LASER SAFETY MANUAL Environmental Health & Safety Department Radiation Safety Division Updated: February 2010

Transcription

1 LASER SAFETY MANUAL Environmental Health & Safety Department Radiation Safety Division Updated: February 2010

2 Chapter Chapter Title TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Laser Safety Organization and Policy Laser Safety Committee (LSC) Function Appointments Laser Safety Officer (LSO) Role of the Laser Safety Officer Emergency Authority Laser Users Laser User Function and Responsibility Incidental personnel Incidental Personnel Function and Responsibility Purchasing and Receiving LASER HAZARD CLASSIFICATION Purpose of Laser Hazard Classification Class 1 and 1M Class 1 Administrative Classification Repair of Class 1 Devices Class Class 2M Class 3R Class 3B Class VIEWING LASER RADIATION BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LASER EXPOSURE Eye Effects Skin Effects Respiratory Risks Associated with Laser Use LASER EXPOSURE CONTROL MECHANISMS Purpose of Laser Exposure Control Mechanisms Engineered Control of Laser Exposures Administrative Controls Personal Protective Equipment Protective Eyewear Skin protection Postings and Labels Area Temporary Controlled Area Equipment Invisible Lasers LASER SAFETY EVALUATIONS BY THE RADIATION SAFETY DIVISION Laser Safety Evaluations Results of Evaluations Page i

3 7.2.1 Corrective Action LASER SAFETY TRAINING EMERGENCY PROCEDURE FOR LASER ACCIDENTS DEFINITIONS APPENDIX A ACCESSIBLE EMISSION LIMITS Table A1. Continuous-Wave Lasers and Laser Systems Table A2. Single Pulse Laser and Laser System Classification APPENDIX B POSTINGS AND LABELS APPENDIX C LASER SAFETY EVALUATION CHECKLIST APPENDIX D INCIDENTAL PERSONNEL SAFETY TRAINING RECORD APPENDIX E - SAMPLE LASER SOP REFERENCES Page ii

4 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The objective of The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Laser Safety Program is to assist all levels of management in fulfilling the UT Health Science Center commitment to furnish a place of employment and learning that is as free as possible from recognized hazards that cause or are likely to cause harm to UT Health Science Center at San Antonio personnel or the surrounding community. It is vital that faculty, staff and students have enough information available to aid them in the safe conduct of their daily work activities relating to lasers and laser-producing devices. To that end, the Texas Department of State Health Services issues a certificate of laser registration to the UT Health Science Center at San Antonio authorizing the use of lasers and laser producing devices. An essential component of that registration is this Laser Safety Manual. A significant factor in being allowed the flexibility of a laser registration by the Texas Department of State Health Services is that UT Health Science Center implicitly accepts the responsibility to regulate and control the broad use of lasers and laser producing machines within its education, clinical care and research. This responsibility is not to be taken lightly. The purpose of the UT Health Science Center Laser Safety Manual is to assist both personnel and management in complying with the objectives of the Texas Department of State Health Services, Bureau of Radiation Control regulations and UT Health Science Center Health and Safety Policies. The Radiation Safety Division addresses many of the items in this manual through the Radiation Safety Division s Laser Safety training course. This manual is not intended to be an exhaustive or fully comprehensive reference, but instead a guide for registered users and other technically qualified individuals. Further advice concerning hazards associated with specific substances, devices and the development of new or unfamiliar activities should be obtained through consultation with the Radiation Safety Committee, the Laser Safety Officer or the Radiation Safety Division. All users of lasers and laser-producing devices must be familiar with the requirements set forth in this manual and applicable regulations of the Texas Department of State Health Services, and must conduct their operations in accordance with them. Signature on File Jennifer Watson, M.S. Laser Safety Officer The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Signature on File William Moore, D.D.S., M.S. Chair, Radiation Safety Committee The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Signature on File Michael A. Charlton, Ph.D. Assistant Vice President of Risk Management and Safety The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Signature on File William Henrich, M.D. President The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 1

5 1.2 Additional Information This manual is designed to support the safe and effective use of laser-producing equipment in research, education, and medical practice. This manual addresses specific actions and procedures required of its users as they function within the administrative, technical, and physical environments located within the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. This manual is not intended to replace the official regulations as enforced by the Texas Department of State Health Services, Radiation Control in the form of the Texas Regulations for Control of Laser Radiation (TRCLR). All individuals employing laser-producing equipment should familiarize themselves with TRCLR sections pertaining to laser-producing equipment (25 TAC ). References to applicable ANSI standards & state regulations are provided where appropriate. As a State of Texas registrant, UT Health Science Center shall comply with all applicable provisions of the TRCLR. In keeping with the definition used by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, the verb shall denotes that the ensuing recommendation is necessary or essential to meet the currently accepted standards-of-protection. The verb should indicates advisory recommendations that are applied when feasible 2

