Thistles: Identification and Management. Rebecca Ozeran 1 May 2018
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1 Thistles: Identification and Management Rebecca Ozeran 1 May 2018
2 Common thistles in the San Joaquin Valley Carduus Centaurea Cirsium Silybum Onopordum Italian thistle Yellow starthistle Bull thistle (Blessed) milkthistle Scotch thistle Tocalote (Malta starthistle) Canada thistle All of these species are found at least one of Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, or Tulare Counties
3 Identification Many species start as a basal rosette in fall Mature plants can have dense & bushy or tall & stemmy appearance Purple/pink or yellow-flowered
4 Identification Why does thistle species matter? Varying levels of risk to animals Varying competition with forage Varying susceptibility to control options
5 Identification 1. Italian thistle Carduus pycnocephalus narrow, spiky flower heads winged, spiny stems branching above the base found in Fresno, Kern, Madera, Tulare
6 Identification 2. Centaurea thistles YELLOW STARTHISTLE (C. solstitialis) long, yellow/white spines on phyllaries can get a bushy structure found in Fresno, Kern, Madera, Tulare TOCALOTE (MALTA STARTHISTLE, C. melitensis) stouter flower heads and shorter, redder spines on phyllaries found in all 5 counties
7 Identification 3. Cirsium thistles Canada thistle (C. arvense) smooth stems, non-spiny flowerheads flowers Jun-Oct found in Fresno, Kern, Tulare Bull thistle (C. vulgare) large spiky looking flowerheads lots of branching, dense plant flowers Jun-Oct found in all 5 counties
8 Identification 4. Blessed milk thistle Silybum marianum Distinct, thick white veins large, broad leaves without deep lobes dense plant with multiple, wingless stems long perpendicular phyllaries on large heads found in Fresno, Kern, Madera, Tulare
9 Identification 5. Scotch thistle Onopordum acanthium many stems and branching large globe-shaped flowerheads whitish woolly leaves and winged stems flowers July-Sep found in Fresno, Kern, Tulare
10 Control methods Carduus Centaurea Cirsium Silybum Onopordum Italian thistle Yellow starthistle Bull thistle (Blessed) milkthistle Scotch thistle Hand-pull, cut or mow when flowering, before seeds mature Targeted grazing? Hand-pull individual plants, cut or mow (early flowering, spiny stage) Targeted goat grazing or pre-bolting stages Hand pull, till, or mow at early flowering Mowing before flowers open Tilling to control seedlings, young plants Dig up individual plants * May need to sever the root belowground to prevent regrowth from hand pulling Tocalote (Malta starthistle) Canada thistle ALL Repeated mowing (3- Maintain vigorous competitors (strategic
11 Control methods Carduus Centaurea Cirsium Silybum Onopordum Italian thistle Yellow starthistle Bull thistle (Blessed) milkthistle Scotch thistle Hand-pull, cut or mow when flowering, before seeds mature Hand-pull individual plants, cut or mow (early flowering, spiny stage) Targeted goat grazing Hand pull, till, or mow at early flowering Mowing before flowers open Tilling to control seedlings, young plants Dig up individual plants or pre-bolting stages Targeted grazing? Tocalote (Malta starthistle) Canada thistle ALL Similar to yellow starthistle control, slightly earlier Repeated mowing (3-4 wks) Herbicides effective on young plants, variable timing Maintain vigorous competitors (strategic grazing, seeding) especially grasses Burning not likely to be effective
12 Control methods Carduus Centaurea Cirsium Silybum Onopordum Italian thistle Yellow starthistle Bull thistle (Blessed) milkthistle Scotch thistle Hand-pull, cut or mow when flowering, before seeds mature Hand-pull individual plants, cut or mow (early flowering, spiny stage) Targeted goat grazing Hand pull, till, or mow at early flowering Mowing before flowers open Tilling to control seedlings, young plants Dig up individual plants or pre-bolting stages Targeted grazing? Tocalote (Malta starthistle) Canada thistle ALL Similar to yellow starthistle control, slightly earlier Mowing (repeat after 3-4 weeks) Herbicides effective on young plants, variable timing Maintain vigorous competitors (strategic grazing, seeding) especially grasses Burning not likely to be effective
