Soil Health in Urban Areas
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1 Soil Health in Urban Areas Clare Lindahl Conservation Districts of Iowa Wayne Petersen Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship-Division of Soil Conservation
2 Water Cycle
3 Historic Hydrology vs. Modern Hydrology (the native ecosystem model) 0-10% 50% 55% 15%
4 Iowa Vegetative History 1850 s
5 Iowa Land Use 2012 Row Crop 63% Grassland 18% Forest 10% Urban/Roads 7.4% Water 1.7% Barren 0.1%
6 A Nearly Complete Conversion
7 Iowa s Native Ecosystems Prairie Savanna / woodland Surface waters
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12 Historic Landscapes Prairie soils had 8-10% organic matter content and 45% pore space Now soils have < 4% OM Even less organic matter on construction sites Bulk density has increased less pore space Soils have lost 60-80% of their ability to absorb and infiltrate rainfall events
13 Soil Quality 0.6 of rain is absorbed per % of OM (potentially up to 6 absorbed on the prairie without shedding runoff) A healthy 3-foot soil profile has the potential capacity to store 5.4 to 7.2 inches of rain (100 year storm) At 2% OM runoff can begin after ~1.2 inches of rain
14 A Changed Landscape
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17 Impacts of Iowa s Land Use Changes High OM to Low OM High porosity to higher bulk density Pervious to impervious Effects include: Less infiltration Less groundwater recharge More runoff Flashy stream flows More erosion Water quality degradation Increased flooding
18 Soil Health
19 Urban Soil Quality Soil significantly altered by agriculture land uses, organic matter reduced to less than 2% from tillage based agricultural practices
20 Urban Soil Quality During urban development, topsoil is often completely removed and remaining subsoils are heavily compacted from urban construction activities
21 Urban Soil Quality Left with High clay content Little to no organic matter Heavy compaction Which causes Rain water to runoff lawns similar to the manner in which it runs of other impervious surfaces Carry pollutants (fertilizers, herbicides and insecticides used on lawns, landscapes and gardens; bacteria, nutrients and disease causing pathogens from pet waste; salt from driveways and sidewalks; metals from roof materials, etc.) into surface waters
22 Soil leaching from under sod, Davenport, Ia. 2010
23 Soil Quality Restoration Reducing Compaction & Increase Organic Matter
24 Soil Quality Restoration Environmental Benefits Urban equivalent to no-till & cover crops on ag land, one practice we can implement in the shortest amount of time, most comprehensive manner and least cost Hydrologically functional green spaces Reduce compaction through aeration Bring organic matter up to 5%-10% through compost application 2 of compost will elevate organic matter percentages to 5% (Wayne Petersen, Urban Conservationist, Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship) Every 1% of organic matter, the soil can hold.6 of rain (Scott, H.D., L.S. Woods, and W.M. Miley, Publication No 125. Pg 39) Soil Quality Restoration allows lawn to infiltrate runoff
25 Soil Quality Restoration Environmental Benefits Assists in establishing a healthy population of soil microbes and other species of soil dwellers A healthy microbial population will break down and utilize most pollutants Bacteria Fungi Acitinomycetes Algae Protozoa Nematodes Arthropods Earthworms
26 Soil Quality Restoration Benefits to Lawn and Resident/Customer Requires less water and fertilizer Eliminates standing water and dry areas Greener, more vigorous lawn
27 Soil Quality Restoration Economic Benefits Opportunity for local contractors to provide services
28 Scott County SWCD Urban Cost Share Program Details Technical and financial assistance to residents for the installation of urban infiltration practices Program began in 2008 Cost share 50% up to $2,000 per practice
29 Funding
30 Scott County SWCD Urban Cost Share Practices Soil Quality Restoration Residential Permeable Paving Driveway, Davenport, Iowa Genesis Hospital Green Roof, Davenport, Iowa
31 Scott County SWCD Urban Cost Share Practices Residential Rain Garden, Davenport, Iowa City of Davenport Public Works Bioretention Cells, Davenport, Iowa
32 Scott County SWCD Urban Cost Share Blue grama, sideoats grama, and buffalo grass diagrams + grasses growing Practices Native Turf Native Landscaping
33 Scott County SWCD Urban Cost Share WQv Practices are designed for a 1.25 rain (WQv), first flush
34 Soil Quality Restoration: Prior to Lawn Establishment Specifications: 3 of compost, incorporated 6
35 Soil Quality Restoration: Prior to Lawn Establishment Advantages: More compost can be added and incorporated deeper (3 of compost, 7.5% OM, 4.5 of rain) Moisture retention & warmth of compost generates rapid germination of seed Done prior to fence and some utility installation if on a new build Limitations: Done with larger equipment that may not fit in certain areas Cost: $0.40 per square foot
36 Runoff from residential construction site w/sqr, Davenport, Ia
37 Runoff from residential construction site w/sqr, Davenport, Ia
38 Runoff from conventional residential construction site, Davenport, Ia
39 Soil Quality Restoration: w/existing Lawn Specifications: Aeration with a piston driven machine with at least 6 tines, application of ½ compost
40 Soil Quality Restoration: w/existing Lawn Aerator machine
41 Soil Quality Restoration: w/existing Lawn Spreading Compost: Top Dresser
42 Soil Quality Restoration: w/existing Lawn Spreading Compost: Blower Truck
43 Soil Quality Restoration: w/existing Lawn Advantages: Applicable to urban areas with existing structures, landscapes etc. Limitations: Less compost can be applied (.5 of compost, 1.25% OM,.75 of rain) Often still requires removal of fence panels Certain utilities can still be in the way (irrigation heads, invisible fences) Cost: $0.12 per square foot
44 Compost Compost : City of Davenport Compost Facility Est Since 1995, 1.5 million cubic yards of yard trimmings and nearly 575 million cubic yards of biosolids have been diverted from the landfill for composting Compost is piled and reaches temperatures of >145 degrees Fahrenheit, destroying weed seeds and pathogenic (disease causing) organisms
45 Soil Quality Restoration Workshop/Demo Habitat for Humanity Homes Funding from Iowa American Water & in kind donations to conduct Soil Quality Restoration/Rain Garden Workshop/Demo at two Habitat for Humanity Homes 26 attendees (landscape contractors, environmental professionals, local government staff, Habitat for Humanity staff and Scott County residents) Images from Quad City Times Newspaper
46 Soil Quality Restoration Workshop/Demo Habitat for Humanity Homes NO! THAT COMPOST IS TO FRESH!
47 Soil Quality Restoration Workshop/Demo Habitat for Humanity Homes As a result of the workshop: 2 Soil Quality Restoration and 4 Rain Gardens were installed at 2 Habitat for Humanity Homes 4 attendees installed soil quality restoration A contractor in attendance sold Soil Quality Restoration and Native Landscaping to a new homebuilder, also a QCHBA board member An attendee installed 2 rain gardens, soil quality restoration and native landscaping 4 others residents aerated conventionally and applied compost after seeing the photos in the newspaper
48 Projects to date Since the program began in 2008,the following practices have been installed: 63 Soil quality restorations 14 rain gardens 13 bioretention cells 8 permeable paver systems 4 native landscaping projects 1 green roof 1 infiltration trench Projects approved for funding and ready for installation: 10 soil quality restorations, 5 rain gardens and 1 native landscaping
49 Making Amends with Soil Quality Land & Water Magazine Sept/October 2011 Article about Soil Quality Restoration & The Scott County Soil and Water Conservation District s Soil Quality Restoration Program
50 For more information Clare Lindahl Wallace Building, Des Moines Wayne Petersen Wallace Building, Des Moines
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