6 2.0 ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES 2.1 University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio is a dynamic institution of higher learning located in the South Texas Medical Center. Laserproducing equipment is employed at the institution predominantly as tools for research and patient care. 2.2 Laser Safety Organization and Policy The fundamental objective of a laser safety program is to ensure the safety of UT Health Science Center faculty, staff, and employees while enjoying the scientific benefits available through the use of laser-producing machines. No less imperative is the need for protecting the general public and the environment from unnecessary laser exposure resulting from registered activities at UT Health Science Center. 2.3 Laser Safety Committee (LSC) Function The Laser Safety Committee (LSC) is a component of the institutional Radiation Safety Committee. The LSC is responsible for formulating policy about the use of laser-producing equipment and for regulating their use in compliance with Texas Department of State Health Services regulations and UT Health Science Center policy. In this regard, the LSC serves as the primary regulatory body for the institution in all matters related to the use of lasers in health-related investigative research and patient care Appointments The President appoints committee members. In general, committee appointments are for a three-year term. Members of the Committee include: One faculty representative from the Dental School One faculty representative from the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences One faculty representative from the School of Allied Health Sciences One faculty representative from the School of Nursing Five faculty representatives from the Medical School One representative of the administration (ex officio) The Laser Safety Officer (ex officio) Other members may be appointed at the discretion of the President. 3

7 2.4 Laser Safety Officer (LSO) Role of the Laser Safety Officer The Laser Safety Officer (LSO) is responsible for investigating incidents, monitoring and implementing established policies on matters relating to laser safety and is the Laser Safety Committee s authorized representative regarding radiation protection within UT Health Science Center. The LSO may designate an Assistant Laser Safety Officer (ALSO) pending appropriate qualifications pertaining to these assigned duties (ANSI Z , ANSI Z , ANSI Z ) Emergency Authority The LSO shall have the responsibility and authority during a suspected or confirmed emergency to take prompt remedial action without prior approval of the LSC or the President of UT Health Science Center (25 TAC (q)(2)). Should such independent action be required, the LSO shall promptly report details of the situation to the Laser Safety Committee and/or the President of UT Health Science Center. 2.5 Laser Users Laser User Function and Responsibility One of the basic tenets of safety programs is that individuals must take responsibility for their own safety in daily activities, and must ensure that any personal actions do not contribute to increased hazard to coworkers or to the environment (ANSI Z ). The responsibilities of the individual include: A. Maintain awareness of and compliance with applicable regulations, laser registration requirements, Laser Safety Committee restrictions, and standards of good safety practice. B. Notify the Radiation Safety Division or Laser Safety Officer promptly of incidents or emergencies resulting from laser-producing equipment within UT Health Science Center facilities. C. Ensure the proper use of appropriate personal protective equipment during laser-use protocols. D. Assist in the maintaining of proper posting of work areas and labeling of laser-producing equipment. E. Be familiar with the laser safety precautions and training required in their specific work areas. This includes the correct operating procedures for safe use of laser-producing equipment. Completion of an approved laser safety course must be documented prior to initiating work with the laser. 4

8 F. Not bypassing or disengaging safety interlocks. G. Routinely conduct safety evaluations, interlock checks, and hazard zone exclusions for laser facilities under their control. 2.6 Incidental personnel Incidental Personnel Function and Responsibility While lasers are to be operated in a controlled and restricted environment, there may be occasions when non-laser users must work near laser-producing devices. Incidental personnel are individuals that have responsibilities that result in the potential, although unlikely, to be exposed to laser energy sufficient to result in tissue damage. Incidental personnel shall not be present during high risk operations including laser maintenance and alignment. The responsibilities of incidental personnel include: A. Incidental personnel shall receive documented training to the awareness level on topics related to safety procedures while working near laser-producing devices. The required form is available on the EH&S website. B. Incidental personnel working within the nominal hazard zone are required to properly wear appropriate personal protective equipment. 2.7 Purchasing and Receiving Purchasing and Receiving personnel will advise the LSO of all proposed laser purchases and hold all lasers until released by the LSO. This is intended to ensure that lasers are only installed in areas where the required hazard controls are provided. 5

9 3.1 Purpose of Laser Hazard Classification In order to provide a basis for laser safety requirements, all lasers and laser systems and/or devices in the United States are classified into one of several classes. The UT Health Science Center at San Antonio s Laser Safety Program follows the hazard classification system outlined in ANSI Z The ANSI Z standard utilized an alternate classification scheme which may still be found on warning signs & labels. Table 1 compares the two hazard classification systems. Of note, the ANSI Z standard allowed for the use of both Roman and Arabic numerals, whereas the current ANSI Z standard only uses Arabic numerals. Corresponding labels are affixed to the laser or laser system. As required by the Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health Regulations, the manufacturer classifies commercially produced lasers. For custom-built and modified lasers, the LSO can provide appropriate classification prior to sale. It is the responsibility of the Principal Investigator to supply the appropriate parameters of the laser system. Accessible Emission Limits for continuous-wave and single pulsed laser and laser systems can be found in Appendix A. Table 1. Comparison of Laser Classifications: 3.2 Class 1 & 1M 3.0 LASER HAZARD CLASSIFICATION ANSI Z ANSI Z Class 1 Class 1 Class 1M Class 2 Class 2 Class 2M Class 3a Class 3R Class 3b Class 3B Class 4 Class 4 Most lasers in this class maintain an enclosure, which, by virtue of engineering design, prohibits access to laser radiation. These lasers are safe under reasonably foreseeable conditions of operation. These lasers are exempt from control measures Class 1 Administrative Classification The ANSI hazard classification system is based on accessible laser emissions. Some manufacturers of embedded laser devices maintain their hazard classification at the higher level, despite the presence of engineering safety features that prevent access to laser energy. In this 6

