9 Xll 4.3 Community Affordability 4.4 Technology Chosen 4.5 Community Participation 4.6 Feasibility ofrwh Systems (Technical, Financial) 4.7 Socio-economic Feasibility Assessment 4.8 Technical Feasibility Assessment 5. ROLE OF RAINWATER HARVESTING IN WATER POLICY. 5.1 National Plan and Policy for WATSAN Sector 5.2 Working Policies and Strategies for Development ofrwh Sub-sector SRI LANKA (Tanuja N. Ariyananda) SURVEY AND SITUATION 1.3. Water Supply and Water Demand 2.1. Traditional and Informal 2.2. Modern and Formal 2.2 Types of Rainwater Harvesting Practiced 3. RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN RWH EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.1 R&D in Rainwater Harvesting 3.2. R&D Gaps Identified 3.3 Institutional Arrangements in Rainwater Harvesting 4.1. Community Participation 4.2. Importance ofproper Operation and Maintenance 4.3 Feasibility ofrwh Systems (Technical, Financial) 4.4 Cost-benefit and Cost-effectiveness Analysis 5.1 Role of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy 5.2 Rainwater Harvesting and Culture 6. CASE STUDIES 6.1. Institutional 6.2 Commercial 6.3. Industrial

10 Xlll SOUTH AFRICA (G.T. Tengbeh) Country Profile: 1.2. Climate and Rainfall 1.3 Water Supply and Water Demand. 2. RAINWATER HARVESTING (RWH) PRACTICES 3. RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN RWH EXERCISING MECHANISMS. TANZANIA (Joel Nobert Kirway) Water Supply and Water Demand 2.1. Traditional and Informal 2.2. Modern and Formal 3. R&D IN RAINWATER HARVESTING EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.1. R&D in Rainwater Harvesting 3.2. The R&D Gaps Identified 3.3. Institutional Arrangements in Rainwater Harvesting 4.1. Community Participation 4.2. Community Mobilization 4.3. Awareness-Raising and Education 4.4. Importance of Training, Quality Control and Good Management 4.5. Affordability, Loans and Subsidies 5.1. Role of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy 6. CASE STUDIES

11 xiv UGANDA (Henry Bazira) : Country Profile 1.2. Climate, Rainfall and Drainage (Catchment) in Uganda 1.3. Water Supply and Demand 3. R&D IN RAINWATER HARVESTING EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.1. Research and Development 3.2. Institutional Arrangements in Rainwater Harvesting 4.1. Socio-economic Aspects of Rainwater Harvesting 4.2. Technological Development of Rainwater Harvesting 4.3. People Participation 4.4. Community Mobilisation, Awareness-raising and Education on Rainwater Harvesting 4.5. Feasibility of Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) systems 5.2. Policy and Legal Framework 5.2. Rainwater Harvesting and Cirtture 6. CASE STUDIES 7. CONCLUSIONS 8. RECOMMENDATIONS VIETNAM (Nguyen Minh Khuyen) Country Profile 1.2 Climate 1.3. Water resources 2.2 Rainwater Harvesting in Rural Areas 3. R&D IN RAINWATER HARVESTING EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.2 Research & Development 4.2. Community Participation

12 XV 5.1. Role of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy ZAMBIA (John Lukonde Chongo) Country Profile 1.3 Water Supply and Demand 1.4. Water Demand by Sectors 1.5. Water Supply Coverage 1.6. Water Quality 2.1 Traditional and Informal 2.2. Modern and Formal 2.3 Types of Rainwater Harvesting Practiced 3. R&D IN RWH EXERCISING MECHANISMS 3.1. R&D in Rainwater Harvesting 3.2 R&D Gaps Identified 3.3. Institutional Arrangements in Rainwater Harvesting 4.1. Socio- Economic Aspects of Rainwater Harvesting 4.2. Community Mobilisation, Awareness Raising and Education 4.3. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) on RWH 4.4. Importance of Training, Quality Control and Good Management 4.5. Benefit-Cost Analysis 4.6. Financing of RWH 5.1 Role of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy 5.2. Rainwater Harvesting and Culture 6. CASE STUDIES 7. CONCLUSIONS

13 xvi - SECTION 3: RAINWATER HARVESTING AND GROUND WATER RECHARGE MANUAL FOR RURAL AREAS Vasant Takalkar 1. INTRODUCTION 2. RAINWATER HARVESTING STRATEGY 3. WATER BALANCE STUDY 4. PRINCIPLES OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION 5. IN-SITU SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION 6. WATER HARVESTING IN STREAMS 7. ANNEXURE - SECTION 4: TRAINERS MANUAL AND RWH GUIDE 399 A.R. Shivakumar (I) TRAINERS MANUAL Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting 2. Techniques of Rainwater Harvesting 3. Design and Plan for RWH Trainers Manual 4. Estimate (MKS) Schedule of Rates Government of Karnataka 5. Drawings of RWH 6. General Maintenance for RWH 7. RWH Do's and Dont's 8. Questionnaire for Rainwater Harvesting Installation (II) RWH GUIDE Introduction Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting 2. Who can harvest rainwater and where? Need for Rainwater Harvesting 3. Methods Water Harvesting potential 4. Rainwater Harvesting in Urban Context (Bangalore) 5. Rainfall Data (100 years average) Rainfall Data for Bangalore, Tumkur, Hyderabad, Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata 6. Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use Physical and Chemical Standards for Quality of Drinking Water 7. Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Process of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting 1. Collection 2. Channeling

14 A XZ>H 3. Filtration a. Sand Bed Filter b. PopUp Filter c. Stabilisation Tank 4. Storage a. Storage Capacity b. Collection Surface c. Usage Pattern d. Rainfall Pattern 8. Residential Rainwater Harvesting System Rainwater Potential in liters per year Rainwater Harvesting Storage Facility and Capacity Groundwater Storage Recharge Gallery Cost of Rainwater Harvesting Rainwater Harvesting for Those Who Do Not have Proper Roof Illustrations of Rainwater Harvesting at Residential Buildings 9. Groundwater Recharge Used Plastic Barrels Direct Recharge through Openwells and Borewells Infiltration Gallery for Large Buildings Groundwater Recharge from Stormwater Drain How to Build Infiltration Gallery? Rainwater Harvesting from Roads Parks and Open Spaces Layouts 10. Quality of Harvested Rainwater 11. Frequently Asked Questions and Answers 12. Eco-friendly House - Case Study 13. Water Purification by using Silver Metal ANNEXURES 501 CVs OF PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTORS Tanuja N, Ariyananda Vasant Takalkar A, R. Shivakumar Authors of Country Reports

Rainwater harvesting, the process of collecting and storing rain for future productive use, has entered the lexicon of our infrastructural designers.

RAINWATER HARVESTING FOR LARGE SITE DEVELOPMENTS S.Vishwanath www.rainwaterclub.org Rainwater harvesting, the process of collecting and storing rain for future productive use, has entered the lexicon of