13 Control methods Carduus Centaurea Cirsium Silybum Onopordum Italian thistle Yellow starthistle Bull thistle (Blessed) milkthistle Scotch thistle Hand-pull, cut or mow when flowering, before seeds mature Hand-pull individual plants, cut or mow (early flowering, spiny stage) Targeted goat grazing Hand pull, till, or mow at early flowering Mowing before flowers open Tilling to control seedlings, young plants Dig up individual plants or pre-bolting stages Targeted grazing? Tocalote (Malta starthistle) Canada thistle ALL Similar to yellow starthistle control, slightly earlier Repeated mowing (3-4 wks) Herbicides effective on young plants, variable timing Maintain vigorous competitors (strategic grazing, seeding) especially grasses Burning not likely to be effective
14 Control methods Carduus Centaurea Cirsium Silybum Onopordum Italian thistle Yellow starthistle Bull thistle (Blessed) milkthistle Scotch thistle Hand-pull, cut or mow when flowering, before seeds mature Hand-pull individual plants, cut or mow (early flowering, spiny stage) Targeted goat grazing Hand pull, till, or mow at early flowering Mowing before flowers open Tilling to control seedlings, young plants Dig up individual plants or pre-bolting stages Targeted grazing? Tocalote (Malta starthistle) Canada thistle ALL Similar to yellow starthistle control, slightly earlier Repeated mowing (3-4 wks) Herbicides effective on young plants, variable timing Maintain vigorous competitors (strategic grazing, seeding) especially grasses Burning not likely to be effective
15 Control methods Carduus Centaurea Cirsium Silybum Onopordum ALL Maintain vigorous competitors (strategic grazing, seeding) especially grasses Burning not likely to be effective
16 Control methods Carduus Centaurea Cirsium Silybum Onopordum Italian thistle Yellow starthistle Bull thistle (Blessed) milkthistle Scotch thistle Hand-pull, cut or mow when flowering, before seeds mature Hand-pull individual plants, cut or mow (early flowering, spiny stage) Targeted goat grazing Hand pull, till, or mow at early flowering Mowing before flowers open Tilling to control seedlings, young plants Dig up individual plants or pre-bolting stages Targeted grazing? Tocalote (Malta starthistle) Canada thistle ALL Similar to yellow starthistle control, slightly earlier Repeated mowing (3-4 wks) Herbicides effective on young plants, variable timing Maintain vigorous competitors (strategic grazing, seeding) especially grasses Burning not likely to be effective
17 Quiz Which thistle is this? Based on the picture, what kind of treatment is possible at this stage of growth?
18 Quiz Which thistle is this? Based on the picture, what kind of treatment is possible at this stage of growth?
19 Quiz Which thistle is this? Based on the picture, what kind of treatment is possible at this stage of growth?
20 Key reference DiTomaso, J.M., G.B. Kyser et al Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States. Weed Research and Information Center, University of California. 544 p. Available from ucanr.edu buy the book here: Other weed publications available at Thank you!
21 Photo credits Italian thistle flower head and rosette images Joe DiTomaso/UC Regents, retrieved from full plant image Harry Rose 2014, retrieved from additional flower head image Zeynel Cebeci 2015, retrieved from Yellow Starthistle flower heads, 1) Eugene Zelenko 2009, 2) Joe DiTomaso/UC Regents, retrieved from tocalote flower heads and yellow starthistle full plant photo also Joe DiTomaso/UC Regents, retrieved from Bull thistle plant image RI 2007, retrieved from flower head image Jonas Bergsten 2005, retrieved from Canada Thistle flower head image Thomas Nugent 2008, retrieved from whole plant image Wikimedia Commons user 4028mdk retrieved from Scotch Thistle plant image Joe DiTomaso/UC Regents, retrieved from: flower head image retrieved from Blessed milkthistle flower head image Dinesh Valke 2011, retrieved from: leaf image Wikimedia Commons user Valérie , retrieved from Quiz photos: Italian thistle 2018 Rebecca Ozeran; Bull thistle retrieved from Scotch thistle 2011 Isidre Blanc, retrieved from
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