10 case, the LSO can administratively re-classify the device at a lower hazard classification level (ANSI Z ). Administratively reclassified laser devices will have a sign affixed to them by the Radiation Safety Division signifying their status. These lasers are exempt from control measures that would normally apply to Class 3b or Class 4 lasers. Please notify the Radiation Safety Division at (210) if you would like any laser-producing equipment to be evaluated for possible administrative reclassification Repair of Class 1 Devices Environmental Health & Safety must be notified of any repair work that requires opening the laser housing on an administratively classified Class 1 laser device that contains embedded Class 3b or Class 4 lasers prior to the initiation of the work. Notification can be made in person in 1.343T, by calling EH&S at (210) or by to EnvHealthAndSafety@uthscsa.edu The Radiation Safety Division, under the direction of the LSO or ALSO, will perform a hazard evaluation and if needed, setup a temporary laser controlled area (ANSI Z ). 3.3 Class 2 Class 2 lasers emit accessible, visible laser light and are capable of creating eye damage. In general, the human eye will blink within 0.25 seconds when exposed to Class 2 laser light. This blink reflex provides adequate protection. However, it is possible to overcome the blink reflex and stare long enough to cause damage to the eye. Class 2 lasers have power levels less than 1 mw. 3.4 Class 2M Class 2M lasers pose the same ocular hazards to the unaided eye as a Class 2 laser, however viewing Class 2M lasers through optical aids is potentially hazardous. 3.5 Class 3R Class 3R lasers and laser systems are normally not hazardous when viewed momentarily with the naked eye, but pose severe eye hazards when viewed through optical instruments that collect and focus the laser onto the eye or skin. These emit visible wavelengths with a power of 1-5 mw or invisible wavelengths up to 5 times the Class 1 AEL. 3.6 Class 3B 7

11 Class 3B laser light will cause injury upon direct viewing of the beam and specular reflections. The shortest intrabeam exposure can cause injury. The power output of Class 3B lasers is mw for continuous wave lasers, or less than 10 J cm -2 for a ¼ second pulsed system. Hazard control measures mentioned in this manual must be implemented. 3.7 Class 4 Class 4 lasers may present a serious fire, skin and diffuse reflection hazard. Output is greater than 500 mw for continuous wave and 10 J cm -2 for a ¼ second pulsed system. Hazard control measures mentioned in this manual must be implemented. 8

12 4.0 VIEWING LASER RADIATION Due to the unique properties of laser beams, several types of primary and secondary intrabeam viewing are considered safety hazards. Appropriate eye protection and other safety controls should be implemented when working with lasers and laser systems under the conditions shown below. Figure 1: Intrabeam viewing of direct (primary) beam. This type of viewing is most hazardous Figure 2: Intrabeam viewing of a specularly reflected (secondary) beam from a flat surface reflector. Specular reflections are most hazardous when the reflecting surface is flat. Figure 3: Intrabeam viewing if a specularly reflected (secondary) beam from a curved surface reflector, less hazardous than that of a flat source reflection. Figure 4: Extended source viewing of a normally diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflections are not normally hazardous, except with very high power Class 4 lasers. 9

13 5.0 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LASER EXPOSURE 5.1 Eye Effects The human eye is composed of several parts; these tissues are susceptible to injury from viewing laser radiation (Figures 1-4). Damage is dependent on beam parameters, viewing duration, and tissue affected. The tissues of concern include the retina (Figure 5), cornea (Figure 6), and lens (Figure 7) of the eye. Figure 5: Visible and Near-infrared ( nm) radiation. Figure 6: Mid-infrared and far-infrared (1400 nm 1 mm) and middle ultraviolet ( nm) radiation. Figure 7: Near-ultraviolet ( nm) radiation. 10

14 Retinal damage can occur when viewing visible and near infrared radiation. At these wavelengths, nm, radiation is transmitted and focused to a μm diameter spot on the retina (Figure 5). This can produce thermal burns, photoretinitis, retinal photodisruption, and scotoma. The corneal hazard region ranges from 1400 nm-1 mm and nm. As shown in Figure 6, the cornea absorbs the laser radiation thus resulting in photokeratoconjunctivitis, thermal damage, superficial damage, and deep burns. Damage may be temporary with lesions healing in 1-2 days, or permanent requiring corneal transplant for repair. The lens of the eye is susceptible to chronic effects such as cataracts or acute thermal burns. Figure 7 shows the laser radiation interaction with the human eye at near-ultraviolet wavelengths, nm. 5.2 Skin Effects Skin injury includes thermal skin burns, ultraviolet erythema, and ultraviolet radiation delayed effects. Thermal skin burns are rare but most commonly occur when working with CO 2 (10.6 μm) lasers. These effects are progressive beginning with first degree erythema to third degree skin charring. Delayed effects such as skin cancer and accelerated skin aging are usually due to accidental skin exposure to UV lasers. 5.3 Respiratory Risks Associated with Laser Use The use of lasers on biological specimens may result in the vaporization of biohazardous or potentially infectious materials. These particles are referred to as Laser Generated Airborne Contaminants (LGAC). LGAC have been shown to contain toxic compounds, bio-aerosols, dead and living cellular material, and viruses. It is necessary for laser users to be aware of the potential for exposure to such potentially bio-infectious materials and proper control measures shall be put in place to prevent exposure. Because of the extremely small size of the generated particles, the use of respiratory protection devices such as half-mask respirators is ineffective. Thus, the primary line of defense should be the use of local exhaust ventilation as close to the point of generation as possible. Most modern lasers designed for use on patients are equipped with a local exhaust ventilation system built in (in-line system). Laser users shall verify that the in-line local exhaust ventilation system is operating as designed prior to initiating the procedure. If an in-line system is not present on the laser, or is not functioning as designed, then an external smoke evacuator shall be used. Due to the potential exposure to potentially infectious material, the Blood-Borne Pathogen Standard (29 CFR ) applies (ANSI Z ). 11

15 6.0 LASER EXPOSURE CONTROL MECHANISMS 6.1 Purpose of Laser Exposure Control Mechanisms These parameters are implemented to minimize the potentiality of a hazardous exposure associated with the use of laser-producing equipment. 6.2 Engineered Control of Laser Exposures Research laboratories and clinics employing laser-producing equipment should utilize the following engineered controls to minimize employee laser exposure: A. Use beam blocks to terminate beams at the end of their useful path. B. Secure laser-producing equipment against operation by unauthorized personnel through the use of key-controlled actuators or computer authentication. If a key-controlled actuator, the key must be removed and stored securely when not in use (25 TAC (r)(4)). C. Each laser, regardless of classification, should have a protective housing, which prevents human access during normal operation, unless the housing would interfere with the intended operation of the laser device (25 TAC (r)(3)(A)). D. Laser products or installations should visually or audibly indicate defeated interlocks during laser use. An audible or visual indicator shall indicate that accessible laser radiation is being emitted. Visible indicators must be clearly visible through protective eyewear (25 TAC (r)(3)(D)). E. Use a barrier system to protect against energized conductors F. Electrical terminals will remain covered and properly insulated, except during necessary maintenance. G. Maintain proper grounding of laser equipment. H. Excessive wires and cables should have guards to prevent fall or slip hazards. I. All viewing portals and optical instruments in the protective housing should be equipped with filters and attenuators to preclude the emission of laser light in excess of the Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) as recommended by the Radiation Safety Division. 6.3 Administrative Controls (ANSI Z ) A. Do not wear jewelry around high voltage power supplies. B. Be sure hands are completely dry when working around high voltage powers supplies. C. Never look directly into the laser beam. 12

16 D. Use shutters, collimators, and curtains for beam control. E. During laser operation, access to laser facility is restricted to laser users for open beam configurations. F. Protect against lasing material fume plumes during surgical procedures (i.e. exhaust ventilation, process isolation). G. Warning lights shall remain unobstructed from conspicuous view. H. No maintenance or service should be performed alone. I. A Standard Operating Procedure shall be written for any laser system. This written SOP will include information related to operation, maintenance and emergency procedures. A sample SOP is found in Appendix E & a template may be downloaded from the EH&S website. All laser users must be familiar with the SOP and have documented training on the SOP. J. Only authorized and properly trained personnel will operate laser producing devices. 6.4 Personal Protective Equipment Protective Eyewear Wear protective eyewear during beam alignments, laser procedures, and wherever possible and appropriate (TAC (t)(1)). It is the responsibility of the Principal Investigator (PI) to provide proper eyewear for spectators viewing Class 3B and Class 4 lasers. Choose the appropriate optical density based on the wavelengths of the beams encountered, beam intensity, and anticipated exposure conditions. The need for laser eye protection must be balanced by the need for adequate visible light transmission. Inspect the eyewear for scratched, pitted, or cracked lenses & verify the appropriateness of the eye protection for the laser being used prior to use. Do not use if blemishes are found. Protective eyewear shall be clearly marked and associated with the laser product for which it is intended. Protective eyewear markings should include the optical density (OD) of the lens as well as the wavelength of laser that the filter is effective against (ANSI Z ). Determination of the appropriate OD and filter type should be performed under the direction of the LSO and can be based upon recommendations of the laser manufacturer. Figure 8 shows an example of appropriate markings on laser protective eyewear. Protective eyewear will be inspected annually by the Radiation Safety Division to ensure reliability and integrity of the eyewear. Documentation of eyewear inspections will be maintained for a 13

17 minimum of 5 years by EH&S (25 TAC (ee)). For eyewear selection guidance, contact the Radiation Safety Office at (210) Skin Protection Figure 8: Appropriate identification markings on laser protective eyewear When there is a possibility of exposure to laser radiation that exceeds the MPE limits for skin, appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves, clothing or shields will be used to minimize skin exposure to laser radiation (25 TAC (t)(2)). 6.5 Postings and Labels Area An essential component of any laser safety program is the postings and labels that notify individuals of the hazards present. Class 3b and Class 4 laser areas shall be a restricted area to prevent unauthorized or accidental exposure to the laser radiation. All access points to a laser facility with Class 3b or Class 4 lasers must be marked with ANSI standard laser hazard signs (Figures B1 and B2) (25 TAC (v)). Refer to Appendix B for the approved ANSI laser warning sign. It is the responsibility of the Primary Investigator or the Custodian of the laser to ensure that the laser area is appropriately posted. For posting requirements guidance, contact the Radiation Safety Office at (210) Temporary Controlled Area For Class 1 lasers, it is required that a temporary laser controlled area be designated if repair work that requires accessing the embedded Class 3b or Class 4 laser housing is performed. These temporary lasers controlled areas can be either the room itself or a part of the room cordoned off with laser barrier curtains. The entrance to the temporary laser controlled area must be posted with ANSI compliant sign with the signal word Notice in addition to the 14

18 ANSI compliant sign with the signal word Danger specific for the hazard classification of the laser. Within the Temporary Controlled Area, all hazard control methods appropriate for the internal laser classification must be utilized (ANSI Z ) Equipment Equipment warning labels (Figure B3) with the sunburst logo with the appropriate cautionary statement (Appendix B) will be conspicuously affixed to the laser housing or control panel. Laser enclosures must be labeled to alert users to laser hazards. It is the responsibility of the Primary Investigator or the Custodian of the laser to ensure that the laser area is appropriately posted. For equipment labeling guidance, contact the Radiation Safety Office at (210) Invisible Lasers Infrared and Ultraviolet lasers produce no visible light. They require special signs and warning lights to alert the user when the laser is in operation. Signage and labels shall include notification that the laser is invisible (25 TAC (v)(3)(H)). The use of laser eyewear is recommended at all times. In addition, the use of long-sleeved coats, gloves and face protectors is recommended. Special considerations and procedures for invisible lasers should be accounted for during protocol design. The Radiation Safety Division can offer assistance in the design of protocols for open beam invisible lasers. 15

19 7.0 LASER SAFETY EVALUATIONS 7.1 Laser Safety Evaluations In order to assist and support the safe use of laser-producing equipment at UT Health Science Center San Antonio, as well as to ensure compliance with Texas law, the Radiation Safety Division conducts routine audits of laser use activities. Radiation Safety Division staff shall perform the routine evaluations at the laser use site. This evaluation will evaluate emergency response information, postings and labels, facilities, records, laser handling and use, laser safety training, and other safety issues as needed. This evaluation shall be performed twice per calendar year (once by the investigator and once by the Radiation Safety Division) (25 TAC (w)). Records of all evaluations performed must be maintained for a minimum of 5 years (25 TAC (ee)). The laser safety evaluation performed by the investigator must be documented and kept on file for review by the Radiation Safety Division. The Principal Investigator (PI) or Custodian of the Laser equipment is ultimately responsible for compliance with safety and health issues in facilities or protocols under their jurisdiction. The intent of safety audits and subsequent observed deficiencies is to notify the PI of potential safety issues within the research or clinical environment. The Laser Safety Evaluation criteria used by the Radiation Safety Division can be found in Appendix C of this manual. 7.2 Results of Evaluations Evaluations conducted by the Radiation Safety Division will be used to determine compliance with Texas Department of State Health Services, Bureau of Radiation Control regulations and conditions outlined in this document. The Radiation Safety Division will retain their audit record. Permanent records of laboratory inspections will be available for inspection at any time by laser users, the Laser Safety Officer, members of the Laser Safety Committee, or representatives of the Texas Department of State Health Services, Bureau of Radiation Control. Laboratory safety audit results will be transmitted to the responsible PI. Observed deficiencies will generally require prompt rectification by the responsible parties. A summary of on-site laser safety audits will be presented to the Laser Safety Committee Corrective Action Items of non-compliance or deficiency noted during a laser safety evaluation, an inspection, or a walk through will generate corrective 16

20 actions depending upon the severity of the deficiency noted. The following action will be taken: Serious deficiency: Any corrected deficiency deemed to be serious in the opinion of the Safety Specialist will be evaluated by the LSO. The LSO will establish a corrective action plan, which may include an on-site re-evaluation within a specified time period or additional training. a) Failure by the PI or supervisor to correct a serious deficiency within the time frame specified will result in an Escalated Deficiency Notification follow-up as noted in item (a) Other deficiencies: Other deficiencies observed will be followed up by an (preferred) or written notification to the respective PI or Supervisor by the evaluating safety specialist. The evaluating Safety Specialist will retain documentation of this notification in the appropriate investigator file. a) Repeat deficiencies: Any deficiencies from a previous evaluation that are noted as a repeat violation during the evaluation process will be treated with greater severity, and will be noted on the Deficiency Notification letter. Any repeat deficiencies which are not addressed by the PI / supervisor with a plan for corrective action within the required time frame (normally 30 days) listed on the deficiency report will result in an Escalated Deficiency Notification follow-up as noted in item (a), this section Disputed Deficiencies: If a Principal Investigator disputes a noted deficiency, and the dispute cannot be resolved by discussion with the LSO, or Director of Environmental Health & Safety, then the dispute will be forwarded to the Chair of the Laser Safety Committee for resolution as outlined in the UT Health Science Center Handbook of Operating Procedures. a) Escalated Deficiency Notification: Deficiencies posing an unusual hazard, or those of a serious nature that have not been resolved after a 60 day period, will use the following notification methods and time line. i. A letter from the Director of Environmental Health & Safety to the PI / Supervisor (30 days to respond) ii. A letter from the Laser safety Committee Chair to PI / Supervisor (30 days to respond) iii. A letter from the Environmental Health & safety Director to Department Chair (30 days to respond) iv. A letter from the Environmental Health & Safety Director to Dean of supervising School (30 days to respond) 17

21 v. A letter from the Environmental Health & Safety Director to the Vice President for Research (30 days to respond) vi. Letter to the UT Health Science Center President (30 days to respond) Extenuating or mitigating circumstances will be considered by the Laser Safety Committee Imminently Dangerous to Life & Health (IDLH): If a Safety Specialist notes any condition where there is a risk of imminent danger to life, health, or facilities, this condition will be brought to the immediate attention of the Laser Safety Officer or appropriate Safety Manager(s) and the Environmental Health & Safety Director. Corrective action may include immediate shut down of all operations as outlined in the January 1, 1995 memorandum from the UT Health Science Center at San Antonio President titled, Responsibility and Authority of the Institutional Safety Officer. 18

22 8.0 LASER SAFETY TRAINING All operations in which there is the probability of exposure to registered laser radiation shall be supervised or directed by an individual who is competently aware of the potential hazards involved and who is capable of minimizing these hazards. The Laser Safety Committee encourages Principal Investigators to avail themselves of every opportunity to improve the proficiency of their technicians, research associates, students, and other laboratory personnel under their supervision through formal and informal instruction in the practice of laser safety. The Radiation Safety Division offers instruction sessions or seminars in the fundamentals of laser safety for clinical and research personnel. It is emphasized that completion of a formal course in laser safety does not absolve a laser user of the obligation for instructing technicians in the principles of good laser safety practice. The Basic Course in Laser Safety includes the following topics: A. Fundamentals of Lasers B. Characteristics of Laser Light C. Biological Effects of Laser Light D. Hazards Associated with Laser Usage E. Laser Safety F. Emergency Procedures G. Rights and Responsibilities as a Worker Personnel performing laser protocols (laser users) using Class 3B or Class 4 equipment are required to complete one of the following initial training options, with refresher training for completed every two years (ANSI Z ): A. Provide to the Radiation Safety Division a copy of a certificate or letter of completion for a course in laser safety from another institution; or B. Complete successfully the Basic Course of Laser Safety given by the Radiation Safety Division. Incidental personnel are required to have documented awareness level safety training specific for the laser they will be working near. An Incidental Personnel Training form sample is provided in Appendix D. Hard copies are available from the Environmental Health & Safety office as well as from our website. This training is to be provided by their supervisor or Primary Investigator and it should include the following topics: A. Beam & Non-Beam Hazards specific to the laser B. Personal protective equipment required when in the area C. Emergency procedures when working in the area D. Required engineering & administrative controls 19

23 9.0 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES In the event of a laser accident, perform the following: 1. Shut down the laser system 2. Provide for the safety of the personnel, i.e. first aid, CPR, etc. 3. Obtain medical assistance. In the event of a suspected eye injury, have the injured person keep their head upright and still to restrict any bleeding in the eye. A physician should evaluate laser eye injuries as soon as possible. Emergency Dispatch 911 (from campus phone) UT Medicine (210) If necessary, contact the fire department by dialing 911. State your name, location and the type of emergency. 5. Inform the Radiation Safety Division. During normal working hours: (210) After normal working hours: UT Police (210) Inform the Principal Investigator. 7. Do not resume use of the laser system without approval of the Laser Safety Officer. 20

24 10.0 DEFINITIONS ANSI: American National Standards Institute; provides the American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers (ANSI Z ), American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers in Health Care Facilities (Z ) and the American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers in Educational Institutions (Z ). Attenuation: The decrease in the radiation flux as it passes through an absorbing or scattering medium. Beam: A collection of rays, which may be parallel, divergent, or convergent. Blink Reflex: The closure of the eyelid or movement of the head to avoid an exposure to a noxious stimulant or bright light. Also known as Aversion Response. Continuous Wave: The output of a laser, which is operated in a continuous rather than a pulsed mode. Controlled Area: An area where the occupancy and activity of those within, is subject to control and supervision for the purpose of protection from radiation hazards. Diffuse Reflection: Change of the spatial distribution of a beam of radiation when it is reflected in many directions by a surface or by a medium. Electromagnetic Radiation: Xray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, and radio waves occupy various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and differ only in frequency, wavelength, or photon energy. Erythema: Reddening of the skin, a.k.a. sunburn Infrared Radiation: Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths, which lie within the range of 0.7μm to 1mm. Intrabeam viewing: When the eye views or is exposed to a laser beam directly. This includes most collimated beams and point sources. J: see Joule Joule (J): A unit of energy, where 1 joule = 1 watt*second. Laser: A device which produces an intense, coherent, directional beam of light by stimulating electronic or molecular transitions to lower energy levels. An acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. 21

25 Laser Safety Committee (LSC): Appointed members who review, approve and enforce laser safety policies and regulations. Laser Safety Officer (LSO): One who has authority to monitor and enforce the control of laser hazards and effect the knowledgeable evaluation and control of laser hazards. Laser System: An assembly of electrical, mechanical, and optical components, which includes a laser. LSC: see Laser Safety Committee. LSO: see Laser Safety Officer. Maintenance: Performance of those adjustments or procedures specified in user information provided by the manufacturer with the laser or laser system, which are to be performed by the user to ensure the intended performance of the product. Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE): The level of laser radiation to which a person may be exposed without hazardous effect or adverse biological changes in the eye or skin. MPE: see Maximum Permissible Exposure. mw: milliwatt, see Watt Operation: The performance of the laser or laser system over the full range of its intended functions (normal operation). Optical Density (D λ ): Logarithm to the base ten of the reciprocal of the transmittance. (D λ = -log10 τ λ, where τ λ is transmittance). Photokeratoconjunctivitis: Photochemical injury of the corneal epithelium by ultraviolet radiation (Welder s Flash, Snowblindness). Photoretinitis: Photochemical, blue light retinal injury due to a greater than ten second eye exposure to a nm wavelength light. PI: Principal Investigator. Power: The rate at which energy is emitted, transferred, or received. Protective Housing: An enclosure that surrounds the laser or laser system that prevents access to laser radiation. 22

26 Pulsed Laser: A laser, which delivers its energy in the form of a single pulse or a train of pulses, with the duration of a pulse <0.25 seconds. Reflection: Deviation of radiation following incidence on a surface. Retinal Photodisruption: Retinal hemorrhage including lesions, burns, bleeding, an bleaching. Service: The performance of those procedures or adjustments described in the manufacturer s service instructions which may affect any aspect of the performance of the laser or laser system. Scotoma: blind spot in the field of vision. Spectator: An individual who wishes to observe or watch a laser or laser system in operation, and who may lack the appropriate laser safety training. Specular Reflection: A mirror-like reflection. Transmission: Passage of radiation through a medium. Ultraviolet Radiation: Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths smaller than those of visible radiation; 0.18 to 0.4 μm. Viewing Portal: An opening in an experimental system, allowing the user to observe the experimental chamber. All viewing portals and display screens included as an integral part of a laser system must incorporate a suitable means to maintain the laser radiation at the viewing position at or below the applicable MPE for all conditions of operation and maintenance. It is essential that the material used for viewing portals and display screens not support combustion or release toxic vapors following exposure to laser radiation. Visible Radiation (light): Electromagnetic radiation which can be detected by the human eye; 0.4 to 0.7μm. Watt: The unit of power, where 1 watt = 1 joule per second. Wavelength: The distance between two successive points on a periodic wave, which have the same phase. 23

27 11.0 APPENDIX A ACCESSIBLE EMISSION LIMITS 11.1 Table A1. Continuous-Wave Point Source Lasers 24

28 11.2 Table A2. Single Pulse Point Source Lasers and Classification 25

29 12.0 APPENDIX B POSTINGS AND LABELS Figure B1. Template Warning Sign for Class 2 and Class 3a Lasers. Figure B2. Template Warning Sign for Class 3b and Class 4 Lasers. Figure B3. IEC Warning Logo and Information Label. 26

30 13.0 APPENDIX C LASER EVALUATION CRITERIA Posting, Labeling, Security Y N N/A Outside entrances properly posted? Laser properly labeled? Laser Safety guidelines posting present? Emergency procedures and phone numbers posting present? Access to controlled area restricted? Unit Safety Controls Y N N/A Controlled area established for Class 3b or 4 laser radiation > MPE? Documentation of NHZ calculation for the present setup? Protective housing in place (when human access is unnecessary)? Housing interlock available and functioning properly (for removable protective housing)? Class 4: Measures to prevent unauthorized access (i.e. interlock)? Class 4: Measures allow rapid egress? Class 4: If interlock inappropriate (i.e. medical procedures), barrier upon entry and at entryway visible or audible sign that laser is energized? If utilized, do viewing port and collecting optics attenuate < MPE? Key or computer actuated master control available? If key controlled, is key removed when not in use? Laser activation indicator on console? All visual/audible indicators functioning, visible through eyewear? Visible/audible indication given sufficiently prior to exposure? Visible indicator viewing does not require access to laser radiation in excess of MPE? Engineering Controls Y N N/A Beam stops in place? Class 4 diffuse reflective hazards minimized? IR laser: beam termination fire resistant? Physical evidence of stray beams absent? Beam not at eye level when sitting/standing? Protective Equipment Y N N/A Appropriate laser eye protection available (open lasers)? Appropriate skin protection available (when necessary)? Eyewear worn by all personnel with access to 3b/4 laser levels? Protective Eyewear requirements: 27

31 Provides an appropriate fit? OD appropriate for full range of power/wavelengths? Is exhaust ventilation started prior to beginning laser procedure? Eyeware specific to wavelength? Optical densities/wavelengths labeled on eyewear? Eyewear inspected within last year? Administrative Safety Controls Y N N/A Authorization posted or documented? Current laser safety manual available? Have all laser users signed form showing they have read manual? Appropriate laser safety training documented for all personnel? Annual laser safety evaluation performed by PI? Current standard operating procedures available? Have all laser users signed acknowledging they understand SOP? Emergency procedures available? Additional Safety Concerns? Comments: 28

32 14.0 APPENDIX D INCIDENTAL PERSONNEL SAFETY TRAINING RECORD 29

33 15.0 APPENDIX E SAMPLE LASER SOP University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Standard Operating Procedures For (insert campus, building and room number) Laser Controlled Area ver #. (Indicate version number) (Current Date of Version) Prepared by: Laser Custodian: Name Printed Signature Date Laser Safety Officer: Jennifer Watson Name Printed Signature Date INTRODUCTION Indicate in a paragraph the physical location of this laser, include the building, room, etc. Provide a brief description of the overall mode of operation of this Laser Control Area (LCA), indicating the total number of active lasers. If diagrams or floor plans are available for this LCA, the descriptions should be noted here, and included as Appendix A at the end of this document. Laser Custodian Indicate the laser custodian, including their badge number and how to contact him/her (i.e., phone extension and address if available). Alternate Contact 30

34 Indicate the alternate contact in the event that the laser custodian cannot be reached, including their badge number and how to contact him/her (i.e., phone extension and address if available). Authorized Users While an important part of your SOP, this list of all Authorized Users, including their badge number, should appear as Appendix C of this document and users should sign the document to verify that they have read and understand the Standard Operating Procedure for the LCA. Appendix C can be updated as frequently as needed. Incidental Personnel Define what an Incidental Personnel is and under what conditions will they be allowed in your laser control area. An Incidental Personnel is a visitor or employee in the room who does not participate in the experiment. Define circumstances under which they are allowed in and what they will do. Typically, they will be allowed in only if lasers are off or all beams are enclosed. Normal Laser Operation Indicate the General Setup of your laser control area. This should provide a detailed description of what the essential system consists of; how it is set-up on the tables; how the output is directed; where the optical components are located; how the beam is terminated; where the emergency stop is located, if applicable; how and where the beam is enclosed, or unenclosed; and the height of the beam. Unenclosed beams have to be fully justified by the needs or nature of the experiment. List each laser in use in your LCA: 1) Indicate the UTHSCSA Property # (or other tracking number if not UTHSCSA property); 2) Indicate the serial number; 3) Indicate the class of the laser; 4) Indicate the type of eyewear appropriate for that laser. For each laser, provide a brief paragraph describing the essential technical specifications, such as wavelength(s), power, repetition rate, beam shape and dimensions, divergence, O.D. of eyewear needed for protection from a direct hit. An example follows: Example: 31

35 Lambda Physik COMPex 102 Excimer Laser Property # Serial # Class Eyewear P E O.D. 7 This laser is capable of pulsed operation up to 20 Hz and can emit a variety of UV wavelengths that depend on the excimer gas, as listed below: Gas: F 2 ArF KrF XeCl ZeF Wavelength (nm): Pulse energy (mj): The laser is currently optimized for fluorine operation, and thus its use with XeCl is not recommended at this time. The main purpose of this laser is to photodissociate the sample molecular beam, although it can be used to pump one of the dye lasers (IHID# 1234 and #44443 above). Eyewear section This section contains the calculation or specification for the calculation of O.D. for eyewear appropriate to your operating conditions. If several types of eyewear are normally used in the LCA, indicate the different types and the laser for which they are needed. If there is a simple solution for eyewear (such as eyewear X is always worn when laser Y is on) list it here. However, if it is complex consider providing the information in a table or graph form, (as Appendix B to this document) indicating the types of eyewear appropriate to the lasers used in this LCA. The supervisor should consider posting such a graph or chart in the lab. Also, indicate spectator and collaborator eyewear here, if different than that of the operator. Note that eyewear shall be physically inspected at least annually for damage or deterioration. Indicate your testing procedure including intervals and your procedures for logging of this practice. Alignment Hazard Control 32